• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 2008

Purpose: It was well known that cerebral blood perfusion is normal or diffusely decreased in the majority of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Actually we interpreted brain perfusion SPECT images of PD patients in the clinical situation, we observed various cerebral perfusion patterns in patients with PD. So we performed brain perfusion SPECT to know the brain perfusion patterns of PD patients and the difference of perfusion patterns according to the sex and the age. Also we classified PD patients into small groups based on the brain perfusion pattern. Methods and Materials: Two hundred nineteen patients (M: 70, F: 149, mean age: $62.9{\pm}6.9$ y/o) who were diagnosed as PD without dementia clinically and 55 patients (M:15, F:40, mean age: $61.4{\pm}9.2$ y/o) as normal controls who had no past illness history were performed $^{99m}Tc$-HMP AO brain perfusion SPECT and neuropsychological test. Results: At first, we compared all patients with PD and normal controls. Brain perfusion in left inferior frontal gyrus, left insula, left transverse temporal gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule, left superior parietal lobule, right precuneus, right caudate tail were lower in patients with PD than normal controls. Secondly, we compared male and female patients with PD and normal controls, respectively. Brain perfusion SPECT showed more decreased cerebral perfusion in left hemisphere than right side in both male and female patients compared to normal controls. And there was larger hypoperfusion area in female patients compared with male. Thirdly, we classified patients with PD and normal controls into 4 groups according to the age and compared brain perfusion respectively. In patient below fifties, brain perfusion in both occipitoparietal and left temporal lobe were lower in PD group. As the patients with PD grew older, hypoperfusion area were shown in both frontal, temporal and limbic lobes. Fourthly, We were able to divide patients into small groups based on cerebral perfusion pattern. There was normal cerebral blood perfusion in 32 (14.7%) of 219 patients with PD, decreased perfusion on the frontal lobe in 45 patients (20.6%), the temporal lobe in 39 patients (17.4%), the parietal lobe in 39 patients (17.9%), the occipital lobe in 40 patients (18.3%), diffuse area in 14 patients (6.4%) and unclassified in 10 patients (4.6%). Fifthly, we compared the results of the neuropsychological test and cerebral perfusion pattern. There was no correlation between two tests except visuospatial function. Conclusion: Various perfusion state were found in patients with PD according to the age and sex. Also we were able to classify perfusion state into several groups and compare the neuropsychological test with cerebral perfusion.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.257-262
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• 2005

Purpose: Gastric emptying scan (GES) is usually acquired up to 2 hours. Our study investigated whether a fraction of meal-retention in the stomach at 120 minutes (FR120) was predicted from the data measured for 90 minutes by using non-linear curve fitting. We aimed at saving the delayed imaging by utilizing mathematical models. Materials and Methods: Ninety-six patients underwent GES immediately after taking a boiled egg with 74 MBq (2 mCi) Tc-99m DTPA. The patients were divided into Group I ($T_{1/2}\;{\leq}90\;min$) and Group II ($90\;min). Group I (n=51) had 21 men and 30 women, and Group II (n=45) 15 men and 30 women. There was no significant difference in age and sex between the two groups. Simple exponential, power exponential, and modified power exponential curves were acquired from the measured fraction of meal-retention at each time (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 min) by non-linear curve fitting ($MATLAB^{\circledR}$ 5.3) and another simple exponential fitting was performed on the fractions at late times (60, 75, and 90 min). A predicted FR120 was calculated from the acquired functional formulas. A correlation coefficient between the measured FR120 and the predicted FR120 was computed ($MedCalc^{\circledR}$ 6.0). Results: Correlation coefficients(r) between the measured FR120 and the predicted FR120 of each mathematical functions were as follows: simple exponential function (Group I: 0.8558, Group II: 0.5982, p<0.0001), power exponential function (Group I: 0.8755, Group II: 0.6008, p<0.0001), modified power exponential function (Group I: 0.8892, Group II: 0.5882, p<0.0001), and simple exponential function at the late times(Group I: 0.9085, Group II: 0.6832, p<0.0001). In all the fitting models, the predicted FR120 were significantly correlated with the measured FR120 in Group I but not in Group II. There was no statistically significant difference in correlation among the 4 mathematical models. Conclusion: In the cases with $T_{1/2}\;{\leq}90\;min$, the predicted FR120 is significantly correlated with the measured FR120. Therefore, FR120 can be predicted from the data measured for 90 minutes by using non-linear curve fitting, saving the delayed imaging after 90 minutes when $T_{1/2}\;{\leq}90\;min$ is ascertained.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.92-101
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• 2009

