• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.343-348
• /
• 2013

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the development of T cells in intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) piglets at different gestational stages, and tentatively explore the relationship between T cells development and the Notch signaling pathway. A total of 18 crossbred (Landrace${\times}$Large white) primiparous sows were mated at similar weights and estruses and euthanized at d 60, 90 and 110 of gestation with six replicates for each time point. One IUGR and one normal fetus were picked from each litter. The T-cell subsets, mRNA expression of Delta-like1, Delta-like4, Jagged1, and Notch2 genes in the thymus were investigated. Compared to normal piglets, $CD3^+CD4^-CD8^+$ cells in IUGR fetuses at d 90 was 0.13% lower (p<0.05). At d 110 of gestation $CD8^+$ T cells in IUGR fetuses was 0.19% lower (p<0.05). The percentage of $CD8^+$ T cells was 3.14% lower (p<0.05) of the total T cells in IUGR pigs at d 60. The abundance of Notch2 and Delta-like4 mRNA at d 110 was 20.93% higher and 0.77% (p<0.05) lower, and Delta-like1 mRNA at d 90 was 0.19% (p<0.05) higher compared to normal pigs. These results suggested that normal fetuses had a greater proportion of T-cell subsets at earlier gestation periods, and the Notch signaling pathway was likely partially responsible for these differences to some degree.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제53권6호
• /
• pp.397-404
• /
• 2020

Objectives: The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effects of community-based social distancing interventions after the first coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case in Turkey on the course of the pandemic and to determine the number of prevented cases. Methods: In this ecological study, the interventions implemented in response to the first COVID-19 cases in Turkey were evaluated and the effect of the interventions was demonstrated by calculating the effective reproduction number (R_t) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coro navirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) when people complied with community-based social distancing rules. Results: Google mobility scores decreased by an average of 36.33±22.41 points (range, 2.60 to 84.80) and a median of 43.80 points (interquartile range [IQR], 24.90 to 50.25). The interventions caused the calculated R_t to decrease to 1.88 (95% confidence interval, 1.87 to 1.89). The median growth rate was 19.90% (IQR, 10.90 to 53.90). A positive correlation was found between Google mobility data and R_t (r=0.783; p<0.001). The expected number of cases if the growth rate had not changed was predicted according to Google mobility categories, and it was estimated to be 1 381 922 in total. Thus, community-based interventions were estimated to have prevented 1 299 593 people from being infected. Conclusions: Community-based social distancing interventions significantly decreased the R_t of COVID-19 by reducing human mobility, and thereby prevented many people from becoming infected. Another important result of this study is that it shows health policymakers that data on human mobility in the community obtained via mobile phones can be a guide for measures to be taken.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
• /
• 제24권
• /
• pp.49-53
• /
• 2006

The objective of this study was to present regression equations between reservoir water quality and land use types of the watersheds. In order to derive regression equations, a multiple linear regression analysis was used using observed data from 88 reservoirs in the Kyungpook Provcince. The measured values of BOD, COD, T-N, and T-P were correlated with the areas of land use types. 23 regression equations were obtained for all the water quality items and watershed sizes. The results showed that 2 regression equations have the multiple correlation coefficient(MCC) above 0.90, 10 regression equations have the MCC values from 0.70 to 0.90, 9 equations have the MCC from 0.40 to 0.70, and 2 equations have the MCC from 0.20 to 0.40. The results of this study can be used to estimate reservoir water quality simply and quickly in the planning phase.

• 한국의류학회지
• /
• 제35권12호
• /
• pp.1477-1485
• /
• 2011

Dyeability and colorfastness of the blended knits of cotton/rayon (40/60; C/R) and wool/tencel (10/90; W/T) are examined using the natural dyestuff ($Pinux^{TM}$) manufactured from Pinus radiata pine bark extract. In addition, pre-treatments (such as bleaching, mercerization and cationization) are performed to improve dyeability and colorfastness. The $Pinux^{TM}$ powder dyestuffs produced by Pinux Co., Ltd. are used as dyestuffs and their properties are examined for dyeing concentration (0.5-2% (owb)), dyeing time (30-120 minutes) and dyeing temperature (30-$90^{\circ}C$). Dyeability is evaluated with K/S value at 400nm, which is the maximum absorption wavelength for $Pinux^{TM}$. The results show the dyeability of W/T sample containing protein fiber with $Pinux^{TM}$ is superior to all cellulose fiber C/R. A concentration of dyestuff greater than 1.5% (owb), dyeing time 120 minutes and dyeing temperature of $90^{\circ}C$ are the most optimized conditions. It shows that the dyeability of C/R and W/T samples are high in the condition of an acid-dyeing bath and that dyeability highly declined in alkaline bath due to the instability of the proanthocyanidin pigment. After analyzing the effect of bleaching, mercerizing and cationizing (as pre-treatments on dyeability) it was concluded that the dyeability of the C/R sample was enhanced by mercerization but no significant effect by cationization. However, the simultaneous treatment of cationizing and dyeing resulted in far improved dyeability compared to dyeing after cationizing pre-treatment. As for the W/T sample, the effect of cationization was more prominent than the C/R sample. Colorfastness to color changes in the control W/T sample was higher than that of C/R's level 1-2, and it increased to Level 2 when bleaching pre-treatment was given and when a simultaneous cationizing treatment was adopted to the dyeing process. Colorfastness to light in W/T control sample resulted in Level 3 and further increased to an excellent Level of 4 with bleaching and simultaneous cationizing during dyeing process.

