• Title/Summary/Keyword: TVA

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Genetic Polymorphism of Avian Leukosis Virus Host Receptors in Korean Native Chickens and Establishment of Resistant Line

  • Lee, Kyung Youn;Shin, Yun Ji;Han, Jae Young
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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    • v.49 no.2
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    • pp.99-108
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    • 2022
  • Avian leukosis virus (ALV) is a highly contagious retrovirus that causes tumors and has resulted in great economic loss worldwide owing to its high transmission rate. Various ALV viral subgroups exist, with infections occurring via specific host receptors. The susceptibility or resistance of avian species to the ALV-A and K subgroups is determined by the host receptor, the tumor virus locus A (tva) gene, while that to ALV-B depends on another host receptor, the tumor virus locus B (tvb) gene. The resistance alleles of tva and tvb have primarily been identified in China, but none have beendetected in Korea. We analyzed the frequencies of tva and tvb genotypes in White Leghorn (WL), Korean Ogye (KO), and Korean native chicken (KNC) breeds, and assessed the resistance to ALV subgroups. In WL, both tva and tvb had various genotypes, including susceptibility and resistance alleles, whereas in KO, tva and tvb resistance alleles were dominant. In KNC, tva susceptibility and resistance alleles were mixed, whereas tvb resistance alleles were dominant. In addition, we showed that there were differences in the splicing pattern of tva transcripts and the expression level of tvb transcripts within breeds. Finally, we confirmed that ALV resistance depended on KO and KNC genotypes by in vitro infection of chicken embryonic fibroblasts with ALV. These results highlight that some KO and KNC individuals are naturally resistant to ALV subgroups A, B, and K, and will facilitate the preservation of economically superior traits through selective breeding.

Further Evidence of Linkage at the tva and tvc Loci in the Layer Lines and a Possibility of Polyallelism at the tvc Locus

  • Ghosh, A.K.;Pani, P.K.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.18 no.5
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    • pp.601-605
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    • 2005
  • Three lines of White Leghorn (WL) chickens (IWJ, IWG and IWC) maintained at Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar (UP), were used for chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and liver tumour (LT) assay. Eleven-day-old embryos of each line were partitioned into three groups and inoculated with 0.2 ml of subgroup A, subgroup C and an equal mixture of subgroup A and C Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). Subgroup virus receptor on the cell surface membrane for subgroup A is coded for by tumour virus a (tva) locus and for subgroup C by tumour virus c (tvc) locus. The random association of the genes at the tva and tvc loci in IWJ and IWC line was assessed and the $x^2$-values for phenotypic classes were found to be significant, indicating the linkage between the tva and tvc loci. The linkage value was estimated to be 0.09 on pooled sex and pooled line basis. On the basis of four subclass tumour phenotypes a 4-allele model was proposed for tva locus having $a^{s1}$, $a^{s2}$, $a^{r1}$ and $a^{r2}$ alleles and the frequencies were calculated as 0.47, 0.13, 0.13 and 0.27 for IWJ line, 0.31, 0.33, 0.14 and 0.22 for IWG line and 0.44, 0.11, 0.21 and 0.24 for IWC line, respectively. Similarly, for tvc locus the frequencies of four alleles i.e. $c^{s1}$, $c^{s2}$, $c^{r1}$ and $c^{r2}$ were calculated as 0.42, 0.20, 0.21 and 0.17 for IWJ line, 0.42, 0.17, 0.27 and 0.14 for IWG line and 0.30, 0.21, 0.16 and 0.33 for IWC line, respectively. The $x^2$-values for all classes of observations were not significant (p>0.05), indicating a good fit to the 4-allele model for the occurrence of 4-subclass tumour phenotypes for tva and tvc loci. On the basis of the 2-allele model both tva and tvc locus carries three genotypes each. But, on the basis of the 4-allele model tva and tvc locus carries 10 genotypes each. The interaction between A-resistance and C-resistance (both CAM and LT death) was ascertained by taking the 10 genotypes of tva locus and 3 genotypes of tvc locus by pooling the lines and partitioning the observations into 3 classes. The $x^2$-values for the genotypic classes of CAM (-) LT (+) and CAM (-) LT (-) phenotypes to mixed virus (A+C) infection were found to be highly significant (p<0.01), indicating increased resistance, which indicates the joint segregation of $a^r$ and $c^r$ genes, suggesting the existence of close linkage between the tva and tvc loci. Therefore, an indirect selection approach using subgroup C viruses can be employed to generate stocks resistant to subgroup A LLV, obviating contamination with the most common agent causing LL in field condition.

Analysis of Technology Value Strategy using Technology Valuation System (기술가치 평가시스템을 이용한 기술가치 전략 분석)

  • Kwon, Bang-Hyun;Whang, Kyu-Seung
    • Information Systems Review
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    • v.5 no.1
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    • pp.129-146
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    • 2003
  • Increasing number of transactions and investments in technology has sparked a growing interest in technology valuation. However, it has not been easy to come up with an objective valuation of technology due to variance in technology value and specialty of technology valuation. The main objective of this paper lies in the development of a new system for technology valuation, Web-based Interactive Technology Valuation (WITV) system, which valuate the technology and analyze the technology value strategy. WITV system uses the Technology Valuation Attractiveness Model (TVAM). TVA is composed of the Intrinsic Value of Technology (IVT) and the Extrinsic Value of Technology (EVT). This paper experiment the feasibility of the TVA Model and WITV System by conducting an empirical study on small & medium sized manufacturing companies in IT industry, registered on KOSDAQ. In this study, the potential value is defined as the technology value. It is represents the expected profit appraised by the market under the competitiveness of technology and the growth of the market. TVA is measured as the index to forecast the Price-to-Book value Ratio (PBR), which is the proxy variable for the potential value of the technology. The results identify the feasibility of the TVAM through a high correlation between the TVA and the PBR.

