• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.2
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• pp.173-186
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• 1990

To investigate the structure of the plant community of Soribong area in Kwangnung forest, forty-six plots were set up by the clumped sampling method. The classification by TWINSPAN and four kinds of multivariate ordination(PO, PCA, RA, DCA) were applied to the study area in order to classify them into several groups based on woody plants and environmental variables. The classification had been successfully overlayed on an ordination of the same data using DCA. The plots can be classified into four groups by TWINSPAN and DCA. The successional trends of tree species by both techniques seem to be from Pinus densiflora through Quercus mongolica, Q. serrata, Q. aliena, Carpinus laxiflora, Sorbus alnifolia to C. cordata, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Cornus controversa in the canopy layer, and from Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rhus triohocarpa, Lespeoleza cyrtobotrya, Weigela subsessilis through Corylus sieboldiana, Lindera obtusiloba to Slaphylea bumalda, Callicarpa japonica, Lonicera maackii in the understory layer. As a result of the analysis for the relationship between the stand scores of DCA and environmental variables, they had a tendancy to increase significantly from the P. densiflora community to C. cordata community that was soil pH and the amount of humus, total nitrogen and exchangeable cations.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.365-373
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• 2005

Understanding the relation of water environmental factors and vegetation is critical to restoration and management of wetlands. To reveal relationships between representative plant groups and water environments, we measured cover and abundance of plant species, water depth, temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, $NH_4$-N, $NO_3$-N, and $PO_4-P$ concentration in water in Wangsuk stream (WS) and Gwarim reservoir (GR). This study was conducted monthly from May to October, 2004. Six vegetation groups $(W1{\sim}W6)$ in WS and five vegetation groups $(G1{\sim}G5)$ in GR were identified using TWINSPAN. WS was characterized by Phragmites japonica, Digitaria sanguinalis, Phalaris arundinacea, Beckmannia xyzigachne and Persicara hydropiper, Persicaria thunbergii, Typha angustifolia. GR was characterized by T. angustifolia, Scirpus tabernaemontani, P. thunbergii, Humulus japonicus and Scirpus fluviatilis, Typha orientalis, Zizania latifolia. The vegetation in WS experienced greater seasonal changes than in GR. A correspondence analysis suggests that water depth was the major environmental factor influencing the distribution of most plants communities in both wetlands.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.447-452
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• 2019

This study was conducted in 2016-2017 to provide the basic ecological data needed to establish environmental conditions for the cultivation of wild vegetables. It used TWINSPAN to classify the vegetation structure of natural habitats of wild vegetable nationwide and DCCA ordination to analyze the correlation between the by community structure and environmental factors. We performed TWINSPAN on 100 taxa with high importance values in 91 plots of major habitats of wild vegetables. The vegetation was classified into Cirsium setidens and Synurus deltoides group, Ligularia fischeri and Hemerocallis fulva group, Adenophora divaricata var. manshurica group, Platycodon grandiflorum and Aster scaber group, Aralia elata and Pteridium aquilinum group, and Pimpinella brachycarpa and Osmunda japonica group communities. We then performed DCCA ordination of 11 communities classified by TWINSPAN and 11 environmental factors. The results showed that the altitude had the strongest correlation with the vegetation. The Cirsium setidens, Synurus deltoids, and Lifularia fischeri communities were distributed in areas with similar environmental factors such as high altitude, gentle slope, and nutrient. The Aralia elata and Osmunda japonica communities were distributed in the location environment with low altitude, pH, O.M, T-N, $Ca^{2+}$, and C.E.C. The Hemerocallis fulva community was distributed in the location environment with moderate northeastern and northwestern slope, low altitude and pH, and high $P_2O_5$, whereas the Adenophora divaricata var. manshurica community was distributed in the location environment with gentle southeastern and southwestern slope, high altitude and pH, and low $P_2O_5$, which was the opposite tendency of the location environment from Hemerocallis fulva community. The Platycodon grandiflorum community was distributed in the location environment with gentle southwestern slope, low altitude, pH, O.M, T-N, $P_2O_5$, $Ca^{2+}$, and C.E.C., and high $Mg^{2+}$. The Pteridium aquilinum community was distributed in the location environment with southwestern slope, low altitude, O.M, T-N, C.E.C, $P_2O_5$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $K^+$. The Aster scaber and Pimpinella brachycarpa communities were widely distributed in many plots with various location environments.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.197-204
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the vegetation structure of Daphniphyllum macropodum community in the Yeong-sil and Seong-panack. To do so, 26plots ($(20m{\times}20m)$) were set up and surveyed. Plant communities were classified with 3 groups according to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN and DCA Ordination; Pinus densiflora-Carpinus laxiflora (I), Carpinus laxiflora-Quercus serrata (II) and Carpinus tschonoskii (III). Daphniphyllum macropodum is appearing in understory and shrub layer of all groups. We found that Daphniphyllum macropodum will be dominated in understory and shrub layer. These results was judeged that these influence is depended on difference of altitude and accompanied species. Accompanied species were lived in similar growth environment to Daphniphyllum macropodum. That species were Styrax japonica, Quercus serrata of understory and Ilex crenata, Taxus cuspidata of shrub layer.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.4
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• pp.530-542
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• 2021

