• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.783-792
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• 2002

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementary level of extruded poultry manure, corn and tapioca mixture (EPM) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and body composition in korean native goats. Total 15 heads of Korean native goats (10 kg B.W.) were randomly assigned into five treatment groups (EPM 10, 20, 30, 40% and control.) and feeding trial was done for six weeks with ad libitum. Protein level of the extrudate with poultry manure was directly proportional to corn supplements rate. NFE and Ca content in EPM also were functional of the tapioca supplements levels. Daily body weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in EPM 40% group, but no significant differences were observed in other groups. Concentrate feed intake was high in EPM 10 to 30% groups, compared to the control. Feed conversion ratio also was relatively higher in EPM groups than in the control. As EPM level increased, dry matter digestibility was proportionally decreased, but that of crude protein was enhanced. Dressed carcass percentage was significantly (p<0.05) reduced with the increase of EPM level, showing control 49.7, EPM 10% 49.8, EPM 20% 48.3, EPM 30% 47.9 and EPM 40% 45.2, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.1143-1150
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate in vitro methane production of feed ingredients and relationship between the content of crude nutrients and methane production. Feed ingredients (total 26) were grouped as grains (5 ingredients), brans and hulls (8), oil seed meals (9) roughages (3), and animal by-product (1) from their nutrient composition and their methane production protential were measured by in vitro gas test. Among the groups, the in vitro methane productions for both 6 and 24 h incubation were highest in grains, followed by brans and hulls, oil meals and roughages, animal byproducts. Within the group of grains, methane production from wheat flour was the highest, followed by wheat, corn, tapioca, and then oat. Within the brans and hulls, soybean hull showed the highest methane production and cotton seed hull, the lowest. Methane production from oil meals was lower compared with grains and brans and hulls, and in decreasing order production from canola meal was followed by soybean meal, coconut meal, and corn germ meal (p<0.01). Three ingredients were selected and the interactions among feed ingredients were evaluated for methane production. Correlation coefficient between measured and estimated values of the combinations were 0.91. Methane production from each feed ingredient was decreased with increasing amount of crude fiber (CF), protein (CP) and ether extract (EE), whereas positive relationship was noted with the concentrations of N-free extract (NFE). The multiple regression equation (n=134) for methane production and nutrient concentrations was as follows. Methane production (ml/0.2 g DM)=(0.032${\times}$CP)-(0.057${\times}$EE)-(0.012${\times}$CF)+(0.124${\times}$NFE) (p<0.01; $R^2$=0.929). Positive relationship was noted for CP and NFE and negative relationship for CF and EE. It seems possible to predict methane production potential from nutritional composition of the ingredients for their effective application on formulating less methane emitting rations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.530-538
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• 2016

