• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.5-20
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• 1985

The purpose of this study was to assess the value-of post-operative treatment in terms of nursing care in the allevation of pain. More specifically, the effects of supportive touch and patient education were examined. On the date before each patient's operation, the Bevels of anxiety, depression and affiliation were examined. The post-operative treatment was adminis. tered after an initial measurement of the patient's fain, according to the experimental category for the three days following the operation. On the final day, the level of anxiety and depression were again measured. The subjects of this study were 138 patient from the general surgical and gynecological wards in H university Hospital in Seoul. The study was conducted over a three-month period from June 24, 1984 to September 18, 1984. All patients had undergone laparatomies. Various standard instruments were used to measure the pain, anxiety, depression and affiliation levels. for pain, 5 grate Simple Descriptive Scale, and the Mclachlan four-range Observational Pain Scale were employed. For anxiety and depression, respectively the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory (B.D.I.) were used. Lastly, the affiliation was determined by the Mehrabian Affiliation Scale. The outcome of the research was as follows: 1. The first hypothesis concerning the existence of lower pain levels of Experimental Group A and Experimental Group B than the pain levels of Control Croup C was not supported. 2. The second hypothesis concerning the existence if lower anxiety levels of Experimental Group A and Experimental Group B than the anxiety levels of Control Group C was supported at the level of F=3.58 (p=.03). 3. The third hypothesis concerning the existence of lower depression levels of Experimental Group A and Experimental Group B than the depression levels of Control Group C was not supported. 4. The fourth hypothesis concerning the existence of different levels of pain in accordance with the levels of affiliation in Experimental Group A was not supported. 5. A positive correlation did exist between pain and anxiety after surgery (r=.34, p=.0001). Thus, the fifth hypothesis was supported. 6. A positive correlation did exist between pain and depression following surgery(r=.36, p=.0001). Thus, the sixth hypothesis was supported. Based on the above results, it was found that supportive touch and patient education either through human sources or via tape recorder do influence the anxiety of a patient after surgery, that a Positive correlation between pain, anxiety and deparession exist, that affiliation does not alter the influence of supportive touch, and that the graph on which pain levels were depicted indicates the possibility of development even if the effects of supportive touch did not reach a meaningful level. Thus it can be concluded that patient education, regardless of its form, is essential for the patient after surgery and that supportive touch, when reasonably modified and supplemented, can be an effective method of alleviating pain.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.106-114
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• 2007

Background : Mahuang (Ephedrae Herba, Ephedra sinica $S_{TAPE}$) has been widely used to treat respiratory disease in Asian over the past thousand years. The main ingredient of Mahuang is ephedrine, whose affects on the autonomic nervous system induce some adverse effects like vasoconstriction, hypertension, tachycardia, miosis, insomnia, dizziness, headache, etc. Although there were lots of reports about adverse effects of Mahuang, there were no clinical studies which evaluated the adverse effects of Mahuang on the autonomic nervous system by objective numerical value in the past decade. Objectives : The purpose of this report was to provide an objective assessment of state-trait anxiety that is caused by Mahuang, and to identify anxiety of Mahuang according to different Sasang constitution classifications. Methods : The study design was a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. The subjects of this study were 79 adults aged between 20 to 40 who agreed to participate. Because 8 adults dropped out, a total of 71 subjects entered the study. They were allocated through randomization to a Mahuang group (N=50) and placebo group (N=21). Each group took three opaque capsules (every opaque capsule containing 2g of Mahuang or none) twice a day. To compare the state and trait anxiety before and after taking Mahuang, we checked the anxiety by using STAI-KYZ. Results : The following results were obtained. Short-term administration of Mahuang significantly increased state-anxiety, but in the placebo group, there were no significant changes in state-anxiety. In the Mahuang group except females, there was more significant increase in state-anxiety of Soeumin than Soyangin and Taeumin in the 2nd measurement. Conclusion : It is suggested that the ingestion of Mahuang can increase sympathetic activity and induce anxiety. There was a significant difference among Sasang constitution classification. Especially, the response is stronger in Soeumin than other constitutions. If we use Mahuang according to the Sasang constitution classification in clinic, we could not only minimize the anxiety but maximize the potential curative value.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.48-55
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• 2008

