• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.101-109
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• 2023

In order to improve the measurement accuracy of the 6-dimensional accelerometer, the cross coupling compensation method of the accelerometer needs to be studied. In this paper, the non-linear error caused by cross coupling of piezoelectric six-dimensional accelerometer is compensated online. The cross coupling filter is obtained by analyzing the cross coupling principle of a piezoelectric six-dimensional accelerometer. Linear and non-linear fitting methods are designed. A two-level calibration hybrid compensation algorithm is proposed. An experimental prototype of a piezoelectric six-dimensional accelerometer is fabricated. Calibration and test experiments of accelerometer were carried out. The measured results show that the average non-linearity of the proposed algorithm is 2.2628% lower than that of the least square method, the solution time is 0.019382 seconds, and the proposed algorithm can realize the real-time measurement in six dimensions while improving the measurement accuracy. The proposed algorithm combines real-time and high precision. The research results provide theoretical and technical support for the calibration method and online compensation technology of the 6-dimensional accelerometer.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.179-188
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• 2023

PURPOSE. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the performance of digital intraoral scanners in a completely edentulous patient with angled and parallel implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A total of 6 implants were placed at angulations of 0°, 5°, 0°, 0°, 15°, and 0° in regions #36, #34, #32, #42, #44, and #46, respectively, in a completely edentulous mandibular polyurethane model. Then, the study model created by connecting a scan body on the implants was scanned using a model scanner, and a 3D reference model was obtained. Three different intraoral scanners were used for digital impressions (PS group, TR group, and CS group, n = 10 in each group). The distances and angles between the scan bodies in these measurement groups were measured. RESULTS. While the Primescan (PS) impression group had the highest accuracy with 38 ㎛, the values of 104 ㎛ and 171 ㎛ were obtained with Trios 4 IOSs (TR) and Carestream 3600 (CS), respectively (P = .001). The CS scanner constituted the impression group with the highest deviation in terms of accuracy. In terms of dimensional differences in the angle parameter, a statistically significant difference was revealed among the mean deviation angle values according to the scanners (P < .001). While the lowest angular deviation was obtained with the PS impression group with 0.185°, the values of 0.499° and 1.250° were obtained with TR and CS, respectively. No statistically significant difference was detected among the impression groups in terms of precision values (P > .05). CONCLUSION. A statistically significant difference was found among the three digital impression groups upon comparing the impression accuracy. Implant angulation affected the impression accuracy of the digital impression groups. The most accurate impressions in terms of both distance and angle deviation were obtained with the PS impression group.

• 센서학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.24-29
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• 2024

Inkjet printing technology is used to mass-produce displays and electrochemical sensors by dropping tens of pico-liters or less of specific-purpose ink through nozzles, just as ink is sprayed and printed on paper. Unlike the deposition method for vaporizing material in a vacuum, inkjet printing technology can be used for processing even under general atmospheric pressure and has a cost advantage because the material is dissolved in a solvent and used in the form of ink. In addition, because it can only be printed on the desired part, masks are not required. However, a technical shortcoming is the difficulty for commercialization, such as uniformity for forming the thickness and coffee ring effect. As sizes of devices decrease, the need to print electrodes with precision, thinness, and uniformity increases. In this study, we improved the printing and processing conditions to form a homogeneous electrode using Ag ink (DGP-45LT-15C) and applied this for patterning to fabricate a heat sensor. Upon the application of voltage to the heat sensor, the model with an extended width exhibited superior heat performance. However, in terms of sheet resistance, the model yielded an equivalent value of 21.6 Ω/□ compared to the ITO.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.65-70
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• 2005