To establish the basic unit for the ecological management of the Larix kaempferiplantations in the Baekdudaegan protected area, we classified the vegetation types using TWINSPAN and DCA ordination analysis based on the vegetation information collected from 119 plots and analyzed their spatial arrangement status. Vegetation types were classified into seven types, including Quercus mongolica-Rhododendron schlippenbachii type, Q. mongolica-Lespedeza maximowiczii type, Cornus controversa-Morus australis type, Q. mongolica-Carpinus cordata type, Lindera erythrocarpa-Rosa multiflora type, Q. serrata-Zanthoxylum schinifolium type, and Q. serrata-Sasa borealis type and they have usually reflected differences in the floristic composition according to latitude, elevation, establishment period, operation history, characteristics of the surrounding stands, and degree of disturbance. Furthermore, using the Jaccard coefficient to comparethe floristic composition similarity between Larix kaempferiplantations and surrounding potential natural vegetation (Q. mongolica and Q. serrata forests), although some differences depended on vegetation types, it was 0.21 on average with Q. mongolica forest and 0.32 with Q. serrata forest, indicating that the floristic composition was still heterogeneous.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.2
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• pp.216-221
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• 1990

Vegetational data from Mt. Gyeryong and Deokyu in central Korea were analysed in relation to 15 environmental variables. Two multivariate methods were applied : two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) for classification and detrended canonical correspondence analysis(DCCA), a recent technique which extracts ordination axes that can be related to environmental factors. The relationship between the distribution of dominant species of forest vegetation and soil condition in Mt. Gyeryong and Deokyu was investigated by analyzing elevation and soil nutrition gradient. Quercus mongolica forest was distributed in the high elevation and good nutrition area, Carpinzrs laxiflora and Fraxinus rhynclzophylla forest in the medium elevation and good nutrition area, Piszus densiflora-Quercus mongolica and Quercus variabilis forest in the medium elevation and medium nutrition area, Styrax jabozaica forest in the low elevation and medium nutrition area, and Pinus densiflora forest in the low elevation and poor nutrition area. The dominant compositional gradient related to elevation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.81 no.4
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• pp.310-319
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• 1992

Vegetational data obtained from 24 quadrats of Mt. Paekdu area were analysed by applying two multivariate methods : two-way indicator species analysis(TWIMSPAN) for classification and detrended canonical correspondence analysis(DCCA) for ordination. DCCA technique allowed to extract the ordination axes that could be related to 9 environmental factors. The dominant tree species distributed in the region between 1,700-1,950m from sea level were Betula ermanii, Larix olgensis, Abies nephrolepis, and Picea jezoensis in descending order. The dominant tree species distributed in the region between 1.300-1.500m were Abies nephrolepis, Pinus koraiensis, Larix olgensis, Betula mandshurica, and Picea jezoensis in descending order. The available phosphorus content in forest soil ranged from 7 to 1.153ppm. The distribution of the major communities showed a close relationship with elevation gradient. From high to low elevation, the communities of Alnus fruticosa var. mandshurica, Betula ermanii, Larix olgensis, Abies nephrolepis, Picea jezoensis, Pinus koraiensis, and Quercus mongolica were found in descending order. At the communities where Betula ermanii was dominant, Betula ermanii forest was distributed in the high elevation area, Betula ermanii-Larix olgensis forest in the good nutrition of organic matter and $K^+$, and Abies nephrolepis forest in the good nutrition of $Mg^{{+}{+}}$ and $Ca^{{+}{+}}$. The most dominant factor influencing community distribution was elevation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.49-67
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• 2020