Purpose: We measured linear distances, angles and inclinations on the cast models of the noses, and compared these indirect measurements with the direct measurements obtained from the nose in order to validate the accuracy of the indirect anthropometry using the cast model. Methods: Subjects were 50 males and 50 females, medical students in twenties(mean 27.1 years). Cast models were made from the alginate impression material and the plaster. In direct anthropometry, 16 linear, 7 angular, and 2 inclination measurements between 11 landmarks on the nose were obtained using sliding caliper, spreading caliper, and fabric tape measure. At the same time, the same measurements were obtained from the cast models of the same people. Total 25 measurements were compared, and tested by the independent t-test of SPSS. Results: The standard values of Korean nose in twenties were obtained. 24 measurements except the columellar labial angle were not statistically different between the indirect anthropometry and the direct anthropometry. Conclusion: Indirect anthropometry on the cast model of the nose revealed no significant difference from the anthropometric measurement statistically, accounting for 24 in 25 measurements(96%). There are two possible reasons that caused the difference of columellar labial angle between direct and indirect anthropometry. First, the columellar labial angle could be decreased by protrusion of the lips which resulted from contracting mouth in which an drinking straw had been applied on the mouth corner for patients' respiration during making cast model. Second, it is generally known that the columellar labial angle could be measured larger when soft tissues were pressed by protractor in direct anthropometry. Using a drinking straw with greater diameter, and scheming respiration through the nostrils that patients don't feel discomfort, the more accurate data would be obtained from the indirect anthropometry using the cast models of the noses.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.89-99
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• 2008

1. Objectives The objective of this study is to offer some standards for the distinction of Sasang Constitutions through analyzing the characteristics of their body shapes that are classified by BMI. 2. Methods The subject of this study were 1341 female and 927 male patients who aged from 17 to 80 in Seoul, Pusan, Daeku and Jeonju. They were treated with Sasang Constitutional medicine. 8 circumferences, 5 widths, weight, height of their body were measured with measuring tape, large sliding caliper, scale and anthropometer. Collected 15 anthropometric datas were analyzed by Analysis of Contingency table, ANOVA and Duncan test. 3. Results (1) The Body shapes according to obesity grade are classified Underweight type that BMI is less than 18.5, Normal weight type that BMI is $18.5{\sim}23.0$ and Overweight type that BMI is mote than 23.0. (2) Soeumin represents Underweight type and Taeeumin represents Overweight type regardless of gender differences. Soeumin stands for Normal weight type in women and Soyangin stands for Normal weight type in men. (3) In case of Underweight type, 13 measurements are not suitable to estimate Sasang Constitutions regardless of gender differences. (4) In case of Normal weight type, 12 measurements except for W3 in women and W7 in men are suitable to estimate Sasang Constitutions. And there are no gender differences in Soyangin and Soeumin, but there are gender differences in Taeyangin and Taeeumin. (5) In case of Overweight type, 9 measurements except for C2, C5, C6, W7 in women and 12 measurements except for W3 in men are suitable to estimate Sasang Constitutions. And there are no gender differences in 4 Sasang Constitutions. 4. Conclusions From the above results, we have to consider not only gender differences and age groups but also obesity grade when we distinguish Sasang Constitutions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.143-154
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• 1995

Korea has been recently reducing the quality of life as well as rising medical cost because of the increase of chronic diseases. But we can prevent those chronic diseases through the improvement of environment or life style. We evaluated the educational effectiveness of chronic diseases(hypertention, diabetes, cancer, stroke and other chronic diseases) designed to increase the knowledge, attitude and practice of chronic diseases among university students. Between August 1994 and November 1994, we implemented chronic diseases prevention instruction in intervention students; unmatched control students were selected in same university. We conducted pre- and post-intervention surveys both intervention and control students with self-reported questionnaires(50 items). We assigned score(0-4 points) to items and conducted a analysis of covariance(ANCOVA) with sex, grade and economic status as the covariate, using the SAS PC computer statistical package. And we culculated odds ratio with safety scores between intervention and control students. The results of this study were followed. 1. In demographic characteristics of subjects both pre- and post intervention, we found no significant differences in intervention and control students at religion, father's education, mother's education, mother's occupation and type of residence(p>0.05), but we found significant differences at sex(p<0.001), grade(p<0.001) and economic status(p<0.05). 2. The sex, grade and economic status-adjusted mean prevention knowledge scores for diabetes and stroke increased from the pre- to post-survey in the intervention students(p<0.001), but control students did not increased(p>0.05). As odds ratios in knowledge were below 1, the knowledge of intervention students were higher than control students. 3. The attitudes for general adult health increased from the pre- to post-survey in the intervention students(p<0.05), but control students did not increased(p>0.05). As odds ratios in attitudes were approximately 1, we can not say effectiveness in intervention students 4. The pratices for cancer and stroke increased from the pre- to post-survey in both the intervention and control students(p<0.001). Also odds ratio of hypertention was 0.91, and that of stroke was 1.14. 5. Health related behaviors did not increased from the pre- to post- survey in both the intervention and control students(p>0.05). But odds ratio of drinking was 0.76 and that of body weight was 1.21. 6. Health status did not increased from the pre- to post- survey in both the intervention and control students(p>0.05). As odds ratio of health status was 1.09, prevention education was not effect in intervention students We would like to recommend as follows; 1. University students must learn about prevention of chronic diseases. Because the knowledge of invetervention students was higher than that of control students. 2. The prevention education of chronic diseases should be taught from primary school. 3. Adult health education for university students must be practiced continuously. Education period(l5 weeks) in this study was not complete. 4. The evaluation of chronic diseases was conducted real measurement(such as BP check) as well as self reported-survey. 5. Educational materials(video tape, pamphlet) related the prevention of chronic diseases should be developed at national level. And we must easely use those materials. 6. The prevention education of chronic diseases should be made through mass media as well as school education.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2019