Those specifications of the CLIA analytical tolerance limits are consistent with the performance goals in Six Sigma Quality Management. Six sigma analysis determines performance quality from bias and precision statistics. It also shows if the method meets the criteria for the six sigma performance. Performance standards calculates allowable total error from several different criteria. Six sigma means six standard deviations from the target value or mean value and about 3.4 failures per million opportunities for failure. Sigma Quality Level is an indicator of process centering and process variation total error allowable. Tolerance specification is replaced by a Total Error specification, which is a common form of a quality specification for a laboratory test. The CLIA criteria for acceptable performance in proficiency testing events are given in the form of an allowable total error, TEa. Thus there is a published list of TEa specifications for regulated analytes. In terms of TEa, Six Sigma Quality Management sets a precision goal of TEa/6 and an accuracy goal of 1.5 (TEa/6). This concept is based on the proficiency testing specification of target value +/-3s, TEa from reference intervals, biological variation, and peer group median mean surveys. We have found rules to calculate as a fraction of a reference interval and peer group median mean surveys. We studied to develop total error allowable from peer group survey results and CLIA 88 rules in US on 19 items TP, ALB, T.B, ALP, AST, ALT, CL, LD, K, Na, CRE, BUN, T.C, GLU, GGT, CA, phosphorus, UA, TG tests in chematology were follows. Sigma level versus TEa from peer group median mean CV of each item by group mean were assessed by process performance, fitting within six sigma tolerance limits were TP ($6.1{\delta}$/9.3%), ALB ($6.9{\delta}$/11.3%), T.B ($3.4{\delta}$/25.6%), ALP ($6.8{\delta}$/31.5%), AST ($4.5{\delta}$/16.8%), ALT ($1.6{\delta}$/19.3%), CL ($4.6{\delta}$/8.4%), LD ($11.5{\delta}$/20.07%), K ($2.5{\delta}$/0.39mmol/L), Na ($3.6{\delta}$/6.87mmol/L), CRE ($9.9{\delta}$/21.8%), BUN ($4.3{\delta}$/13.3%), UA ($5.9{\delta}$/11.5%), T.C ($2.2{\delta}$/10.7%), GLU ($4.8{\delta}$/10.2%), GGT ($7.5{\delta}$/27.3%), CA ($5.5{\delta}$/0.87mmol/L), IP ($8.5{\delta}$/13.17%), TG ($9.6{\delta}$/17.7%). Peer group survey median CV in Korean External Assessment greater than CLIA criteria were CL (8.45%/5%), BUN (13.3%/9%), CRE (21.8%/15%), T.B (25.6%/20%), and Na (6.87mmol/L/4mmol/L). Peer group survey median CV less than it were as TP (9.3%/10%), AST (16.8%/20%), ALT (19.3%/20%), K (0.39mmol/L/0.5mmol/L), UA (11.5%/17%), Ca (0.87mg/dL1mg/L), TG (17.7%/25%). TEa in 17 items were same one in 14 items with 82.35%. We found out the truth on increasing sigma level due to increased total error allowable, and were sure that the goal of setting total error allowable would affect the evaluation of sigma metrics in the process, if sustaining the same process.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.91-98
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• 2017

본 연구는 유기성폐자원 (가축분뇨, 음식물류폐기물, 음식물류폐수 등)을 병합 소화하는 시설을 대상으로 적정 설계 기준치를 충족하기 위한 설계 및 운전 기술지침서 마련하고자 현장조사와 정밀모니터링을 실시하였다. 현장조사시 정상적으로 운영 중인 9개의 혐기소화시설과 사육돈 종류에 따른 가축분뇨 발생원 (농가) 14곳을 정밀모니터링 대상으로 선정하였으며 삼성분, 영양성분 (탄수화물, 단백질, 지방), 휘발성지방산, 질소 등에 대한 물리화학적 분석을 실시하였다. 가축분뇨 바이오가스화 시설로 반입되는 유기물의 휘발성고형물 농도는 (Volatile solids, VS) 단독처리시 2.81 %, 음식물류와 병합처리시 5.92 %로 조사되었으며, 유기물분해율은 단독처리 대비 20.5 % 증가된 63.6 %의 제거율을 보였다. 영양물질 결과를 바탕으로 이론적 메탄수율과 실제 현장에서의 메탄수율을 비교한 결과, VS 기준 실제 메탄수율은 이론값 대비 72 %에 해당하는 $0.36Sm^3CH_4/kgVS$로 실측되었다. 농가발생원의 총고형물 농도를 분석한 결과, 자돈 및 이유돈은 5.6 %로 가장 낮았으며 육성돈, 비육돈, 모돈 등은 약 11~13 %로 높은 유기물 함량을 보였다. 또한 가축분뇨에는 모래, 가축털 뭉치 등의 이물질이 존재함으로 혐기소화 과정에서 스크리닝 등의 전처리 과정을 사전에 실시하여야 한다. 음폐수와 가축분뇨의 혼합비율을 달리하여 운전한 연속식 반응기를 통해 병합처리 효과에 따른 적정 혼합비율을 도출하고자 하였다. 연속식 반응기 실험에서 가축분뇨와 음폐수의 혼합비율을 100:0, 80:20, 40:60, 20:80으로 설정하여 진행하였을 때, 60:40~40:60의 범위에서 적정 혐기소화 조건 (100 gTS/L 이하, 알칼리도 1 gCaCO3/L 이상, C/N비 12.0~30.0 등)에 부합하는 실험결과를 도출하였다.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.89-116
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• 2008

