• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.411-422
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is twofold : (i) to investigate how much effort the married couples are making for the good health of both the pregnant woman and her unborn child from the time of their marriage to and during the period of conception : and (ii) to comprehensive investigate socio-cultural back-grounds which affect prenatal effort. Result of this study provide a basis for the prenatal care program which will be appropriate to our culture. This study has been done by the ethnographic research method. The subjects of this study are 53 people in all consisting of 33 pregnant women and 20 husbands. In order to investigate socio-cultural factors which influence Taegyo, producers of Taegyo music were interviewed. In addition the researcher surveyed the markets of Taegyo music, participated in special courses of prenatal education, analyzed the content of the books and periodicals dealing with Taegyo, and collected the concept of Taegyo distributed by the mass media. The full-fledged study continued for eight months from February to August.1996. The data were analyzed as soon as they were collected. Spradly's(1979, 1980) developmental, sequential method of domain analysis. taxonomic analysis, componential analysis, and theme analysis in this order was adopted as the procedure of analyzing the data. To obtain the exactness of study, Sandelowski's (1986) four criteria, that is, Credibility, Fittingness, Auditability, and Confirmability were applied to all stages of data collection, data analysis, the interpretation of the result, and the description of the result. The following are the result : 1. The couples' Taegyo at the stage of preconception was related to their physical, psychological, spiritual conditions under which a healthy baby will be born. Specific methods they prefer are : "the choice of one's spouse." "physical check-up," "physical good health, " "praying, " and so on. 2. When the marriod couple have sex in order to conceive, their Taegyo was related to the imposition of their physical, psychological, and environmental conditions. Specific methods they prefer are : "having sex at specific time, " "having sex in nice place." "to purify their minds while having sex," and so on. 3. The married couples' Taegyo while they are in pregnancy was related to the imposition of their physical. psychological, emotionmental. environmental, social and spiritual conditions. Specific methods they prefer are : "listening to music. " "reading," "looking at beautiful things only," "to avoid looking at or listening to bad things." "to eat food in good shape, " "to avoid drugs," "eating Korean herbal medicine." "sexual abstinence," "to avoid dangerous places," "to keep emotional tranquility," "moderate exercises and rest." "leading a pure life." "praying." "being aware of their words and behavior." "for the couple to keep a good relationship." "interaction with their unborn child," "to support Taegyo for pregnant women," and so on. 4. The married couple put Taegyo into practice on the basis of the following principles : the principle of respecting an unborn child, the principle of forming a good disposition. the principle of top-down parental love, the principle of synergy between a pregnant woman and her unborn child, the principle of expecting a good child, the principle of forming a good habit, and the principle of acquiring a parental role. 5. The practice of Taegyo is influenced by such factors as the married couple, the supporting system, and the mass media. As the husband -and-wife factor, their information of Taegyo, the degree of importance is assigned to their characters, their time to spare, their healthiness, the age of pregnant woman, their conception plan, their religion, their belief of the Taegyo effects, and the birth of a baby in this order. The factor of the supporting system consists of her husband's support, her family support, and her neighbor's support. The mass media factors include the broadcasting media, books specialized in Taegyo, periodicals for pregnant women, booklets for advertizing powdered milk, Taegyo music of record manufacturing companies, and the teaching materials for gifted children. Among these the mass media is especially taking advantage of Taegyo as its main source of economic profits are leading the public behavior pattern to a prodigal one. Taegyo is a self-control behavior which requires practice for the following : the physical and psychological good health of the pregnant woman and her unborn child, the development of the unborn child's good character, the development of the unborn child's intelligence and talents, the expectation of the unborn child's good features. shape a good habit, the expectation of the unborn child's bright future, and the learning of a parental role, the expectation of male birth. Above all it is a type of our good cultural tradition which pursues a value higher than the one that the prenatal care does. The principles of pregnancy care inherent in the habit of Taegyo will provide us a guideline for the development of the prenatal care.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.11-32
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• 2004

