• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.186-190
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• 2001

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of Neer, Hawkins provocative tests and supraspinatus manual muscle test for the assessment of impingement syndrome, partial tear and small complete tear of De rotator cuff. Materials and Methods: Seventy-one female and 115 male patients were included in the study. Patients were divided into four groups of no impingement, impingement without tear, partial tear and small complete tear of the rotator cuff, which were confirmed by sonogram, magnetic resonance imaging and surgery. Neer and Hawkins provocative tests and supraspinatus manual muscle test were performed respectively. SAS 6.12 version was used in statistical analysis. Results: We found that Neer test had 94% sensitivity, 54% specificity for impingement without tear and 89% sensitivity, 78% specificity for partial tear and 96% sensitivity, 23% specificity for small tear. Hawkins test revealed 95% sensitivity, 54% specificity for impingement without tear and 93% sensitivity, 78% specificity for partial tear and 100% sensitivity, 23% specificity for small tear. Supraspinatus manual muscle test revealed 27% sensitivity, 94% specificity for impingement without tear and 29% sensitivity, 82% specificity for partial tear and 48% sensitivity, 82% specificity for small tear. Conclusion: Neer and Hawkins tests have high sensitivity, low specificity for impingement syndrome, partial and small tear. Supraspinatus manual muscle test had low sensitivity and high specificity. However this test was not effective to differentiate the partial and small rotator cuff tear. We thought that more effective provocative test should be designed to detect the partial and small rotator cuff tear.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.383-390
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• 1995

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of tear staining syndrome in poodle dogs. Schirmer tear test, fluorescein dye test and measurement of the angle of bend between vertical and horizontal bony nasolacrimal duct were conducted in both poodles and German shepherd dogs. There were no significant differences between normal and tear-stained poodles in tear formation determined by Schimer tear test. However, there was significantly higher tear production in German shepherds than that in normal poodles(p<0.05). In the fluorescein dye test for the measurement of tear excretion, the dye was observed within $14.5{\pm}6.5$ minutes after dropping of the dye in normal poodles, but was not observed even over 30 minutes in tear-stained poodles. German shepherds had rather rapid passage time($0.4{\pm}0.3$ minutes) than poodles in the dye excretion. In the measurement of the angle of bend between vertical and horizontal bony nasolacrimal duct through dacryocystorhinography, there were no significant differences between normal tear-stained poodles with showing $85.0{\pm}6.8^{\circ}$ and $89.8{\pm}6.5^{\circ}$, respectively. However, obtuse angle of bend($106.8{\pm}4.7^{\circ}$) was shown in German shepherds. These results have ascertained that tear staining syndrome of poodle dogs was not related to tear production but to the rate of tear excretion.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.13-16
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• 2001

Object: To determine the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of an empty can test for diagnosing supraspinatus tendon tear. Methods: We reviewed 146 patients who have shoulder pain with limited active range of motion. We evaluated patients according to empty can test. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for supraspinatus test was estimated using arthroscopic evaluation. Results: A hundred and twenty-four of 127 cases with positive empty can test had supraspinatus tendon tear. Of 19 samples with negative empty can test, 15 had no supraspinatus tear. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for the empty can test were 97.6%, 83.3%, 97.6%, and 78.9%, respectively. Conclusions: Empty can test was found to have a high sensitivity and good positive predictive value in identifying the tear of rotator cuff tendon. We concluded that empty can test of the shoulder is a reliable diagnostic method which could be used for the diagnosis of rotator cuff tear.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 1990.11a
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• pp.106-110
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• 1990

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.43-50
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• 1992

This study was aimed at resolving uncertainties about lamellar tearing initiation temperatures and studying the effect of nonmetallic inclusions on the tear initiation. In order to measure the lamellar tearing initiation temperature, the slice bend test was conducted in the temperature range of 20.deg.C to 425.deg.C on A572 Grade 50 and A588 Grade A steels. In addition, the weld restrain test was carried out to measure directly the tear initiation temperature with A572 steel. In slice bend tests, A572 steel showed the most susceptible region to lamellar tearing to be in the range of 100 to 300.deg.C, where the steel showed the minimum ductility. The observed tear initiation by the weld restraint test was to be in the range of 200to 300.deg.C. The tears became narrower and less rounded at the susceptible temperatures. It was confirmed in this study that lamellar teraring initiated during cooling from welding in the range of 200 to 300.deg.C and they were initiated by strain aging embrittlement.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.221-233
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• 2002

Background and Purpose : MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging) has become one of the most sensitive diagnostic tool no evaluate problems of the knee, because it enables us to identify not only osseous tissue but also soft tissues including muscle, fascia, tendon, ligament, meniscus and fat around the knee joint. Objective : To compare between MRI reading and pain, duration, physical examination in patients with pain of knee joint. Methods : 20 patients with pain of knee joint included in this study. This study researched pain-degree, duration, physical examination with pain of knee joint. Using MRI(Horizon Lx 1.0T-GE), we obtained the results. Results : 1. In the distribution of sex; Female rate was 80.0% and male rate was 20.0%. In the distribution of age, above sixty group was the largest group by each 55.0%. 2. In the distribution of MRI reading; 'Meniscus horm tear' was 70.0%, 'Osteoarthritis' was 55.5%, 'ACL partial tear' was 15.0%, 'Bone bruise at tibia, femur' was 15.0%. 3. Correlation between duration of pain and MRI reading showed that acute and subacute stage related various MRI reading, that chronic stage related 'Osteoarthritis' and 'Meniscus horn tear' by each 69.2%, 92.3%. 4. Correlation between pain and MRI reading showed that severe pain(GVI) related 'ACL partial tear, PCL partial tear' by each 100%, that mild pain(GII) related 'Osteoarthritis, Meniscus horn tear' by each 70.0%, 80.0%. 5. Correlation between physical examination and MRI reading showed that Drawer test related ACL partial tear by each 60.0%, that McMurray test related 'Meniscus horn tear' by each 75.0%. 6. Correlation between effect of treatment and MRI reading showed that 'Osteoarthritis, Meniscus horn tear' related good effect, that ACL partial tear related poor effect. Conclusions : These results suggest that acute and sever pain relate 'ACL partial tear, PCL partial tear', that chronic and mild pain related 'Osteoarthritis, Meniscus horn tear'. So it is responsibility to use MRI as a sensitive diagnostic tool in the knee problems.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.535-540
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• 2012

