• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
• /
• v.19 no.7
• /
• pp.1719-1727
• /
• 2015

In this paper we have studied about the interconnection technology between tablet device and interactive white board(IWB) system. For this study we have implemented the board writing software for both tablet device and interactive white board system which has contents management, page turning and basic writing functions. Then we defined the data format to communicate the control information and board writing information between two devices, and implemented the communication module for the real-time bidirectional communication by using the Socket programming. The page turning or writing information on tablet device were transferred to the IWB system in real-time and vice versa. From the result of performance test based on the error rate, latency time and communication coverage we derived that our implementation software has good performance between tablet device and IWB system. Also from the result of field test we proved that our solution is well suitable to use in real education environment.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.51-57
• /
• 2010

Losartan potassium, 2-butyl-4-chloro-1-[p-(o-1H-tetrazol-5-ylphenyl)benzyl]imidazole-5-methanol mono-potassium salt, is a new class of antihypertensive agents, and is an antagonist in angiotensin receptor. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two Losartan potassium tablets, Cozaar tablet (MSD Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and Losata tablet (Kyung Dong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The release of losartan from the two losartan potassium formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with various dissolution media. Twenty eight healthy male subjects, $23.86{\pm}1.80$ years in age and $67.27{\pm}6.60\;kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After a single tablet containing 50 mg as losartan potassium was orally administered, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals, and the concentrations of losartan in serum were determined using HPLC with fluorescence detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar in all tested dissolution media. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated, and Equiv Test/K-BE Test 2002 was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, Cozaar, were -2.70%, 1.45% and 2.31% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g., log 0.8852~log 1.0655 and log 0.8319~log 1.2342 for $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Losata tablet was bioequivalent to Cozaar tablet.

• Human Ecology Research
• /
• v.53 no.2
• /
• pp.219-228
• /
• 2015

This study evaluated the content of Korean vocabulary learning applications with a focus on tablet PC applications. We analyzed 51 Korean vocabulary learning applications. The instruments in this study were developed based on Yoo et al. (2012)' Vocabulary Learning Game Application Evaluation Criteria and Hyun et al. (2013)' Educational Application Evaluation Criteria. Data were analyzed using a t-test and one-way analysis of variance. The main results are as follows. First, each criteria's score was fairly good; the ease of use had the highest scores and the amusement had the lowest scores. Second, there was a significant difference in the interaction by vocabulary teaching approach. Applications based on a whole language-teaching method had higher scores than applications based on a phonics instructional teaching method inducing more operation and with immediate feedback. Third, there was significant difference in the sum of score and each criteria of developmental appropriateness, educational values, amusement, function and interaction by type of learning. Applications of combining type had higher scores in every criteria except for ease of use than applications of description type. These findings provide a preliminary evidence that the systematic Korean vocabulary learning application facilitates preschoolers' vocabulary learning.

• Journal of the HCI Society of Korea
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.35-42
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usability of the tablet PC-based Korean high-tech AAC(Augmentative Alternative Communication System) software. In order to develop an AAC software which is appropriate to Korean cultural/linguistic contexts and communication needs of the users, we examined the necessity and ease of use for the communication functions that are required in native Korean communication, such as polite expressions, tense expressions, negative expressions, subject-verb auto-matching, and automatic sentence generation functions, using a scenario-based user testing. We also investigated the users' needs, preferences, and satisfaction for the tablet PC-based Korean high tech AAC using a semi-structured and open questionnaires. The participants of this study were 9 special education teachers, 6 speech therapists, and 6 parents whose children had communication disabilities. The results of the usability testing of the tablet PC-based Korean high-tech AAC software presented positive responses in general, by indicating overall scores of above 4 out of 5 except in tense and negative expressions. The necessity and ease of use in the tense and negative expressions were evaluated relatively low, and it might be related to the inconsistent interface with the polite expressions. In terms of the user interface(UI), there were users' needs for clear visual feedback in the symbol selection and display, consistent interface for all functions, more natural subject-verb auto-matching, and spacing in the text within symbols. The results of the usability testing and users' feedback might serve as a guideline to compensate and improve the function and UI of the existing AAC software.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.48 no.5
• /
• pp.297-302
• /
• 2004

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two cimetidine tablets, Tagamet (Yuhan Pharm. Co., Ltd.) and Nex (Bi-nex Pharm. Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The cimetidine release from the two cimetidine tablets in vitro was tested using KP Apparatus I method with various dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solutions and water). The dissolution profiles of two cimetidine tablets were very similar at all dissolution media. Twenty four healthy male volunteers were divided into two groups with a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study. After four tablets (800 mg cimetidine) were orally administrated, blood was taken and the concentrations of cimetidine in serum were determined using HPLC with UV detector. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_{t}$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were determined. The result showed that the differences in $AUC_{t}$, and $C_{max}$ between two cimetidine tablets based on the Tagamet were -6.82% and -12.98%, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two tablets in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log(0.8) to log(1.25) (e.g., log(0.90)log(0.97) and log(0.82)log(0.93) for $AUC_{t}$ and $C_{max}$, respectively), indicating that Thrumetin tablet was bioequivalent to Tagamet tablet.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.199-205
• /
• 2008

