• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.315-324
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• 2016

Human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs) have various voltage-dependent $K^+$ channels (VDKCs) that can induce apoptosis. Hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) modulates VDKCs and induces oxidative stress, which is the main contributor to cardiac injury and cardiac remodeling. We investigated whether $H_2O_2$ could modulate VDKCs in HCFs and induce cell injury through this process. In whole-cell mode patch-clamp recordings, application of $H_2O_2$ stimulated $Ca^{2+}-activated$ $K^+$ ($K_{Ca}$) currents but not delayed rectifier $K^+$ or transient outward $K^+$ currents, all of which are VDKCs. $H_2O_2-stimulated$ $K_{Ca}$ currents were blocked by iberiotoxin (IbTX, a large conductance $K_{Ca}$ blocker). The $H_2O_2-stimulating$ effect on large-conductance $K_{Ca}$ ($BK_{Ca}$) currents was also blocked by KT5823 (a protein kinase G inhibitor) and 1 H-[1, 2, 4] oxadiazolo-[4, 3-a] quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor). In addition, 8-bromo-cyclic guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (8-Br-cGMP) stimulated $BK_{Ca}$ currents. In contrast, KT5720 and H-89 (protein kinase A inhibitors) did not block the $H_2O_2-stimulating$ effect on $BK_{Ca}$ currents. Using RT-PCR and western blot analysis, three subtypes of $K_{Ca}$ channels were detected in HCFs: $BK_{Ca}$ channels, small-conductance $K_{Ca}$ ($SK_{Ca}$) channels, and intermediate-conductance $K_{Ca}$ ($IK_{Ca}$) channels. In the annexin V/propidium iodide assay, apoptotic changes in HCFs increased in response to $H_2O_2$, but IbTX decreased $H_2O_2$-induced apoptosis. These data suggest that among the VDKCs of HCFs, $H_2O_2$ only enhances $BK_{Ca}$ currents through the protein kinase G pathway but not the protein kinase A pathway, and is involved in cell injury through $BK_{Ca}$ channels.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.1068-1074
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• 2011

In this paper, the proposed scheme is STBC(space-time block codes) system combined with convolution code which is the most popular channel coding to ensure the reliability of data transmission for a high data rate wireless communication. The STBC is one of MIMO(multi-input multi-output) techniques. In addition, this scheme uses a modified viterbi algorithm in order to get a high system gain when data is transmitted. Because we combine STBC and convolution code, the proposed scheme has a little high quantity of computation but it can get a maximal diversity gain of STBC and a high coding gain of convolution code at the same time. Unlike existing viterbi docoding algorithm using Hamming distance in order to calculate branch matrix, the modified viterbi algorithm uses Euclidean distance value between received symbol and reference symbol. Simulation results show that the modified viterbi algorithm improved gain 7.5 dB on STBC 2Tx-2Rx at $BER=10^{-2}$. Therefore the proposed scheme using STBC combined with convolution code can improve the transmission reliability and transmission efficiency.

• Composites Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2011

Many tests are required to predict the fatigue life of composite laminates made of various materials and having different layup sequences. Aiming at reducing the number of tests, a methodology was presented in this paper to predict fatigue life of composite laminates based on fatigue life prediction of constituents, i.e. the fiber, matrix and interface, using micromechanics of failure. For matrix, the equivalent stress model which is generally used for isotropic materials was employed to take care of multi-axial fatigue loading. For fiber, a maximum stress model considering only stress along fiber direction was used. The critical plane model was introduced for the interface of the fiber and matrix, but fatigue life prediction was ignored for the interface since the interface fatigue strength was presumed high enough. The modified Goodman equation was utilized to take into account the mean stress effect. To check the validity of the theory, the fatigue life of three different GFRP laminates, UDT[$90^{\circ}2$], BX[${\pm}45^{\circ}$]S and TX[$0^{\circ}/{\pm}45^{\circ}$]S was examined experimentally. The comparison between predictions and test measurements showed good agreement.

• Clean Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2005

In these studies, semibatch emulsion copolymerization of n-butyl acrylate (n-BA) as adhesive component and methyl metacrylate (MMA) as coagulant component was carried out in order to investigate the role of surfactant in aqueous phase for polymer cement. It was found that the particle size and concentration of final polymer are affected by surfactant type used. The effect of nonionic surfactants was shown in the decrease of polymer emulsion concentration and small emulsion particle in order of LE-50, NP-50 > CE-50, Tween 20 > TX-405 > Brij 35. In LE and NP (n=7-50) as nonionic surfactant, it could be obtained the stable polymer emulsion of 40% in aqueous phase with average particle size of 250-320 nm using over n=30. On the other hand, the effect of surfactant type in initial reactor charge was shown that when SDS as ionic surfactant was used, the polymer emulsion concentration was constant irrespective of the amount used, whereas CTAB as cationic surfactant and HN-100 as reactive surfactant were shown a tendency to the decrease of that. The effect surfactant type on final polymer particle size was shown in decrease by the order of SDS > CTAB > HN-100.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.50 no.9
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• pp.68-73
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• 2013