This study is to research the differences of tear film for young people in of a day in a restricted indoor space. The subjects are 58 eyes volunteers for twice preliminary inspection and tear test of a day. 58 healthy individuals with no eye disease, no body disease, orthophoria, corrective visual acuity more than 0.8, binocular spherical equivalence difference over 0.50 diopter, the flattest corneal curvature in horizontal meridian and the steepest corneal curvature in vertical meridian were tested. The uncorrective visual acuity, refractive error, corneal curvature, schirmer test and tear break up test were performed in the morning and afternoon. Schirmer test were $16.0{\pm}7.0mm$ in the morning and $14.1{\pm}7.1mm$ in the afternoon. TBUT were $11.3{\pm}0.6$ sec in the morning and $12.1{\pm}0.9$ sec in the afternoon. They have no significant differences.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2008

Purpose: To study on the confidence of dry eye diagnosis methods which need to prescribe contact lens. Methods: Non-invasive tear film break-up time (NIBUT) and tear film break-up time (TBUT) were measured in forty healthy subjects in their 20s, and then the subjects were classified into normal eye and dry eye. The results of McMonnies questionnaire, tear prism height measurement, Hardtack test, blink rate measurement and Schirmer test were compared with the results of NIBUT and TBUT. Results: The results of NIBUT and TBUT were as follows; 20 subjects had normal eyes, 10 subjects had dry eyes in both NIBUT and TBUT, and 10 subjects showed different results. In McMonnies questionnaire, the score of normal eye group averaged 8.2 and that of dry eye group averaged 18.5, which showed statistically significant difference. Furthermore, 100% of normal eye group classified by the results of NIBUT and TBUT corresponded with the result of McMonnies questionnaire and 90% of dry eye group showed the correspondence. Tear prism height of normal eye group averaged 0.32 mm and that of dry eye group averaged 0.23 mm, which were significantly different. Hardtack test, blink rate measurement and Schirmer test without local anesthesia showed no statistically significant difference between normal eye group and dry eye group. Conclusions: On dry eye diagnosis methods, the results of McMonnies questionnaire and tear prism height measurement had close correlation with the results of NIBUT and TBUT.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.166-174
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• 2014

Background: Our study was to determine the effect on shoulder isokinetic muscle strength and muscle endurance in isolated full-thickness supraspinatus tendon tear and combined other rotator cuff tear. Methods: Total of 81 male patients (mean age $57.8{\pm}7.4$ years) who were diagnosed as a full-thickness supraspinatus tendon tear were included. They were classified into isolated or combined tear. The isokinetic muscle strength and muscle endurance were measured using the Biodex multi-joint system $PRO^{(R)}$ (Biodex Medical Systems, Shirley, NY, USA) in following movements: shoulder abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, external rotation, and internal rotation. Then, the difference in muscle function according to the type of tears were assessed. Fifty-seven patients had isolated supraspinatus tendon (mean age $56.9{\pm}7.3$ years). They were classified into either anteroposterior tear or modified mediolateral tear. The size were measured using T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans in sagittal plane. Results: Between subjects categorized into the type of tear, we found significant inter-categorical differences in isokinetic muscle strength during abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, and internal rotation, and in muscle endurance during flexion, extension, and internal rotation. Anteroposterior diameter tear, we did not show significant differences in either isokinetic muscle strength or muscle endurance during any movements. However, with modified mediolateral diameter, we found significant differences with isokinetic muscle strength during adduction, and in muscle endurance the external rotation and internal rotation. Conclusions: We found that a supraspinatus tendon tear associated with more numbers of rotator cuff tears has lower isokinetic muscle strength and muscle endurance than a tear found alone.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 2006

To evaluate the effect of punctal occlusion on tear preservation after third eyelid resection, 10 eyes were operated in dogs and observed changes in tear preservation using Schirmer tear test (STT). Punctal occlusion was performed on five healthy dogs with no clinical sings of ocular irritation and no history of dry eye syndrome. The STT was performed for 10 days before surgery, and on the day 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 17, 21, 25, and 30 after third eyelid resection. The mean STT was $17.4{\pm}0.15$ mm/min($mean{\pm}SEM$) for 10 days before surgery. And, it was $11.5{\pm}0.55$mm/min for 30 days after surgery in puntal occlusion(PO) group. The mean STT was $17.3{\pm}0.32$ mm/min for 10 days before surgery. And, it was more decreased to $6.5{\pm}0.60$ mm/min for 30 days after surgery in control group. The paired t-test was performed. Mean STT after the third eyelid resection was higher in PO group than that of control throughout experimental period (p<0.05). In summary, the effect of thermal punctal occlusion significantly increased on the tear preservation by $28.86{\pm}7.96%$. These results suggest that application of thermal punctal occulsion in dry eye syndrome will promote tear preservation.