Purpose: Scintimammography is one of the screening tests for the early diagnosis of breast cancer. It has been widely accepted as very useful in assessing masses that have not been detected in breast scanning. This method is highly sensitive and specific with respect to the diagnosis of primary and relapsing breast cancer. It has some difficulties, however, in detecting tumors sized 1 cm and below due to the radioactivity around the breast and the geometrical structure of the equipment. The recent introduction of high-resolution Breast-specific Gamma Imaging (BSGI) has made it possible to more accurately discriminate between malignant and benign tumors than with any other test method. Thus, the possibility of an unnecessary biopsy being performed has decreased. The purpose of this study was to examine the diagnostic capacity of mammography, breast sonography, and scintimammography, which are used for the early diagnosis of known breast cancer, and of BSGI, and to evaluate the skillfulness of radiologists. Materials and Methods: The 53 volunteers participants who had no clinical manifestation of breast cancer underwent the BSGI in February 2009. In the BSGI procedure, scanning images were obtained from the craniocaudal projection (CC) and the mediolateral Oblique projection (MLO), as well as from the additional $80{\times}80$-matrix-sized views at various angles in the Present Time method, 10 minutes after the 25 mCi $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI was injected. Results: The results of the BSGI showed that two participants had masses in their breast tissue. As the results of the diagnosis of four participants were not clear, they were retested and the results of the second test were negative. The results of the clinical screening test for breast cancer showed that the sensitivity of BSGI, scintimammography, mammography, and breast sonography was 86.5%, 77.8%, 85~90%, and 66.7%, respectively, and that their specificity was 92.4%, 84.2%, 20~42%, and 68%, respectively. Conclusion: The autodiagnosis and breast cancer screening test are needed for the early diagnosis of breast cancer. It was not easy, however, to accurately determine the presence of a mass in the breast using the existing breast cancer screening test. The patients with unclear test findings were made to undergo a histologic biopsy for a more accurate diagnosis. It is expected that the BSGI can provide useful information for the early diagnosis of breast cancer and of primary breast cancer, and will reduce the performance of unnecessary biopsies because of its higher sensitivity and specificity than existing breast cancer screening tests.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.193-200
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• 2005

Purpose : An atrophic renal scar(RS) is one of the underlying causes for childhood hyper tension and chronic renal failure. The risk factors for atrophic renal scar were evaluated. Methods : 41 children, who presented with first febrile urinary tract Infection at the Ewha Womans University Hospital between 1995 and 2003 and had generalized atrophic RS on $^{99m}Tc-DMSA$ renal scan, were retrospectively studied. Atrophic RS was divided into severe atrophic RS(n=14) if relative uptake on renal scan was below 10$\%$, or mild atrophic RS(n=27) if relative uptake on renal scan was between 10-35$\%$. RS was defined as congenital if the scar was detected on the first renal scan, and as acquired if the scar developed on the follow-up renal scan from acute pyelonephritis of the first renal scan. The control group was consisted of randomly selected 41 children with segmental RS. The risk factors for atrophic RS such as the generation time, VUR, gender and ACE gene polymorphism were evaluated. Results : The age distribution of atrophic RS and segmental RS did not differ significantly (P>0.05). The rate of congenital RS in atrophic RS was 61.0$\%$(25/41), which was significantly higher than 9.8$\%$(4/41) of segmental RS(P<0.01). Atrophic RS developed mote frequently in male children(M:F 68.3$\%$ 31.7$\%$) than segmental RS(M:F 41.4$\%$ .58.5$\%$)(P<0.05). Vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) was found in 92.7$\%$(38/41) of 4he atrophic RS, which was significantly higher than 53.7$\%$(22/41) of segmental RS(P<0.05). In children without VUR, the male to female ratio did not differ between atrophic RS and segmental RS(P>0.05) But in children with VUR, there was a higher proportion of males with severe atrophic RS than segmental RS($85.7\%:45.5\%$) ACE gene polymorphism did not differ between the atrophic and segmental RS groups, irrespective of the presence of VUR(P>0.05). Conclusion : Most atrophic RSs were congenital which could not be preventable postnatally and the major risk factors were VUR and the male gender. ACE gene polymorphism was not the significant risk factor for an atrophic RS. (J Korean Soc Pedialr Nephrol 2005;9:193-200)