최근 기업은 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅에 핵심 기술이자 신기술 적용 제품인 RFID를 도입하여 재고관리, 공정효율성, 비용절감, 제품의 신뢰성 등을 통해 경영활동의 효율성과 고객 만족도를 향상시키고자 제품을 도입하고 있다. 그러나 신제품(솔루션) 도입 시 기업은 많은 위험요소를 안고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 RFID 구매자들에게 존재하는 구매 위험, 공급자의 속성과 정보, 구매의사결정 단계 및 구매 행동 등 이론적 배경을 근거로 연구문제를 돌출하고 이를 분석하여 시사점을 제시함으로서 RFID 공급사 및 산업마케터들의 마케팅전략을 수립에 도움이 되고자 시작되었다. 연구 결과, (1)신규 구매의 경우 제품의 신뢰성, 기술명세의 정확성, 단순 재구매의 경우 가격의 적절성이 중요한 속성으로 나타났고, (2)정보원천은 두(신규 구매와 단순 재구매) 경우 모두 제품 성능 테스트결과, 조직 내의 기술자, 그리고 타사 구매자들의 의견 및 견본확인 등을 통해 정보를 얻고, (3)구매위험지각 정도는 신규구매의 경우에는 기능상의 문제 발생 가능성과 같은 성과 위험, 수리 및 투자비용 상의 손실 가능성과 같은 재정적 위험 등, 단순재구매의 경우에는 보다 나은 제품 구매에 대한 기회 손실과 같은 미래 기회 손실 위험 등이 나타났고, (4)구매센터의 역할은 신규구매의 경우에는 사용부서, 기획부서 구매부서 순이고, 단순재구매의 경우에는 사용부서, 구매부서 순이며, (5)구매의사결정단계별 영향력은 두 경우 모두 단계별 차이를 보이고 있으나 경영층 보다 사용부서, 기획부서, 구매부서의 비중이 높게 나타났다.

• 한국벤처창업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국벤처창업학회 2008년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.257-282
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• 2008

최근 기업은 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅에 핵심 기술이자 신기술 적용 제품인 RFID를 도입하여 재고관리, 공정효율성, 비용절감, 제품의 신뢰성 등을 통해 경영활동의 효율성과 고객만족도를 향상시키고자 제품을 도입하고 있다. 그러나 신제품(솔루션) 도입 시 기업은 많은 위험요소를 안고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 RFID 구매자들에게 존재하는 구매 위험, 공급자의 속성과 정보, 구매의사결정 단계 및 구매 행동 등 이론적 배경을 근거로 가설을 설정하고 이를 분석하여 시사점을 제시함으로서 RFID 공급사 및 산업마케터들의 마케팅전략을 수립에 도움이 되고자 시작되었다. 연구 결과, (1) 신규 구매의 경우 제품의 신뢰성, 기술명세의 정확성, 단순재구매의 경우 가격의 적절성이 중요한 속성으로 나타났고, (2) 정보원천은 두(신규 구매와 단순재구매) 경우 모두 제품 성능 테스트결과, 조직 내의 기술자, 그리고 타사구매자들의 의견 및 견본확인 등을 통해 정보를 얻고, (3) 구매위험지각 정도는 신규구매의 경우에는 기능상의 문제 발생 가능성과 같은 성과 위험, 수리 및 투자비용상의 손실 가능성과 같은 재정적 위험 등, 단순재구매의 경우에는 보다 나은 제품구매에 대한 기회 손실과 같은 미래 기회 손실 위험 등이 나타났고, (4) 구매센터의 역할은 신규구매의 경우에는 사용부서, 기획부서 구매부서 순이고 단순재구매의 경우에는 사용부서, 구매부서 순이적, (5) 구매의사결정단계별 영향력은 두 경우 모두 단계별 차이를 보이고 있으나 경영층 보다 사용부서, 기획부서, 구매부서의 비중이 높게 나타났다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.36-49
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• 2014

