• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.790-800
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• 2022

Background: Panax ginseng Meyer is one of the most valuable medicinal plants which is enriched in anti-microbe secondary metabolites and widely used in traditional medicine. Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that causes gray mold disease in a broad range of hosts. B. cinerea could overcome the ginseng defense and cause serious leaf and root diseases with unknown mechanism. Methods: We conducted simultaneous transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the host to investigate the defense response of ginseng affected by B. cinerea. The gene deletion and replacement were then performed to study the pathogenic gene in B. cinerea during ginseng - fungi interaction. Results: Upon B. cinerea infection, ginseng defense responses were switched from the activation to repression, thus the expression of many defense genes decreased and the biosynthesis of antifungal metabolites were reduced. Particularly, ginseng metabolites like kaempferol, quercetin and luteolin which could inhibit fungi growth were decreased after B. cinerea infection. B. cinerea quercetin dioxygenase (Qdo) involved in catalyzing flavonoids degradation and ∆BcQdo mutants showed increased substrates accumulation and reduced disease development. Conclusion: This work indicates the flavonoids play a role in ginseng defense and BcQdo involves in B. cinerea virulence towards the P. ginseng. B. cinerea promotes disease development in ginseng by suppressing of defense related genes expression and reduction of antifungal metabolites biosynthesis.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.121-129
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• 2022

Despite considerable efforts, cancer remains an aggressive killer worldwide. Chemotherapeutic drugs that are currently in use lead to destructive side effects and have not succeeded in fulfilling expectations. For centuries, medicinal plants are used for treating various diseases and are also known to have anticancer activity. The main aim of this research was to evaluate antiproliferative activity of saffron, clove, fenugreek, and green tea on Vero and MDA-MB-231 cell lines and to subsequently analyze the effect of these extracts on IRAK-4, TAK1, IKK-alpha, IKK-beta, NF-Kappa B, IRF3, IRF7 genes in Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) pathway. Antiproliferative assay was done by Neutral Red Dye uptake assay. Methanolic extract of green tea was found to be most effective against both cell lines as IC₅₀ was achieved at least concentration of the extract. For molecular studies, MDAMB-231 cells were sensitized with methanolic extract of green tea at same IC₅₀, and RT-PCR was performed to determine the relative expression of genes. Expression of IRAK-4, TAK1, IKK-beta, NF-Kappa B, IRF3 genes was down regulated and IRF7 and IKKalpha was upregulated. Green tea has a potential cytotoxic effect on both cell lines which was demonstrated by its effect on the expression of (TLRs) pathway genes.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.23-33
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• 2019

우엉을 9번 찌고 9번 말려서 차를 제조한 다음 M사의 우엉차와 성분 및 기능성을 비교 분석하였다. 개발한 우엉차는 칼로리 346.48kcal, 탄수화물 72.75g/100g, 단백질 11.98g/100g, 회분 5.01g/100g이었다. 무기물 함량은 칼륨 1,476.21 mg/100g, 칼슘 255.96 mg/100g, 마그네슘 311.41mg/100g 이었다. 유리당 총량은 31.93 mg/100g이었고 그중 fructose 26.27mg/100g, glucose 4.39 mg/100g, sucrose 1.27 mg/100g이었다. 포화지방산은 40.73 mg/100g, 불포화지방산은 59.28 mg/100g이고 그 중 linoleic acid 41.28 mg/100g, palmitic acid 33.11 mg/100g, oleic acid 10.07 mg/100g, linolenic acid 7.92 mg/100g이었다. DPPH 라디컬 소거력은 개발한 차 33.9%, 비교용 M사 차 2.3%, 지표물질 37.2%였다. ABTS 라디컬 소거력은 개발한 차 90.7%, M사차 85.9%, 지표물질 47.6%였다. SOD 유사활성은 개발한 차 11.3%, 비교용차 50.5%였다. 플라보노이드 함량은 개발한 차2.6 fold, M사차 2.9 fold, 지표물질 1.7 fold였다. 폴리페놀 함량은 개발한 차 33.8 fold, M사차 38.9 fold, 지표물질 13.4 fold였다. 기호도는 1회 우린 것과 5회 우린 것을 비교하였다. 1회 우린 것을 기준으로 할 때 5회 우린 것의 기호도 중 색은 개발한 차 65.9%, M사차 12.8%, 향기는 개발한 차 78.0%, M사차 33.3%, 맛은 개발한 차 71.4%, M사차 20.7%, 나타났다. 이같이 비교용 M사차는 우릴수록 추출 성분이 감소하여 5회 후에 종합적인 기호도는 21.4%로 감소한 반면 개발한 차는 감소폭이 적어서 72.1%를 나타냈다. 이같이 개발한 우엉차는 비교용 M사차 및 지표물질보다 항산화 작용이 강하고 유효 물질 함량도 더 많고, 기호성도 높으므로 질병 예방 및 개선 효과가 클 것으로 생각한다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.57-71
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• 2021