According to Edwin Gordon(1987, 1997, 2003), music aptitude is a product of interaction of innate potential and early environmental experiences. He referred to music aptitude of children up to nine years of age as developmental music aptitude which fluctuates due to musical environment. Music aptitude stabilizes at age nine, and the music aptitude after age nine is called "stabilized music aptitude". This research is to examine Gorden's hypothesis that the younger a child receives music education, the higher music aptitude. Also, this research is to experiment the effect of Audiation activities developed in Audie Music Curriculum on music aptitude. The researcher and another Audie teacher as a co-teacher guided children together for 30 minutes once a week. The pedagogy guidelines for informal guidance in music learning theory were kept throughout the classes. Also, Audie's teaching method which had been developed for Korean Kindergarten educational environment was also applied. Five-year-old subjects in Experimental group 1 experienced the Audie Music Curriculum of one year; five-year-old subjects in Experimental group 2 experienced it for two years. Primary Measures of Music Audiation was administered three times during their last year of Kindergarten. Subjects in the Control groups, one examined at the beginning and the other at the end of their last year in Kindergarten, received no Audie instruction. There was no significant difference in tonal aptitude, but there was significant difference in rhythmic aptitude(p< .05) among the experiemental groups. Because both Experimental groups showed statistical significance (p< .001) in the music aptitude increase during their academic years, the significant differences of the year-end music aptitude between control group and experimental groups were the expected result.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.10
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• pp.39-70
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• 1983

The concept of the public library defined by the Korean Library Association does not describe the current state of the Korean public library but describes the public libraries in the western society. Korean public library was formed after the western public library but it was modified and reconciled with the tradition of Korea. The difference between the concepts occured in the acculturation process of the Korean public library. According to the International Encyclopeadia of the Social Sciences, acculturation comprehends those phenomena which result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous firsthand contact, with subsequent changes in the original cultural patterns of either of both groups. Korea opened its door to western world in 1876, and it began to contact with the western world. As the consequence, the concept of the public library of the West diffused to Lee Dynasty which were characterized by the confucianism and the extended family system. These two characteristics were against the public library concept and it could not function as it was and it had to be modified to fit to Korean society. The American public library was formed by the diffusion of English public library. The concept fitted in the colonial American society which was characterized by the Christianity and nuclear family system. Religion and family life were closely knitted together and they contributed much to the formation of the American public library. Also the society needed various information to form their new nation. The need of the public library grew and the public library repidly developed as the American society was urbanized and industrialized. The changes of Korean public library has passed the following process of acculturation. 1. The Korean culture contacted with Western world. 2. The public library concept diffused to Korea, but the people were illiterate and the need of the public library was for the preservation of the old books. The collection was not for people. 3. The function of the public library in Korea was altered slightly as several intellectuals who formed the first modern public library tried to literate Koreans as a means of liberation :from Japan through the library service. 4. The traditional libraries such as sodandg and hyangyo disorganized and finally disappeared as the traditional elements of the culture disappeared and the new cultural elements prevailed in Korea. 5. When the traditional elements of culture were disorganized, a reinterpretation of the diffused culture appeared. With the appearance of the vouth group which was not existed in the traditional society, cultural facilities for them were needed. They began to use public library as their reading rooms. This pattern has been institutionalized ever since in Korean public library. 6. When the new element of the culture spread, the traditional cultural elements react against this element. As the new public libraries sprung out, there were movements to restore the old Korean tradition of the family libraries and Hyangyo to counteract to the new libraries. This movements were not successful and they all disappeared as they could not keep up the rapid social change occurred in the Korean society. 7. In the process of the cultral change, cultural lag occurred between the public library and the users who could not adopt to the new library. This has been continued to the present time. 8. This diffused concept of the public library was modified and became native to Korean society. However, the acculturation of the public library concept has not changed the traditional ideas of Korean people and their behavior. The Korean society recently has been changing rapidly and the function of the Korean public library is improving accordingly; 1. The extended Korean family system is disorganizing. As the consequence, the public library could substitute the family system offering information and recreation service, etc. 2. The growth of educated population is requiring a variety of library materials. An individual library can not meet the needs of them and cooperative library service will be needed to share resources. The public library will become the center of the cooperative service. 3. The Koreans are watching TV more hours than they read printed materials. For them, the public library needs to collect audiovisual materials. Especially the teaching materials should be all audiovisualized for the effective teaching. 4. Technology is developing rapidly in Korea, especially computer technology is applied in many parts of the society. This will also influence library service. The public library will be developing as the centralized library computer system. When the Korean public library functions as the extended family system and the center of the cooperative library system, the Korean public library will be functioning as the public library defined by the Korean Library Association.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.355-363
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• 2008