Objectives: Quercetin and curcuminoids are important bioactive compounds found in many herbs. Previously reported high performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) methods for the detection of quercetin and curcuminoids have several disadvantages, including unsatisfactory separation times and lack of validation according the standard guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. Methods: A rapid, specific, reversed phase, HPLC-UV method with an isocratic elution of acetonitrile and 2% v/v acetic acid (40% : 60% v/v) (pH 2.6) at a flow rate of 1.3 mL/minutes, a column temperature of $35^{\circ}C$, and ultraviolet (UV) detection at 370 nm was developed. The method was validated and applied to the quantification of different types of market available Chinese medicine extracts, pills and tablets. Results: The method allowed simultaneous determination of quercetin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, demethoxycurcumin and curcumin in the concentration ranges of $0.00488-200{\mu}g/mL$, $0.625-320{\mu}g/mL$, $0.07813-320{\mu}g/mL$ and $0.03906-320{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The limits of detection and quantification, respectively, were 0.00488 and $0.03906{\mu}g/mL$ for quercetin, 0.62500 and $2.50000{\mu}g/mL$ for bisdemethoxycurcumin, 0.07813 and $0.31250{\mu}g/mL$ for demethoxycurcumin, and 0.03906 and $0.07813{\mu}g/mL$ for curcumin. The percent relative intra day standard deviation (% RSD) values were $0.432-0.806{\mu}g/mL$, $0.576-0.723{\mu}g/mL$, $0.635-0.752{\mu}g/mL$ and $0.655-0.732{\mu}g/mL$ for quercetin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, demethoxycurcumin and curcumin, respectively, and those for intra day precision were $0.323-0.968{\mu}g/mL$, $0.805-0.854{\mu}g/mL$, $0.078-0.844{\mu}g/mL$ and $0.275-0.829{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The intra day accuracies were 99.589%-100.821%, 98.588%-101.084%, 9.289%-100.88%, and 98.292%-101.022% for quercetin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, demethoxycurcumin and curcumin, respectively, and the inter day accuracy were 99.665%-103.06%, 97.669%-103.513%, 99.569%-103.617%, and 97.929%-103.606%, respectively. Conclusion: The method was found to be simple, accurate and precise and is recommended for routine quality control analysis of commercial Chinese medicine products containing the flour flavonoids as their principle components in the extracts.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제7권
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• pp.39-51
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• 1969

The study involved determination of resistance levels of spider mites ta argano-phosphates using topical application and slide dip techniques; laboratory serening tests of alternative acaricides using an O/P resistant strain and a field trial of the screened materials. 1. Strains of Tetranychus were from Timaru(TR), Havelock Narth (HNR), Lincaln (LN). Germany (GR, GN). Comparisons of the resistant strains and normal strains at the LD50 and LC50 levels were as follows : (a) Using the topical application tochnique; with Parathian. resistant levels of the GR. TR and HNR strains of T. urticae were respeativuly, 1035. 484 and 452 times as resistant' as the LN strain. (b) Using the slide dip technique; with Phosdrin, resistant of GR, TR and HNR strains of T. urticae were 635, 274 and 266 times greater respeativuly, than the GN strain. 2. The laboratory sereaning tests were carried out far their contact plus stomach and residual effect to assess the toxicities of eleven alternative materials which would be used far control of O/P resistant strain of T. urticae. The acaricide groups represented were 3 organo-chlorines (Spidex, Kelthane and C 8514), 2 nitrophenyls (UC 19786 and Morocide), 2 cyclic carbonates(Eradex and Morestan). I carbamate (UC2004 7A), 1 mixture of carbamate and orano-chlorine and 2 other chemicals (C 8677 and M2527). From all acaricide tested. Kelthane and Morocide were the most effective, folowed by Spidex and M2527. Morestan, C8514. C8677 and RS 143 were intermediate, but Eradex, UC 19786 and UC 20046A were poor. 3, The number of sapmles required for estimation of the population in the field evaluation of acaricidal effects was one giving the highest practical precision. It was decided, after preliminary sampling trials. to use samples of 30 leaves per replicate which gave a $5.7\%$ standard error. 4. In the field trials, Morocide applied at the $0.05\%\;and\; 0.04\%$ a. i. conc. to black currant trees gave excellent control of O/P resistant population of T. urticae for about 12 days, but Morocide 0.025 and Kel thane $0.02\%$ a. i. cone. gave efficient control for about 6 days. In other words. first applications of Kel thane ane Moroeide gave very high degrees of control of O/P resistant population of the two-spotted spider mite. However, the results indicate that secondary application would sometimes be necessary. There was no foliage damage of black Currants and strawberries by either acaricides at the concentrations used. Acknowledgment ... The authors are grateful to: Dr. R. P. pottinger, Senior Lecturer in Agricultural Zoology. Lincoln college. New Zealand. for his helpful assistance in aiding with the organization of thd field work. Department of agriculture officers for mite colonies. Mr. D. A. Slade, Technical Advisor. Fruitgrowers' Federation (now at Massey University) for his assistance and provision of mites for testing. Mr T. McRae of Timaru for permission to use his crops for field tests. The following chemical companies and I or their New Zealand agents for so readily supplying samples of acarides; Ivan Watkins-Dow Limited. Fruitgrowers Chemical Company Limited. Henry H. York & company (New Zealand). Shell Oil (New Zealand) Limited.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.67-77
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• 2003