Rice sheath blight (ShB), caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn AG1-IA, is one of the destructive rice diseases worldwide. The aims of this study were to develop biocontrol strategies focusing on field sanitation and foliar application with a biocontrol agent for ShB management. Streptomyces padanus PMS-702 showed a great antagonistic activity against R. solani. Fungichromin produced by S. padanus PMS-702, at 3.07 mg/l inhibited 50% mycelial growth, caused leakage of cytoplasm, and inhibited the formation of infection structures of R. solani. Fungichromin could reach to 802 mg/l when S. padanus PMS-702 was cultured in MACC broth for 6 days. Addition of 0.5% S. padanus PMS-702 broth into soil decreased the survival rate of the pathogen compared to the control. Soil amended with 0.5% S. padanus broth and 0.5% tea seed pomace resulted in the death of R. solani mycelia in the infested rice straws, and the germination of sclerotia was inhibited 21 days after treatment. Greenhouse trials revealed that S. padanus cultured in soybean meal-glucose (SMGC-2) medium after mixing with different surfactants could enhance its efficacy for inhibiting the pathogen. Of six surfactants tested, the addition of 2% tea saponin was the most effective in suppressing the pathogen. S. padanus broth after being fermented in SMGC-2, mixed with 2% tea saponin, diluted 100 fold, and sprayed onto rice plants significantly reduced ShB disease severity. Thus, S. padanus PMS-702 is an effective biocontrol agent. The efficacy of S. padanus PMS-702 for disease control could be improved through formulation.

• BMB Reports
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.229-239
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• 2006

Sj$\"{o}$gren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the salivary glands, leading to xerostomia, and the lacrimal glands, resulting in xerophthalmia. Secondary SS is associated with other autoimmune disorders such as systemic rheumatic diseases and systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), which can affect multiple organs, including the epidermis. Recent studies have demonstrated that green tea polyphenols (GTPs) possess both anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties in normal human cells. Epidemiological evidence has indicated that, in comparison to the United States, the incidence of SS, clinical xerostomia and lupus is considerably lower in China and Japan, the two leading green tea-consuming countries. Thus, GTPs might be responsible, in part, for geographical differences in the incidence of xerostomia by reducing the initiation or severity of SS and lupus. Consistent with this, molecular, cellular and animal studies indicate that GTPs could provide protective effects against autoimmune reactions in salivary glands and skin. Therefore, salivary tissues and epidermal keratinocytes could be primary targets for novel therapies using GTPs. This review article evaluates the currently available research data on GTPs, focusing on their potential application in the treatment of the oral manifestations of SS and skin manifestations of SLE.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.302-312
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• 2019

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of black tea extract (BTE) on collagen -induced platelet aggregation. In this study, BTE (10~500 ㎍/mL) was shown to inhibit platelet aggregation via thromboxane A₂ (TXA₂) down-regulation by blocking cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) activity. Also, BTE decreased intracellular Ca²⁺ mobilization ([Ca²⁺]_i). Additionally, BTE enhanced the levels of both cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which are aggregation-inhibiting molecules. BTE inhibited the phosphorylation of phospholipase C (PLC) γ2 and syk activated by collagen. BTE regulated platelet aggregation via cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) Ser¹⁵⁷. The anti-platelet effects of BTE in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats were evaluated. After eight weeks of BTE treatment (300 and 600 mg/kg), the platelet aggregation rate in the treated groups was significantly less than that in the HFD-fed control group. Also, BTE exhibited a hepatoprotective effect and did not exert hepatotoxicity. Therefore, these data suggest that BTE has anti-platelet effects on collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation and may have therapeutic potential for the prevention of platelet-mediated thrombotic diseases.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2002년도 생물공학의 동향 (X)
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• pp.554-557
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• 2002