This study was conducted to compare and analyze forest vegetation distributed in Geumosanseong-inside in Geumosan Provincial Park from 2017.10 to 2019.6. The vegetation structure was classified by the phytosociological method and TWINSPAN and the correlation between the community structure and the environmental factors was analyzed using DCCA ordination analydsis. The vegetation structures are Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus mandshurica, Q. acutissima, Larix leptolepis, Prunus padus and Morus alba community by the phytosociological method and 16 communities under TWINSPAN. The importance value of Q. mongolica(64.5) was the highest, and followed by F. mandshurica, L. leptolepis, Acer pseudosieboldianum, M. alba, P. padus, Q. acutissima, Sorbus alnifolia, P. serrulata var. pubescens, F. sieboldiana, Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Castanea crenata which is consistent with species having the dominance status by analysis of the vegetation structure. As the results of DBH analysis for taxon with high importance values, Q. mongolica and M. alba represented normal distribution, and thus, the dominance status of these species is likely to continue. L. leptolepis will maintain the dominance status due to high density of large individuals as compared with species above medium size. However, it will decrease because of high mortality after increase in age class. F. mandshurica and P. padus continue to show dominance status due to high density of young individuals as compared with species above medium size. Q. acutissima have high density of individuals above intermediate size and low density of young individuals, and thus, will maintain the dominance status. A. pseudosieboldianum, F. sieboldiana and R.schlippenbachii which are arborescent will present continuously high dominance status because of high density of young individuals. Soil analysis shows that whereas pH, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in the research area were lower than the average values of overall forest soil and O.M, T-N, C.E.C and P₂O₅ were higher. We expected that these results were due to agricultures until 50 years ago in Geumosanseong-inside. As a result of DCCA ordination analysis using eleven environmental factors and communities classified by the phytosociological method analysis showed that Q. mongolica was distributed in the environment with higher elevation and O.M and steep slope, and lower P₂O₅, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺. In contrast to F. mandshurica, Q. acutissima was distributed in higher K⁺ and lower pH. L. leptolepsis was distributed in various environment.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.413-421
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• 2022

This study was conducted to identify the vegetation structure of the Abies nephrolepis forests by analyzing species composition in Mt. Doota and Mt. Cheongok in the Gangwon region with the phytosociological method. In order to perform a field investigation, 18 survey areas with an area of about 400 m2 were set up for the stands where A. nephrolepis grow wild. Communities were classified through TWINSPAN and visualized using DCA (Detrended Correspondence Analysis). Species diversity analysis, importance value analysis, and DBH class analysis were employed to identify the characteristics of each community. As a result, the A. nephrolepis forests in Mt. Doota and Mt. Cheongok have been classified into 4 communities; GroupI, II, III and IV. GroupIis Quercus mongolica-A. nephrolepis competitive forest dominated by Q. mongolica and A. nephrolepis in the order. Group II is A. nephrolepis-Betula ermanii competitive forest dominated by A. nephrolepis, Sorbus commixta, and B. ermanii in the order. Group III is dominated by A. nephrolepis, but is expected to have competition between A. nephrolepis and Q. mongolica in the future due to the mass occurrence of Q. mongolica saplings. A. nephrolepis, S. commixta, and Q. mongolica are the dominant species in Group IV, and A. nephrolepis is the major dominant species in all layers. The species diversity of the A. nephrolepis forests in Mt. Doota and Mt. Cheongok is lower than other A. nephrolepis forests in Mt. Seorak, Maruguem, and Mt. Odae. It is necessary to establish conservation measures and to continuously monitor the A. nephrolepis forests in Mt. Doota and Mt. Cheongokis due to the harsh environment and the competition that may occur between A. nephrolepis and deciduous trees such as Q. mongolica in the future.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.338-350
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• 2024

A vegetation survey was conducted and analyzed on 25 survey plots of Betula ermanii communities in the subalpine zone of Mt. Gariwang, Mt. Balwang, Mt. Bangtae, and Mt. Hambaek in Gangwon-do. As a result of TWINSPAN and DCA analysis, the community was divided into a total of 3 communities: Betula ermanii-Quercus mongolica community(GroupI), Betula ermanii-Acer pseudosieboldianum community (GroupII), and Betula ermanii community(GroupIII). As a result of the vegetation structure analysis, Betula ermanii-Quercus mongolica community(GroupI) is located on the periphery of the Mt. Bangtae trail at altitude of 1,082~1,192m, and Betula ermanii-Acer pseudosieboldianum community(GroupII) is located on the ridges and slopes of Mt. Bangtae, Mt. Gariwang, and Mt. Hambaek at altitudes of 1,230~1,373m. Betula ermanii-Quercus mongolica community(GroupI) and Betula ermanii-Acer pseudosieboldianum community(GroupII) are currently dominated by Betula ermanii, but after long term, it is expected that they will transe to Quercus mongolica. The Betula ermanii community(GroupIII) is located the summit of Mt. Hambaek and the summit of Mt. Balwang at altitude of 1,428~1,464m. It is expected that the community will be maintained as Betula ermanii community, because Betula ermanii is very dominant, and so the next generation dominant species is maintained by Betula ermanii. Betula ermanii community generally appear above 1,000 m above sea level, and the higher the altitude, the more dominant the Betula ermanii are. As a result of the soil analysis, the soil characteristics shows a similar pattern to the subalpine belt of Daecheongbong Peak of Mt. Seoraksan and Banyabong Peak of Mt. Jirisan. As a result of the species diversity index analysis, the species diversity index was 1.210~1.293, the abundance index was 0.698~0.795, and the dominance index was 0.208~0.302.