Famciclovir, 9-(4-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethylbut-1-yl) guanine, is an oral prodrug of the antiherpesvirus nucleoside analogue, penciclovir. In human, famciclovir is orally well absorbed and then undergoes extensive first pass metabolism to penciclovir and essentially no parent compound is recovered from plasma or urine. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two famciclovir tablets, Famvir tablet 750 mg (Novartis Korea Ltd.) and Famcivir tablet 750 mg (Hanmi Pharmaceutical. Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The release of famciclovir from the two famciclovir formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with water. Twenty six healthy male subjects, $23.38{\pm}1.72$ years in age and $68.59{\pm}7.84\;kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After a single tablet containing 750 mg as famciclovir was orally administered, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of penciclovir in serum were determined using HPLC with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations ere similar at water. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, $Famvir^{(R)}$ tablet 750 mg, were -0.53%, 1.12% and -24.82% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g., $log\;0.9569{\sim}log\;1.0423$ and $log\;0.8763{\sim}log\;1.2136$ for $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Famcivir tablet 750 mg was bioequivalent to Famvir tablet 750 mg.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.255-261
• /
• 2010

Cefprozil is a broad-spectrum oral beta-lactam cephalosporin consisting of cis- and trans-isomeric mixture whose ratio is approximately 90:10. Cefprozil is used to treat certain infections caused by bacteria such as bronchitis and ear, skin, and throat infections. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two cefprozil tablets, $Cefzil^{(R)}$ tablet 250 mg (BMS Pharmaceutical Korea., Ltd.) and Procezil tablet 250 mg (Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The in vitro release of cefprozil from the two cefprozil formulations were tested using KP VIII Apparatus I method with water dissolution media. Thirty five healthy male subjects, $24.00{\pm}1.53$ years in age and $69.77{\pm}9.99$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After four tablets containing 1000 mg as cefprozil were orally administered, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of cefprozil in serum were determined using HPLC/UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar in water tested dissolution media. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ on the basis of total-cefprozil were calculated, and computer program (K-BE Test 2002) was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, $Cefzil^{(R)}$ tablets, were -0.81%, -3.00% and -6.83% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g., log 0.9515~log 1.0454 and log 0.9613~log 1.0465 for $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Procezil tablet was bioequivalent to $Cefzil^{(R)}$ tablet.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.235-241
• /
• 2010

Bambuterol hydrochloride, dimethylcarbamic acid 5-[2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-phenylene ester hydrochloride, is the prodrug of active ${\beta}_2$-adrenergic metabolite terbutaline. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two bambuterol hydrochloride tablets, $Bambec^{(R)}$ tablet 10 mg (Yuhan Co., Ltd.) and Bambucol tablet 10 mg (Sam Chun Dang Pharm. Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). In vitro release of bambuterol from two bambuterol hydrochloride formulations was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with various dissolution media. Twenty eight healthy male Korean volunteers, $23.86{\pm}1.65$ years in age and $68.98{\pm}9.58$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After two tablets containing 10 mg as bambuterol hydrochloride were orally administered, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals, and the concentrations of bambuterol in serum were determined using column switching HPLC with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar in all tested dissolution media. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated, and ANOVA test with K-BE Test 2002 was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, $Bambec^{(R)}$, were -8.10%, -3.82% and 12.65% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (i.e., log 0.8093~log 1.0302 and log 0.8564~log 1.1280 for $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Bambucol tablet 10 mg was bioequivalent to $Bambec^{(R)}$ tablet 10 mg.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.38 no.6
• /
• pp.413-419
• /
• 2008

Carvedilol, is a nonselective $\beta$-blocking agent and it also has vasodilating properties that are attributed mainly to its blocking activity at ${\alpha}_1$-receptors. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two carvedilol tablets, $Dilatrend^{(R)}$ tablet 12.5 mg (Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and Cadilan tablet 12.5 mg (KyungDong Pharmaceutical. Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The release of carvedilol from the two carvedilol formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with pH 4.5 dissolution medium. Thirty two healthy male subjects, $25.00{\pm}3.09$ years in age and $70.71{\pm}11.35\;kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After a single tablet containing 12.5 mg as carvedilol was orally administered, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of carvedilol in serum were determined using HPLC with fluorescence detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar in the tested dissolution medium. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, $Dilatrend^{(R)}$ tablet 12.5 mg, were 4.66%, 8.33% and -7.45% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g., $\log\;0.9823{\sim}\log\;1.1042$ and $\log\;1.0132{\sim}\log\;1.1875$ for $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Cadilan tablet 12.5 mg was bioequivalent to $Dilatrend^{(R)}$ tablet 12.5 mg.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.135-142
• /
• 2008

The present study describes the evaluation of the bioequivalence of two atorvastatin tablets, Lipitor $Tablet^{(R)}$ (Pfizer, reference drug) and Atorva $Tablet^{(R)}$ (Yuhan, test drug), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Forty-nine healthy male Korean volunteers received each medicine at the atorvastatin dose of 40 mg in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study with a two weeks washout interval. After drug administration, serial blood samples were collected at a specific time interval from 0-48 hours. The plasma atorvastatin concentrations were monitored by an high performance liquid chromatography -tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) employing electrospray ionization technique and operating in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and positive ion mode. The total chromatographic run time was 4.5 min and calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 0.1-100 ng/mL for atorvastatin. The method was validated for selectivity, sensitivity, linearity, accuracy and precision. $AUC_t$ (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 48hr) was calculated by the linear log trapezoidal rule method. $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $C_{max}$) were complied trom the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters indicating that the crossover design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for Atorva $Tablet^{(R)}$ / Lipitor $Tablet^{(R)}$ were ${\log}\;0.9413{\sim}{\log}\;1.0179$ and ${\log}\;0.831{\sim}{\log}\;1.0569$, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of ${\log}\;0.8{\sim}{\log}\;1.25$. Based on these statistical considerations, it was concluded that the test drug, Atorva $Tablet^{(R)}$ was bioequivalent to the reference drug, Lipitor $Tablet^{(R)}$.