Purpose : To investigate the relationship between breathing pattern disorder and joint position error (JPE) in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). Methods : Thirty nine patients with CLBP participated. End-tidal $CO_2$ and respiration rate (RR) were measured using a capnography. Breathing-hold time (BHT) and Nijmegen Questionnaire (NQ) were investigated. Thoracic excursion was measured with a cloth tape measurement technique. Joint position error were measured using a small laser point mounted on a lightweight headband. they were asked to relocate the head, after the neck movement on the horizontal plane. Pearson 's test was used for correlation analysis between respiratory variables and JPE in patients with CLBP. Independent t-test was used to verify the difference between thoracic and diaphragm breathing pattern in patients with CLBP. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results : There was a significant correlation between JPE (LR) and JPE (RR, EX) (r=.639, r=.813) (p<.001) and a low negative correlation with end-tidal $CO_2$ (r=-.357) (p<.05). There was a significant correlation between RR and JPE (EX) (r=.750) (p<.001). There was a low correlation between JPE (EX) and NQ (r=.333) (p<.05). There was a somewhat high negative correlation between NQ and thoracic excursion (r=-.528) (p<.001). There was a somewhat high negative correlation between thoracic excursion and JPE (LR, RR, EX) (r=-.470, r=-.484, r=-.602) (p<.001). There were no significant differences in the RR, BHT, NQ, and thoracic excursion between the thoracic and diaphragmatic breathing (p>.05). There was a significant difference in the JPE (EX), end - tidal $CO_2$, and VAS values between the thoracic and diaphragm breathing (p<.05). Conclusion : There was a correlation between JPE (EX) and NQ in patients with CLBP, and correlation between thoracic excursion and JPE (LR, RR, EX) and NQ. There was a significant difference in the JPE (EX), end-tidal $CO_2$ level, and VAS value in the comparison of thoracic breathing and diaphragm breathing. The results showed that breathing patterns and JPE were related to each other.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2009

This study was conducted to assess the effects of diet food containing Jerusalem artichoke's inulin, lotus leaf, and herb on weight and body fat. Participants in this study were selected based on the following criteria: BMI over $25kg/m^2$, body fat percentage higher than 25%, abdominal obesity level of 0.85 measured by body composition measurement unit (ZEUS 9.9 PLUS, Korea) total 24 female and male university students over 20 of age were assigned to two different groups: control group and diet group and the study was carried out for 30 days. When we measured what the tester's body weight and height, we used an automatic measure machin which is called IMI-1000 from Immanuel company and when we measured what the hip and wist circumference, we used a tape measure. When we measured body mss index (BMI), body Int, body mass, lean mass, waist/hip ratio (WHB), obesity index, we used a ZEUS9.9 PLUS-Korea which is based on bioelectrical impedance analysis, The food intake was checked by means of diet record method to be input into CAN program in order to analyze nutrient intake. Our findings indicated that the diet group, as compared to the control group, lost weight of approximately 2.5 kg and showed statistically significant difference. In addition the level of body Int, muscle, abdominal obesity, obesity, waist and bottom measurement all showed significant decrease after study period. However, there was no big difference in body fat percentage because both body fat level and muscle level dropped together, Putting all these together, diet food in this study containing Jerusalem artichoke's inulin, lotus leaf powder, and herbs powder including nettle, eucalyptus was found to be effective in significant reduction of weight and body fat and obesity-related body indicators. Also, it is considered that this diet food has potential to prevent and improve effectively obesity from abnormal fat accumulation.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.289-296
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• 2012