In order to enhance the effect of Problem-based Learning, the role of scaffold as a learning support strategy is necessary. Collective intelligence provides scaffolding in the sense that it integrates users' knowledge, information, experiences, values, etc. Based on these factors, collective intelligence determines the direction of behavior, revises the direction continuously, and provides problem-solving methods. Teaching and learning situations emphasize learners' initiative, voluntary, and active participation. Thus, this study was conducted to find out if collective intelligence can be an effective and attractive alternative of learning strategy. Specifically, this study purposed to examine how collective intelligence performs the role of scaffold on the Web and what types of scaffolding are provided to learners. According to the results of this study, collective intelligence had a positive effect on learners' learning attitude, confidence, interest, etc. in the affective aspect, but its effect on the cognitive aspect was different according to learners' school year and learning level. Because collective intelligence had a positive effect on learners, we identified scaffolding types explanation, suggestion of direction, illustration and feedback in the cognitive aspect, and positive response and encouragement in the affective aspect.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.69-94
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• 2018

This study was conducted to analyze music therapy studies supporting the psychological and emotional needs of Korean women according to a feminist perspective in music therapy. A total of 34 studies were analyzed by general characteristics, characteristics of the intervention, and characteristics of a feminist perspective. Results showed that the research focus was initially on subjects who suffered from mental illness and that more recently the focus has shifted to include more diverse subjects, such as career women, women who migrate for marriage, and women who study abroad, and to reflect contemporary social issues. In terms of a feminist perspective, the studies were analyzed according to the following themes as the characteristics of a feminist perspective: empowerment, social and political perspectives, cooperativity, egalitarianism, and diversity. Results showed that social and political viewpoints were reflected in the selection of subjects and that empowerment was reflected mostly in the contents of interventions. This study highlights the need to incorporate a feminist perspective in more diversified music therapy practices to bring social changes as well as individual changes for women.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.229-237
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• 1997

Due mainly to the complexity of educational system, it is difficult to comprehend the phenomena and nature of the science education. Educators have developed various kinds of means and methods useful for easy understanding of the phenomena and nature. This study added another method supporting that the phenomena and nature of the science education should be understood in the context of educational system. System approach into thought is holistic and contextual in nature. It focuses on both the whole and its relevant parts, and is concerned with environmental context. By its definition, a system interact not only with another system but also with its environments. The purpose of this study was to answer such questions as "What is the science education?", or "What is the meaning of the science education?", "Why do we teach science?", "Why are we ought to teach science?", and "How do we know that those facts and methods are valid?" The results for the study are as follows: 1. Science education is the human behavior with the purpose to attain something through science and education. It is socio-cultural process, social and organizational activity into which the public deeply involved. The process and activity are usually undergirded upon the value of science education. 2. The science education system is analyzed in the light of the legislative institution. The system model that characterize of the system and the interrelationship among the systems is suggested in terms of the conceptions of boundary, components, variables, parameters and linkage, etc. Then, the science education system is divided into the plan-system, do-system and see-system by the use of the criterion of plan-do-see that is the general process of human activity. The study also identified that the system of science education is consisted of the aspects of science education administration, school science education, and science education evaluation. 3. As the frame of thought on the contextuality in the science education system, the contexts of meaning, organization, legislation and policy were presented, along with the main cognitive interest, the system, the orientation, and the premise of each context which were used to explain the reasons. The results of this study suggested a new approach into the comprehension of the educational phenomena in teaching science and the possibility of understanding science education as a whole.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.46-54
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• 2011