In this paper, we proposed a readout circuit of pulse waveform and rate for a U-health system to monitor health condition. For long-time operation without replacing or charging a battery, either pulse waveform or pulse rate is selected as the output data of the proposed readout circuit according to health condition of a user. The proposed readout circuit consists of a simple digital logic discriminator and a dual-mode ADC which operates in the ADC mode or in the count mode. Firstly, the readout circuit counts pulse rate for 4 seconds in the count mode using the dual-mode ADC. Health condition is examined after the counted pulse rate is accumulated for 1 minute in the discriminator. If the pulse rate is out of the preset normal range, the dual-mode ADC operates in the ADC mode where pulse waveform is converted into 10-bit digital data with the sampling frequency of 1 kHz. These data are stored in a buffer and transmitted by 620 kbps to an external monitor through a RF transmitter. The data transmission period of the RF transmitter depends on the operation mode. It is generally 1 minute in the normal situation or 1 ms in the emergency situation. The proposed readout circuit was designed with $0.11{\mu}m$ process technology. The chip area is $460{\times}800{\mu}m^2$. According to measurement, the power consumption is $161.8{\mu}W$ in the count mode and $507.3{\mu}W$ in the ADC mode with the operating voltage of 1 V.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.844-853
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• 2008

This paper describes the design of a FEM(Front End Module) having power detection function for mobile handset application. The designed FEM consists of a MMIC(Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits) power amplifier chip, SAW Tx filter and duplexer, diode power detector and stripline matching circuit. An LTCC(Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics) technology is adopted for miniaturized FEM. The frequency band is $824{\sim}869$ MHz which is the uplink Tx band of the CDMA mobile system. The size of designed FEM is $7.0{\times}5.5{\times}1.5\;mm^3$, which is an ultra-small size even though the power detector circuit is included. All sub-components of FEM have been developed and measured in advance before being integrated into FEM. The measured output power and gain are 27 dBm and 27 dB, respectively. In addition, the measured ACPR characteristics are 46.59 dBc and 55.5 dBc at 885 kHz and 1.98 MHz offset, respectively.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.101-107
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• 2012

When wireless devises for MICS(Medical Implant Communication Service) or ISM(Industrial Scientific and Medical) bands are designed, it is necessary to verify the performance by using a human body flat phantom. However, most of studies on the phantom are limited to the biological effects of mobile-phone EMF. In this paper, semi-solid phantoms having the electric properties suggested by FCC at MICS and ISM bands are fabricated. The manufactured phantoms satisfy the electric properties($\varepsilon_r=56.7$ and $\sigma=0.94$ at MICS band, $\varepsilon_r=52.7$ and $\sigma=1.95$ at ISM band) at each band. All the composing materials for phantoms are commercially available in domestic market. Two methods using both polyethylene powder and TX-151 and glycerin at each band are proposed for diverse purpose. The electrical properties of the fabricated phantoms are measured by a dielectric probe kit and network analyzer after the lapse of one day (24 hours).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1993.04a
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• pp.155-155
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• 1993

항우울약인 rolipran(RP)등 phosphodiesterase-억제 약(PDE-1)들이 thrombin(TB: 0.25 U/ml)에 의한 혈소판 응집에 미치는 작용을 가토-혈소판에서 일차 검토하였다. 신 PDE-1인 KR-30075(KR)의 $IC_{50}$/은 sodim nitroprusside의 것보다 낮았고 PDE-1들은 혈소판내 cAMP와 cGMP를 증가시켰으며 특히 KR은 타 PDE-1와 달리 I $P_3$를 감소시켰다. 아울러 rolipram은 cGMP와 I $P_3$를 증가시켰으나, amitriptyline(AT), sertraline(57), chlorpromazine(CP) 및 spermine은 I $P_3$를 증가시켰다. 그러나 이들과 PDE-1들은 강도의 차이는 있으나 모두 TB에 의한 혈소판응집을 모두 억제하였다. 따라서, PDE-1 중 IBMX(2$\times$$10^{-5}$M), KR(5$\times$10$_－7/M), 및 rolipram(10$_{-3}$M) 그 외에 항우울약인 AT(1.5 $\times$10$_－4/M) 와 ST(10$_－4/M) 및 항정신병약인 CP(10$_－4/M)둥이 혈소판내 I $P_3$, [C $a^{＋＋}$], Tx $B_2$, 및 PG $I_2$ 함량과 단백-인산화의 TB에 의한 변동에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 그 결과 TB에 의한 혈소판내 I $P_3$, [C $a^{＋＋}$], Tx $B_2$, 및 PG $I_2$ 함량의 증가가 PDE-1들과 항우울약들에 의하여 억제되었다 단, 항우울성약들과 CP는 정상 혈소판 I $P_3$를 증가시켰다. 아울러 혈소판-단백인산학에서 TB는 41-43 kD와 20 kD의 인산화를 현저히 증가시키며 19 kD의 인산화는 감소시켰고, PKC의 기질인 41-43 kD와 20 kD의 단백인산화가 PDE-1들과 항우울약들 뿐 아니라 CP에 의하여 현저히 억제되었다. 단, 20 kD 인산화에 대한 AT의 억제작용은 미약하였고, cAMP와 PDE-1들은 22kD 인산화를 증가시켰다. AT, ST, 및 CP는 A23187에 의한 41-43 kD 인산화는 현저히 억제하나 20 kD 인산화에는 영향을 미치지 않았고, PMA(3.2$\times$$10^{－7}$ M)에 의한 단백인산화에 대하여는 더 미약한 억제-효과를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과는 PDE-1과 항우울약들의 항혈소판작용은 PKC-기질인 41-43 kD와 20 kD의 인산화를 억제함에 기인되는 것으로 사료된다.다. 것으로 사료된다.다.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.154-166
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• 2017