Two categories of cosmetic products, cosmetics and quasi-drugs, have been established by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) in Japan. Japanese pharmaceutical law has defined that products categorized as cosmetics do not exhibit any effects on human skin. In fact, cosmetic products are not permitted to claim any efficacy. On the other hand, products in the quasi-drug category can claim several efficacies such as anti-inflammatory effects, whitening/lightning effects, hair growth effects and so on. Unfortunately, the Japanese MHLW has not yet approved the efficacy of anti-aging/anti-wrinkle effects as a claim point. However, the population is aging, and the demand for anti-aging/anti-wrinkle products is increasing year by year. Japanese cosmetic companies have proposed to the MHLW that anti-aging/anti-wrinkle agents be approved as a claim concept of a quasi-drug. However, unified evaluation methods for anti-aging/anti-wrinkle effects have not been established. Currently, each company evaluates the efficacy of products/materials using their own original methods. Thus, to request approval of the MHLW, the establishment of a unified evaluation method is needed. Consequently, the Japan Cosmetic Industry Association (JCIA) has established a task force to develop guidelines for evaluating anti-wrinkle effects in 1998. In conclusion, the JCIA would like to adopt visual and image analysis scales to evaluate the anti-wrinkle effects objectively. Generally, wrinkles are roughly classified into three groups as fine wrinkles, linear deep wrinkles and crow's feet. However, academic societies of dermatology or cosmetics have not yet established a definition of wrinkles in Japan. Thus, in advance of setting up an evaluation method, the definition of wrinkles f3r evaluation must be decided. Wrinkles are defined by the task force of the JCIA as follows; furrows that people can recognize visually and that appear on the forehead, the corners of the eyes and the backs of the neck with aging. In addition, furrows are emphasized by exposure to solar light and by dry conditions. Visual evaluation is the most sensitive method and can be applied to most types of wrinkles. However, visual evaluation is hard to express digitally as results. Besides, in the case of image analysis, comparisons of data obtained from distinct examinations can not be done, because data from image analysis are relative values. Thus, to enhance the reliability of the evaluations, the adoption of an objective scale was required. The principle of the evaluation method is to analyze images taken from silicone replicas of wrinkle areas using several parameters, such as the proportion of the wrinkle $area({\%})$, the mean depth of the wrinkles (mm), the mean depth of the deepest wrinkle (m) and the deepest point on the deepest wrinkle. Lights are shown on the skin replica from an orthogonal direction of the main orientation of the wrinkle, and the resulting shadow images are quantified by the image analysis method. To increase the precision of the data or to allow comparisons of independent examinations, a scale with furrows of several depths, 200, 400, 600, 800, and $1000{\mu}m$, is adapted in the evaluation system. I will explain the guidelines established by the JCIA in the presentation.