• 한국광학회지
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.343-348
• /
• 2003

자체 제작한 고밀도(이론 밀도의 99%) ITO(I $n_2$ $O_3$:Sn $O_2$=90 wt%) 타깃과 직류 마그네트론 스퍼터링 방법을 이용하여 산소분압 $P_{o_{2}}$ (0 $P_{o_{2}}$ $\leq$$10^{-5}$ torr)와 성장 온도 Ts(10$0^{\circ}C$ $T_{s}$$\leq$35$0^{\circ}C$)를 변화시키면서 ITO 박막을 제작하고 전기적, 광학적 특성을 조사하였다. ITO박막의 비저항은 제작 온도가 증가함에 따라 감소하다가 $T_{s}$=30$0^{\circ}C$일 때 최저 비저항값 0.30 mΩ.cm를 나타내었고 $T_{s}$>30$0^{\circ}C$ 이상에서는 약간 증가하였다. $T_{s}$=30$0^{\circ}C$에서 제작한 ITO 박막의 최대 전하 농도는 6.6$\times$$10^{20}$ /㎤이었다. $T_{s}$를 고정하고 ITO 박막 제작 시 사용한 산소분압이 증가함에 따라 전하농도, 전하유동도는 급격하게 감소하여 비저항이 크게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다 ITO박막의 최저 비저항과 최대 전하 유동도는 각각 0.3 mΩ.cm와 39.3 $\textrm{cm}^2$/V.s였다. 또한 가시광 영역 (400~700 nm)에서 ITO박막의 광투과도는 80~90%로 높게 나타났다.나타났다.

• 유통과학연구
• /
• 제13권7호
• /
• pp.41-51
• /
• 2015

Purpose - This study analyzes loading efficiency by loading pattern for package standardization and reduction of logistics costs, along with the creation of revenue for the revenue review panel (RRP) of Membership Wholesale Clubs (MWC). The study aims to identify standard dimensions that can help improve the compatibility of the pallets related to display patterns preferred by the MWC and thereby explore ways to enhance logistics efficiency between manufacturers and retailers through standardization. Research design, data, and methodology - The study investigates and analyzes the current status based on actual case examples, i.e., manufacturer A and Korea's MWC (A company, B company, and C company), and thus devises improvement measures. To achieve this, the case of manufacturer A delivering to MWC was examined, and the actual pallet display patterns for each MWC were investigated by visiting each distribution site. In this study, TOPS (Total Optimization Packaging Software, USA) was used as the tool for pallet loading efficiency simulations the maximum allowable dimension was set to 0.0mm to prevent the pallet from falling outside the parameters, and the loading efficiency was analyzed with the pallet area. In other words, the study focused on dimensions (length x width x height) according to the research purpose and thereby deduced results. Results - The analysis of pallet loading patterns showed that the most preferred loading patterns for loading efficiency according to product specification, such as pinwheel, brick, and block patterns, were used in the case of the general distribution products, but the products were configured with block patterns in most cases when delivered to MWCs. The loading efficiency by loading pattern was analyzed with respect to 104 nationally listed standard dimensions. Meanwhile, No.51 (330 × 220mm) of KS T 1002 (1,100 × 1,100mm) was found to be the dimension that could bring about an improved loading efficiency, over 90.0% simultaneously in both the T-11 and T-12 pallet systems in a loading pattern configuration with the block pattern only, and the loading efficiency simulation results also confirmed this as the standard dimension that can be commonly applied to both the T-11 pallet (90.0%) and the T-12 pallet (90.7%) systems. Conclusions - The loading efficiency simulation results by loading pattern were analyzed: For the T-11 pallet system, 17 standard dimension sizes displayed the loading efficiency of 90.0% or more as block patterns, and the loading capacity was an average of 99.0%. For the T-12 pallet system, 35 standard dimension sizes displayed the loading efficiency of more than 90% as block patterns (the average loading efficiency of 98.6%). Accordingly, this study proposes that the standard dimensions of 17 sizes with the average loading efficiency of 99.0% should be applied in the use of the T-11 pallet system, and those of 35 sizes with the average loading efficiency of 98.6% should be reviewed and applied in the use of the T-12 pallet system.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• 제52권2호
• /
• pp.233-239
• /
• 2014