Polymeric films for gas barrier applications such as food packaging and electronic devices have attracted great interest due to their cheap, light and easy processability among gas barrier materials. Especially in electronic devices, extremely low gas permeance is necessary for maintaining the device performance. However, current polymeric barrier films still suffer from relatively high gas permeance than other materials. Therefore, there have been strong needs to enhance the gas barrier performance of polymeric barrier films while keep their own advantages. Recently, graphene is highlighted as a 2D-layered material for gas barrier applications. However, owing to the poor workability and difficulty to produce in engineering scale, graphene oxide (GO) is on the rise. GO consists of oxygen-containing functional groups on surface with intrinsic 2D-layered structure and high aspect ratio, and it can be well-dispersed in aqueous polar solvents like water, resulting in scalable mass production. Here, we prepared GO incorporated polyimide (PI) nanocomposites. PI is widely used barrier polymer with high mechanical strength and thermal and chemical stability. We demonstrated that PI/GO nanocomposites could perform as a gas barrier. Furthermore, surfactants (Triton X-100 (TX) and Sodium deoxycholate (SDC)) are introduced to enhance the gas barrier performance by improving the degree of dispersion of GO in PI matrix. As a result, TX enhanced the gas barrier performance of PI/GO nanocomposites which is similar to predicted value. This finding will provide new insight to polymer nanocomposites for gas barrier applications.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.78.2-78.2
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• 2012

최근 PRAM의 집적도 향상 및 3차원 적층에 의한 메모리 용량 향상을 위해 셀 선택 스위치로서 박막형 Ovonic Threshold Switching (OTS) 소자를 적용한 Cross bar 구조의 PRAM이 제안된 바 있다. OTS 소자는 비정질 칼코지나이드를 핵심층으로 하는 2단자 소자로서 고저항의 Off 상태에 특정 값 (문턱스위칭 전압) 이상의 전압을 가해주면 저저항의 On 상태로 바뀌고 다시 특정 값 (유지전압) 이하로 전압을 감소시킴에 따라 고저항의 Off 상태로 복원하는 특성을 갖는다. 셀 선택용 스위치로 적용되기 위해서는 핵심적으로 On-Off 상태간의 가역적인 변화 중에도 재료가 비정질 구조를 안정하게 유지해야 하며 전기적으로는 Off 상탱의 저항이 크고 또한 전류값의 점멸비가 커야 한다. GeSe는 이원계 재료로서 단수한 구성에도 불구하고 OTS 소자가 갖추어야할 기본적인 특성을 가지는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 GeSe로 구성된 OTS 재료에 경원소인 질소를 첨가하여 비정질 상태의 안정성과 소자특성의 개선 효과를 조사하였다. RF-puttering 시 Ar과 $N_2$의 혼합 Gas를 사용하여 조성이 $Ge_{62}Se_{38}$ ($N_2$ : 3%)인 박막을 제작하여 DSC를 통해 결정화온도(Tx)를 확인하였고, $N_2$ gas의 함유량이 각각 1 %, 2 %, 3 %인 $Ge_{62}Se_{38}$인 박막을 전극의 접촉 부 면적이 $10{\times}10\;{\mu}m^2$인 cross-bar 구조의 소자로 제작하여 Threshold switching voltage ($V_{th}$), Delay time ($t_d$), $I_{on}/I_{off}$ 그리고 Endurance 특성을 평가하였다. DSC 분석 결과 $N_2$ 가 3 % 첨가된 GeSe 박막은 Tx가 $371^{\circ}C$에서 $399^{\circ}C$로 증가되었다. $N_2$가 1% 첨가된 GeSe 소자를 측정한 결과 $V_{th}$의 변화 없는 가운데 $I_{on}/I_{off}$이 약 $2{\times}10^3$에서 $5{\times}10^4$로 향상되었다. Endurance 특성 역시 $10^4$에서 $10^5$번으로 향상되었다. $t_d$의 경우 비정질 상태의 저항 증가로 인해 약 50% 증가되었다. 이러한 $N_2$의 첨가로 인한 비정질 GeSe 박막의 변화 원인에 대한 분석 결과를 소개할 예정이다.