Antioxidative noudle products were developed with mixed material and antioxidative liquid extracted from natural products. Matrrials were mixed with wheat flour, rice flour, starch and green tea. 3% of green tea was suitable mixing ratio from the mastication data of texture meter, and proper water contents were 33% to prepare these noodles. The suitable mixing ratio of materials were wheat flour(85%), starch( 12%) and greentea(3%) from the physical data of texture meter. Since AUC value of antioxidative liquid was more higher than that of tap water, antioxidative noodle products were expected for good health and preservation of some diseases.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.224-230
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate anti-oxidative and inflammatory inhibition effects of green tea and dietary fiber mixture on liver of high fat diet-induced obese rats. 21 male rats were divided into 3 dietary groups and control group (A), high fat diet-induced group (B), and high fat (HF) diet-induced + EQ diet-$S^{(R)}$ diet group (C). Immunoblotting and RT-PCR analysis revealed protein expression, and anti-oxidant analysis revealed MDA (malondialdehyde), GSH (glutathione), and free DPPH radical. As a results, Body weight and food consumption were not significantly different between groups. The levels of MDA and GSH were lower in HF + $EQS^{(R)}$ group than in HF group. Also, the $EQS^{(R)}$ demonstrated to be more effective than HF group for a DPPH radicals scavenging activities. In addition, protein and mRNA level of TNF-$\alpha$ in HF + $EQS^{(R)}$ group showed relatively more potent pro-inflammatory activity inhibition compared to HF group. These results suggest that green tea mixture (EQ diet-$S^{(R)}$) provide positive effects on anti-oxidative and inflammatory inhibition effects on obese animal model or obesity related diseases.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권7호
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• pp.928-933
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• 2009

노로바이러스는 인간에게 급성위장염을 일으키는 식중독 바이러스로, 최근 전세계적으로 노로바이러스 식중독 사고가 증가하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 다양한 생리활성 작용이 있다고 알려진 향신료, 차(茶), 식물성 한약재등 11종의 천연물질을 대상으로 노로바이러스의 대체모델인 feline calicivirus (FCV 에 대한 항바이러스 활성을 조사하였다. 각 추출물에 대한 항바이러스 활성은 end point dilution assay 방법인 50% tissue culture infectious dose ($TCID_{50}$)으로 바이러스 감염가를 측정하였다. 녹차(Camellia sinensis L.) 추출물의 경우 3.13 mg/ml의 농도에서 1 시간만에 FCV가 완전히 불활성화 되었으며, 홍화씨 (Carthamus tinctorius L.) 추출물은 6.25 mg/ml의 농도에서 5시간 만에 바이러스가 불활성화 되어 녹차추출물이 FCV에 대한 항바이러스 활성이 가장 뛰어난 것으로 조사되었으며, 농도 및 반응시간에 유의적으로 항바이러스 활성을 나타내는 것으로 관찰되었다. 녹차 및 홍화씨 추출물 등과 같은 천연식물 자원을 이용하여 FCV에 대한 항바이러스 활성을 조사한 결과는 궁극적으로는 노로바이러스에 의한 식중독 저감을 위한 기초자료에 이용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.117-123
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• 2005

A cumulative evidence indicates that consumption of tea catechin, flavan-3-ol derived from green tea leaves, lowers the risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, a precise mechanism for this cardiovascular action has not yet been fully understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of different green tea catechins, such as epigallocatechin-3 gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin-3 gallate (ECG), and epicatechin (EC), on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertrophy in primary cultured rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC). [$^3H$]-leucine incorporation was used to assess VSMC hypertrophy, protein kinase assay, and western blot analysis were used to assess mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity, and RT-PCR was used to assess c-jun or c-fos transcription. Ang II increased [$^3H$]-leucine incorporation into VSMC. However, EGCG and ECG, but not EGC or EC, inhibited [$^3H$]-leucine incorporation increased by Ang II. Ang II increased phosphorylation of c-Jun, extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and p38 MAPK in VSMC, however, EGCG and ECG , but not EGC or EC, attenuated c-Jun phosphorylation increased by Ang II. ERK 1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation induced by Ang II were not affected by any catechins. Ang II increased c-jun and c-fos mRNA expression in VSMC, however, EGCG inhibited c-jun but not c-fos mRNA expression induced by Ang II. ECG, EGC and EC did not affect c-jun or c-fos mRNA expression induced by Ang II. Our findings indicate that the galloyl group in the position 3 of the catechin structure of EGCG or ECG is essential for inhibiting VSMC hypertrophy induced by Ang II via the specific inhibition of JNK signaling pathway, which may explain the beneficial effects of green tea catechin on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases observed in several epidemiological studies.