The present study was carried out to investigate gender-related attitudes of professors in engineering as a socio-environmental factor for career barriers of female engineering students. For this purpose, 220 professors, 169 in engineering and 51 in non-engineering, completed questionnaires that evaluated gender-related knowledge, behavior, and career expectations. Our results showed that both engineering and non-engineering professors showed a low level of knowledge of gender differences. Both groups selected soft skills such as leadership, initiative and self efficacy as lacking in female students, rather than their academic skills. Professors in engineering showed higher expectations of female students pursuing a career in engineering but lower expectations for working on core projects and taking leadership at the workplace than the professors in non-engineering. The level of gender-sensitivity related to teaching was lower for professors in engineering than those in non-engineering, although professors in engineering evaluated their gender sensitivity higher than the evaluation of their female students. In addition, professors in engineering opted less for developing programs for female student career development in engineering than professors in non-engineering, and they showed a low interest level in participating in such programs. This study showed that the efforts to make engineering professors aware of the characteristics of female students should precede the development of education programs.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.291-300
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• 2018

This descriptive study was conducted to determine the influence of stress coping styles of nursing students on problem solving ability. Data were collected from 142 nursing students in the M-area from September 20, 2016, to November 30 and analyzed using SPSS WIN 21.0. The average degree of stress coping styles was $3.36{\pm}.30$ (5 point-scale), problem solving abilities was $3.42{\pm}.38$ (5 point-scale). Among the subdomains of stress coping styles, problem focusing was highest, with a score of $3.60{\pm}.42$. Additionally, among the subdomains of problem solving ability, clarification was highest, with a score of $3.50{\pm}.51$. The problem solving abilities of nursing students showed a positive correlation with stress coping styles (r=0.53, p<.001) and was positively correlated with problem focusing (r=0.66, p<.001), positive point of view (r=0.53, p<.001), and social support navigation (r=0.42, p<.001). In addition, the factor with the greatest effect among subdomains of stress coping styles was problem focusing (${\beta}=0.416$, p<.001) and positive point of view (${\beta}=0.257$, p=.002). These two factors were found to explain 54.3% of the variance in problem solving ability. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that application of teaching-learning methods has the potential to improve students' problem-solving ability through problem-oriented and positive stress coping behavior.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.5920-5925
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• 2012

The purpose of the study is to investigate the factors affecting the quality life of oral health according to the knowledge and behavior related with oral health and childcare teachers. Total 205 childcare teacher who working in Busan participated in this survey. The knowledge on oral health has an effects on oral health practice with ${\gamma}$=.155 and t=2.539 but this doesn't show meaningful effects on dietary pattern. Oral health is not affected by oral health practice with ${\beta}$=-.001, t=-.008 but dietary patterm has an effects on oral health impact profile with ${\beta}$=.172, t=2.560. Oral health impact profile show meaningful effects on total health index with ${\beta}$=.582, t=10.275. The results show that the oral health program for childcare teacher should be developed to prevent oral disease and oral health impact profile should be improved for not only childcare teachers but also children.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.50
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• pp.131-151
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• 2018

Notwithstanding various discourses among scholars on the unique characteristics of comics, in Korea there is nevertheless a scarcity of quality research on the subject. Therefore, to promote quality research, it is important to consider how to best use source materials in the field of comics scholarship. Source materials can generally be categorized into three types: pre-existing comics, scholar-generated comics and user-generated comics. For this study, user-generated comics are the primary source materials, specifically comics created by mothers of children with disabilities. It is intended that this research will contribute to the future direction of education for mothers who suffer from a relative sense of alienation as the primary caregivers of children with special needs. Although therapeutic arts and cultural programs make a tremendous difference in the lives of these mothers, teaching methodology and educational opportunities are extremely limited. Furthermore, existing scholarship focuses primarily on either the psychological transformation of the individual or a phenomenological approach for parents to understand and deal with the problematic behavior of children with disabilities. However, this research does little to help improve learning programs for these parents. Against this backdrop, this research sets out to consider the potentiality and effectiveness of using comics in the education of mothers of children with disabilities. These mothers, by creating comics, develop better awareness of themselves in a positive and enriching way. It is therefore hoped that this research provides a useful analysis for developing the potentiality and effectiveness of these programs.