Two experiments were conducted to determine the nutrient composition, in vitro ruminal ammonia concentrations and pH of wet distillers grains (WDG, produced from tapioca 70% and rice 30%) and to evaluate dietary effects of fermented total mixed ration (TMR) using WDG on the performance, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers from mid fattening to slaughter. In Exp. I, average dry matter (DM), crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and nitrogen free extract of seven WDG samples from an ethanol plant with different sampling dates were 19.9%, 24.8%, 3.8%, 21.8%, 8.87%, 60.3%, 34.5%, and 40.7% (DM basis), respectively. For in vitro ammonia concentrations and pH, each sample was assigned to 7 incubation times (0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h). Linear increase was observed between 12 and 48 h for ammonia concentrations, but final ammonia concentrations (72 h) were not significantly different among WDG samples and fermentation patterns of WDG samples showed similar tendency. In vitro pH varied among treatments from 0 to 24 h, but were not different statistically after 48 h. In Exp. II, 45 Hanwoo steers of 23 months ($641{\pm}123kg$) from mid fattening period to slaughter (248 days) were randomly divided into three groups of 15 pens each (five repetitions/each treatment) and assigned to one of three dietary treatments; i) Control (TMR), ii) WDG 15 (TMR containing 15% of WDG, as fed basis) and iii) WDG 28 (TMR containing 28% of WDG, as fed basis). The body weight (BW), ADG, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of control and WDG 15 and 28 during 248 days were 760.8, 740.1, and 765.5 kg, and 0.50, 0.50, and 0.52 kg/d, and 18.6, 17.6, and 17.1, respectively. The dry matter intake (DMI) (kg/d) of control (9.11) was higher (p<0.05) than WDG treatments (WDG 15%, 8.57; 28%, 8.70). Nevertheless, DMI did not affect BW, ADG, and FCR of Hanwoo finishing steers. Blood metabolites were in normal ranges and were not different among treatments except the albumin concentration. In carcass characteristics, WDG 15 (30%) showed higher frequency of A-carcass yield grade than WDG 28 (15%) and control (7%), and WDG 28 (61%) showed higher frequency of $1^{{+}{+}}$ and $1^+$-carcass quality grade than WDG 15 (40%) and control (60%). In conclusion, using WDG up to 28% in TMR did not show any negative effect on the performance and blood metabolites, and improved carcass quality of Hanwoo steers. Therefore, WDG can be a useful feed ingredient for Hanwoo steers in mid-fattening period to slaughter.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.1035-1040
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the surface spraying effect of materials on the rheological properties of frozen starch with microwave heating. Microwave helps reduce cooking time by high temperature, but swiftly snatches moisture from foods such as frozen starches (buns and noodles etc) and makes surface of foods harder. Four types of maltodextrin materials have been prepared for different concentration solutions and sprayed on surface doughs of sheet type. Sprayed dough samples were Quickly frozen at $-70^{\circ}C$ and wrapped with polypropylene film. All the treated samples were kept at 0, -20 and $-50^{\circ}C$, and then taken out periodically for measurement of the quality during storage. The quality attributes evaluated after heating with microwave energy include sensory quality retrogradation, texture, surface color and microstructure. The quality of frozen starches deteriorated with long term storage even at low temperatures of -20 and $-50^{\circ}C$, and the spray materials were found to improve the textural and physical properties of frozen starches in the microwave heating. Particularly, maltodextrin with D.E value of $9\~12$ had the most desirable effects of quality improvement.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2005

This studies were conducted to investigated the feeding effects of extruded broiler manure(BMERF) mixture and swine manure(SFERF) mixture on laying performance and egg qualify of laying hens. As a experimental feed, broiler manure, corn and tapioca were mixed in 50, 30 and $20\%$ to use for treated extrusion feed(BMERF, Exp. 1) and food waste(FW), swine manure and com were also mixed in 40, 40 and $20\%$ to use it(SFERF, Exp. 2) and implemented during 12 weeks, four replication and 30 chick of each treatment. The nutritional ingredients(protein, energy and calcium contents) of food waste, broiler manure and swine manure had been significantly improved(p<0.05) when handling extrusion. In the Exp. 1, the feed intake was much higher BMERF $40\%$ and BMERF $20\%$ than control and BMERF $10\%(p<0.05)$, the egg production of control, BMERF $10\%$ and BMERF $20\%$ were not significantly difference(p>0.05), but BMERF $40\%$ was significantly lower(p<0.05). The feed efficiency of control and BMERF $10\%$ were not significantly difference(p>0.05), but BMERF $20\%$ and BMERF $40\%$ were significantly lower(p<0.05). York color, White height and Haugh unit did not affected by BMERF additive. In the Exp. 2, the feed intake of control, FW $20\%$, SFERF $10\%$ and SFERF $20\%$ were not significantly difference(p<0.05), but FW $40\%$ and SFERF $40\%$ were significantly higher(p<0.05). The egg production of SFERF $10\%$ and SFERF $20\%$ were not significantly difference(p>0.05) with control, but FW $20\%$, FW $40\%$ and SFERF $40\%$ were significantly lower(p<0.05). The feed efficiency was similar tendency to the egg production, however, the egg weight, york color, white height and haugh unit were not significantly difference among each treatments(p>0.05).