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.42-46
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• 2016

Purpose Mammography is the most widely used scan for the early diagnosis since it is possible to observe the anatomy of the breast. however, The sensitivity is markedly reduced in high-risk patients with dense breast. Molecular Breast Imaging (MBI) sacn is possible to get the high resolution functional imaging, and This new neclear medicine technique get the more improved diagnostic information through It is useful for confirmation of tumor's location in dense breast. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of MBI for tumor diagnosis in patients with dense breast. Materials and Methods We investigated 10 patients female breast cancer with dense breast type who had visited the hospital from September 1st to Octorber 10th, 2015. The patients underwent both MBI and Mammography. MBI (Discovery 750B; General Electric Healthcare, USA) scan was 99mTc-MIBI injected with 20 mCi on the opposite side of the arm with the lesions, after 20 minutes, gained bilateral breast CC (CranioCaudal), MLO (Medio Lateral Oblique) View. Mammography was also conducted in the same posture. MBI and Mammography images were compared to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of each case utilizing both image and two images in blind tests. Results The results of the blind test for breast cancer showed that the sensitivity of Mammography, MBI scan was 63%, 89%, respectively, and that their specificity was 38%, 87%, respectively. Using both the Mammography and MBI scan was Sensitivity 92%, specificity 90%. Conclusion This research has found that, The tumor of dense tissue that can not easily distinguishable in Mammography is possible to more accurate diagnosis since It is easy to visually evaluation. But MBI sacn has difficulty imaging microcalcificatons, If used in conjunction with mammography it is thought to give provide more diagnostic information.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.03a
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• pp.208-213
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• 2004

The HANARO, multi-purpose research reactor, 30 MWth open-tank-in- pool type, is under normal operation since it reached the initial critical in February 1995. The HANARO is planning to produce a fission moly-99 of radio isotopes, a mother nuclide of Tc-99m, a medical isotope and is under developing a target handling tool for loading and unloading it in a circular flow tube (OR-5). A guide tube is extended from the reactor core to the top of the reactor chimney for easily un/loading a target under the reactor normal operation. But active coolant through the core can be quickly raised up to the top of the chimney through the guide tube by jet flow. This paper is described an analytical analysis to calculate the hole size of a orifice inserted in the circular irradiation hole and to study the flow characteristics through the guide tube under reactor normal operation and loading the target. As results, the results show that the hole size of orifice was 31 mm of the inner diameter to suppress the guide tube jet flow and the coolant safely cooled the target of fission moly after inserting the orifice to the flow tube.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.10 no.4 s.31
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• pp.66-71
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• 2005

HANARO, a multi-purpose research reactor, 30 MWth open-tank-in-pool type, is planning to produce a fission moly-99 of radio isotopes, a mother nuclide of Tc-99m, a medical isotope and a target handling tool is under development for loading and unloading it in a circular flow tube (OR-5) of HANARO. A guide tube is extended from the reactor core to the top of the reactor chimney for easily loading the target under a normal operation of the reactor. But active coolant through the core can be quickly raised up to the top of the chimney through the guide tube. The jet flow was suppressed in the guide tube after reducing the inner diameter of a flow restriction orifice installed in the OR-5 flow tube for adding the pressure difference in the flow tube. This paper describes an analytical analysis to calculate the flow distribution in the core of HANARO after suppressing the jet flow of the guide tube. As results, it was confirmed through the analysis results that the flow distribution in the core of HANARO were not adversely affected.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.70-73
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• 2005

The HANARO, multi-purpose research reactor, 30 MWth open-tank-in-pool type, is planning to produce a fission moly-99 of radio isotopes, a mother nuclide of Tc-99m, a medical isotope and is under developing a target handling tool for loading and unloading it in a circular flow tube (OR-5). A guide tube is extended from the reactor core to the top of the reactor chimney for easily loading the target under the reactor normal operation. But active coolant through the core can be quickly raised up to the top of the chimney through the guide tube. The jet flow was suppressed in the guide tube after reducing the inner diameter of a flow restriction orifice installed in the OR-5 flow tube for adding the pressure difference in the flow tube after unloading the target. This paper describes an analytical analysis to calculate the flow distribution in the core of the HANARO after suppressing the jet flow of the guide tube. As results, it was confirmed through the analysis results that the flow distribution in the core of the HANARO were not adversely affected.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.503-510
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• 2022