Cosmetic products which might augment the breast have attracted an attention and objective methods for the evaluation of such products are in high demand. This study was conducted to establish a method for assessing the breast-firmming effects of cosmetics. This study included a total of 30 healthy Korean females aged 20-50 years. A cosmetic product was applied by massaging it onto the breast twice a day for 8 weeks. Measurement of breast girth with a tape ruler, 2D and 3D digital image analyses, and Moir$\acute{e}$ topographic analysis were performed before and following the treatment. The application of a cosmetic onto the breast significantly increased breast girth at 2, 4 and 8 weeks without a significant change in underbreast girth, implicating the breast might be augmented. The 2D image analysis indicated that the arc length of the breast which represents the surface distance from the nipple to the periphery of the under-breast was significantly increased at 2, 4 and 8 weeks. The height of the breast which represents the perpendicular distance from the nipple to the periphery of the under-breast was also increased significantly at 4 and 8 weeks. The 3D image analysis of body surface also demonstrated a significant increase of breast volume at 2, 4 and 8 weeks. Moir$\acute{e}$ topographic analysis indicated that breast sagging was significantly reduced at 2, 4 and 8 weeks. The results of this study suggest that Moir$\acute{e}$ topography in combination with 2D and 3D digital image analyses may be useful for evaluating the breast-augmenting effects of cosmetics.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.532-543
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• 1999

This study was conducted to provide the basic data necessary for the improvement of the teaching method for basic nursing practice as well as the effectiveness of the practice by examining the students' competency in cleansing enema after doing the self study instead of the traditional education. To examine the competency in cleansing enema after the self study, this study is an one group pretest-posttest design that subjects did the enema practice through the self study. The subjects were 89 sophomore students at Y University. College of Nursing. In basic nursing lab practice class, cleansing enema self study module was given to the students which was developed by the researcher based on the literature review and asked them to finish doing the pre study and checking the self study evaluation criteria after reading the goal, learning activities and theoretical guideline. After watching the video tape, students practiced the process in the module by themselves. For the competency in cleansing enema. repeated autonomous practices were done during the open lab other than the regular class. Whenever the practice was done, the frequency and time were measure and documented. When the student felt confident through repeated practices, the competency was evaluated by the researcher and two assistants based on the evaluation criteria. And the process was repeated till the student could perform all the items on evaluation criteria completely. The data were collected for 42 days from Oct. 15 to Nov. 26 in 1996. Collected data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, Pearson correlation coefficient and variance analysis. The results are summarized as follows : 1. 43.2% of the students were favorable to nursing and 63.6% like lecture, but 71.6% like practice. So they were more interested in practice than in lecture. 2. 62.3% of the students scored high in written test, 97.8% scored high in practice. So the practice score was better. 3. The frequency of repeated practice to pass the test ranged from 1 to 4 and the average is 2.2. 4. The average time needed in preparation and the performance was nearly the same regardless of the frequency. It took 5 to 38 minutes for those who passed the test after practicing once and the average was 16 minutes. 5 to 60 minutes were taken for those who practiced twice to pass the test and the average was 21 minutes. Those who passed the test after three practices needed 8 to 30 minutes and the average was 15 minutes, which was similar to the time that the students who passed the test for the first trial. Only one student passed the test after 4 practices and it took 10 minutes. 5. 64% of the students agreed that the context and the content of the module were appropriate for the self study and 68.2% were satisfied. And 71.9% said that the module helped them to practice the enema self study 6. Though only 42% of the students were satisfied with the video. 50.6% said that it was helpful for the self study. 7. 52.3% of the students were satisfied with the self study method, and 86.6% obtained self-confidence when performing the enema. 8. The lower the student's practice score was, the more practices were needed for them to pass the test(r=-.213, P<.05). As a result, for performing the enema practice competently, two or more practice opportunities were needed to be given. And it is possible to obtain the less complex nursing skills through the self study, when enough learning resources and assistance such as learning guidance or video tapes are provided. Based on this study. I want to suggest that. 1. There must be college policy that can support the new method instead of the traditional learning method for the students to attain the proficiency in basic nursing skills. 2. The assistant materials should be developed as soon as possible to promote the self study of basic nursing skills.