석탄 연소 시 발생하는 회가 보일러 벽면에 부착되어 일어나는 슬래깅 현상은 보일러의 열효율을 감소시키고 보일러 안정성에도 악영향을 준다. 이러한 슬래그의 유동 특성은 회의 용융 특성과 관련이 있는데 이는 회의 화학적 조성에 영향을 받는다. 본 연구에서는 회의 용융특성을 TMA(Thermo-Mechanical Analysis) 장비를 이용하여 분석하였다. 이 테스트는 회의 수축률에 따른 용융온도(T25%, T50%, T75%, T90%)를 정량적으로 측정 하는 방법이다. TMA에서 측정된 각각의 온도는 용융단계별 특성을 나타낸다. TMA로 분석된 결과 값에 XRF 장비를 이용하여 분석한 회의 성분 조성이 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 회에 포함된 성분 중 refractory, fluxing contents가 회분의 용융온도에 미치는 영향을 확인할 수 있었다. Refractory contents 성분인 $SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$의 함량이 많을수록 전체적인 용융온도가 올라가며 $SiO_2/Al_2O_3$가 커질수록 고온에서의 용융온도인 T75%, T90%가 낮아지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이와 달리 fluxing contents 성분인 $Fe_2O_3$, $K_2O$, CaO의 함량이 많아질수록 전체적인 용융온도가 낮아지며 이중 $K_2O$, CaO는 초기 용융 온도인 T25%를 낮추는데 큰 역할을 하는 것으로 판단되었다. TMA 분석과 회의 조성 비교를 통하여 회의 용융 특성을 예측하고 설명할 수 있었다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
• /
• 제37권2호
• /
• pp.153-160
• /
• 2013

고무 혼합물의 가류특성 및 전자석 장치를 이용하여 범용고무를 기지로 하는 이방성 자기유동 고무 복합재료(MRRC)의 제조가 가능하였다. 철 입자(IP) 함유량의 증가에 따라 MRRC의 자기 투과율은 증가하였으며, 불규칙 배향에 비해 2 tesla로 배향시킨 경우가 1.8~2배 높게 나타났다. 2 tesla로 배향한 CNT만 강화한 MRRC의 자기 투과율은 3.7%로 자기장의 영향이 뚜렷이 확인되었다. IP 90 + CNT 5 & 2 tesla 배향의 MRRC는 압축시험 시 0.49 tesla의 자기장 하에서 압축응력이 기지에 비해 2.1배 증가하였다. IP 함유량 증가에 따라 자기유동(MR) 효과는 증가하였으며, IP 90 & 2 tesla 배향의 경우 20.4%의 MR 효과를 보였다. 시험편 제조 시 및 압축시험 시 부여한 자기력 세기가 MRRC의 압축특성에 미치는 영향이 크다고 판단된다.

• 한국추진공학회지
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.50-58
• /
• 1998

수분이 복합재를 통하여 투과되는 정도를 고찰하기 위하여 $20^{\cire}C$, 90%RH의 온/습도를 유지하는 수조를 제작하였고, 이 수조내에 보관한 복합재 연소관의 실린더 벽면으로 투과되는 습기를 측정하기 위하여 연소관 내에 습도 센서를 투입하여 상대습도를 직접 측정하였다. 습기의 투과는 내부에 라이너/인슬레이션이 피복 되거나 또는 추진제가 충전된 경우 많은 감소효과를 보였다. Epoxy filament winding으로 제조된 순수 복합재 연소관의 경우 수조에 넣고 평형에 도달한 후로부터 약 8개월 간의 습기 투과 상태를 볼 때 벽면을 통하여 들어가는 water vapor flux는 $20^{\cire}C$, 90%RH에서 평균적으로 2.88${\times}$$10^{-9}$g/$\textrm{m}^2$sec로 나타났다. 이때 습기가 투과되는 연소관의 국지점을 평판으로 가정하고 Fick's law를 이용하여 구한 습기에 대한 복합재의 확산계수는 D=7.98${\times}$$10^{-7}$$\textrm{mm}^2$/sec 였다. 밀폐된 장치 내의 습도 변화를 직접 측정하는 본 시험 방법은 실린더 형태 및 밀폐된 용기를 이루는 곡면형 재료의 환경에 따른 습기 투과량 및 재료의 확산 계수 측정에 유용할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.42-48
• /
• 2010

This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of cooking conditions on quality characteristics of Soo-Yuk, a traditional Korean food. The cooking conditions were as follows: boiled until the core temperature of a sample in $20^{\circ}C$ cold water reached at $75^{\circ}C$ (T1); boiled until the core temperature of a sample in $90^{\circ}C$ boiling water reached at $75^{\circ}C$ (T2); and boiled with sample from $20^{\circ}C$ to $100^{\circ}C$ and kept at $98^{\circ}C$ for 25 min (T3, Korean traditional method). The sample cooked at $90^{\circ}C$ water (T2) had the fast cooking time, and the highest cooking yield and moisture content. Soo-yuk boiled in $100^{\circ}C$ water (T3) showed the longest cooking time, the lowest cooking yield and moisture content, and the highest shear force. The instrumental color showed a significant difference among the cooking conditions. The sarcomere length of soo-yuk boiled in $100^{\circ}C$ water (T3) was the shortest, but the myofibrillar fragmentation index and thiamine content of the sample cooked at $90^{\circ}C$ (T2) were the highest. In sensory evaluation, the evaluation of soo-yuk boiled in $98^{\circ}C$ water (T3) was of superior flavor and overall acceptability.