Objective: This study was performed to determine the effects of stress after road transportation and oral administration of chromium and meloxicam on growth performance, plasma cortisol, serum metabolites, and behavior in dairy calves. Methods: A total of 50 Holstein heifers (average body weight [BW]: 172±4.19 kg; average age: 5.53±0.12 months) were randomly assigned to five groups including NL (not transported + D-lactose; 1 mg/kg BW), TL (transported + D-lactose; 1 mg/kg BW), TC (transported + chromium; 0.5 mg/kg dry matter [DM] feed), TM (transported + meloxicam; 1 mg/kg BW), and TMC (transported + combination of meloxicam and chromium; 1 mg/kg BW and 0.5 mg/kg DM, respectively). Doses of D-lactose monohydrate, meloxicam, and chromium were prepared for oral administration by suspension in 15 mL of water in a 20-mL dosing syringe. Blood was collected before transportation, immediately after 120 km of transportation (IAT), and at 6, 24, and 48 h after transportation. Results: Neither transportation nor administration of meloxicam and/or chromium affected (p = 0.99) average daily gain and feed intake. Plasma cortisol concentrations in the NL group (average 0.13 and 0.18 nmol/L, respectively) were lower (p<0.001) compared to the TL group (average 0.39 and 0.61 nmol/L, respectively) at IAT and 48 h after transportation. At 48 h after transportation, cortisol concentrations were lower (p<0.05) in the TC group (average 0.22 nmol/L) than in the TL group (average 0.61 nmol/L), and TC calves had similar cortisol concentrations to NL calves. Lying duration (min/d) was shorter (p<0.05) in the TL group than in the NL group at 2 d after transportation. Lying duration was longer (p<0.05) for the TC and TMC groups than for the TL group at 2 d after transportation. Conclusion: Transportation increased cortisol concentrations and affected lying behavior, while chromium administration reduced cortisol concentrations and changed lying behavior. Thus, chromium administration before transportation may be a viable strategy to alleviate stress elicited by road transportation.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.418-425
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• 2000

Purpose: There is no established formula for estimating renal depths in Korean. As a result, we undertook this study to develop a new formula, and to apply this formula in the calculation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Materials and Methods: We measured the renal depth (RD) on the abdominal CT obtained in 300 adults (M:F: 167:133, mean age 50.9 years) without known renal diseases. The RDs measured by CT were compared with the estimated RDs based on the Tonnesen and Taylor equations. New formulas were derived from the measured RDs in 200 out of 300 patients based on several variables such as sex, age, weight, and height by multiple regression analysis. The RDs estimated from the new formulas were compared with the measured RDs in the remaining 100 patients as a control. In 48 patients who underwent Tc-99m DTPA renal scintigraphy, GFR was measured with three equations (new formula, Tonnesen and Taylor equations), respectively, and compared with each other. Results: The mean values of the RDs measured from CT were 6.9 cm for right kidney of the men (MRK), 6.7 cm for left kidney of the men (MLK), 6.7 cm for right kidney of the women (WRK), and 6.6 cm for left kidney of the women (WLK). The RDs estimated from Tonnesen equation were shorter than the ones measured from CT significantly. The newly derived formulas were 12.813 (weight/height)+0.002 (age)+ 2.264 for MRK, 15.344 (weight/height)+0.011 (age)+0.557 for MLK, 12.936 (weight/height)+ 0.014 (age)+1.462 for WRK and 13.488 (weight/height)+0.019 (age)+0.762 for WLK. The correlation coefficients of the RD measured from CT and estimated from the new formula were 0.529 in MRK, 0.729 in MLK, 0.601 in WRK, and 0.724 in WLK, respectively. The GFRs from the new formula were significantly higher than those from the Tonnesen equation significantly, which was the most similar to normal GFR values. Conclusion: We generated new formulas for estimating RD in Korean from the data by CT. By adopting these formulas, we expect that GFR can be measured by the Gates method accurately in Korean.