Design of a transflective-type LCD using twisted vertical aligned mode (Twisted VA 모드를 이용한 반투과형 LCD의 설계)

  • 백봉진;도희욱;이서헌;윤태훈;김재창
    • Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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    • v.14 no.5
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    • pp.565-569
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    • 2003
  • We designed a transflective-type LCD using a twisted VA mode. Generally, a VA mode had a blue shift due to intrinsic properties. We solved this problem using spectroscopic compensation film. We used the front scattering film and negative C-plate to improve characteristics of the viewing angle and contrast ratio. As a result, we found that proposed the transflective-type TVA mode had a contrast ratio of about 80:1, a response time of 22 ms, and a reflectance of 25% in comparison with the standard MgO reflector.

Status of Milk Fat Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) in Selected Commercial Dairies

  • Khanal, R.C.;Dhiman, T.R.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.20 no.10
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    • pp.1525-1538
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    • 2007
  • Because of the increasing evidence of potential benefits of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on human health, there is a need to investigate its status in commercial dairies and develop feeding strategies to enhance the content and supply of CLA in milk and milk products. A two-year experiment was conducted to study the status of milk fat c-9, t-11 CLA on four selected commercial dairy farms in Utah (two) and Idaho (two), USA. Farms A and C grazed cows on pasture and supplemented with 7.0 kg/cow per day of their respective grain mixes during summer, while conserved forage and grain mix was fed during winter. Farm B fed a total mixed diet all year, with 10% of diet dry matter as fresh cut pasture during summer. Farm D had 1/3 of its cows grazed on pasture and supplemented with a total mixed diet during summer, while the rest were fed a total mixed diet. All cows in Farm D were fed a total mixed diet during winter. Farms A, B, C, and D had on average 80, 400, 150, and 500 milking cows, respectively, with Holstein or its crosses as the major breed. On a year-round basis, Farms A and C produced milk with 60% or more milk fat c-9, t-11 CLA and transvaccenic acid (TVA) contents than Farm B. Similarly, Farm D produced 30% or more c-9, t-11 CLA and TVA in milk than Farm B. Milk fat content of CLA and TVA was 150-200% more during summer compared with winter. Individual cows varied from 0.16 to 2.22% in milk fat c-9, t-11 CLA contents and 89% of the cows had c-9, t-11 CLA contents between 0.3 and 1.0% of milk fat. Individual cow variation was larger on Farms A and C compared with Farm D, with least variation on Farm B. Variation was larger in summer than in winter. The bulk tank milk c-9, t-11 CLA content varied from 0.27 to 1.35% of milk fat. Cows on Farms A and C produced similar or higher amounts of milk fat c-9, t-11 CLA on a daily basis even though their milk yield was lowest among the dairies. Concentration and supplies of c-9, t-11 CLA and TVA were highest from June through September and lowest from February through April, which should be the months for targeting improvement in the content and supply of milk fat c-9, t-11 CLA and TVA.

Metadata Transcoding between MPEG-7 and TV Anytime for Segmentation Information of Video (비디오 내용기술을 위한 MPEG-7과 TV Anytime 메타데이타의 상호 변환)

  • 임화영;이창윤;김혁만
    • Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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    • 2002.10c
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    • pp.31-33
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    • 2002
  • 본 논문에서는 MPEG-7 스키마에 따라 비디오의 내용을 기술한 메타데이타를 TVA 스키마에 따른 메타데이타로 변환, 그리고 그 역방향으로의 변환 방법을 제안한다. 이를 위해 MPEG-7과 TVA스키마를 분석하여 그들의 유사점과 차이점을 밝히다. 또한 중첩 표현법과 참조 표현법으로의 상호 변환시 야기되는 id 처리문제, 대표화면 정보의 처리, 위치 정보의 처리 등에 관한 방법 을 기술한다.

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Effect of Organic Acids Fermented from the Settled Sludge and Animal Organic Wastes on the Denitrification (침전 슬러지와 가축분의 유기산화 및 발효유기산이 탈질반응에 미치는 영향)

  • Weon, Seung-Yeon;Park, Seung-Kook;Min, Kyung-Kook;Chung, Keun-Yook;Jun, Byong-Hee;Lee, Sang-Ill
    • Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.147-152
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    • 2005
  • Fermentation efficiencies of organic wastes from the variety of sources were evaluated based on the production of total volatile acids(TVA) in batch reactor. Mixing and pH were not significant factors in producing TVA from the organic wastes. After a 10-day fermentation, final TVA concentrations in piggery, cattle, poultry, and primary settled sludge of domestic wastewater were 8,900, 2,900, 7,370 and 1,630 mg/L, respectively. The pH of organic wastes was decreased from neutral to 5.7. The ratio of TVA to $NH_4{^+}-N$ produced from the animal waste ranged from 11.5 to 30.1, whereas, that in the primary settled sludge of domestic wastewater, was 5.4. Possibility of fermented organic wastes as the electron donors for denitrification in the activated sludge was investigated. In both acclimated and nonacclimated activated sludge, higher denitrification rates were obtained with fermented piggery sludge added than with either methanol or acetate added. The fermented organic acids derived from the primary settled sludge gave the higher denitrification rate ($4.2mg\;NO_3-N/g\;vss{\cdot}hr$) in the acclimated activated sludge. Denitrification rate was $1.5mg\;NO_3-N/g\;vss{\cdot}hr$ in the nonacclimated sludge with the fermented acids from the primary settled sludge of domestic wastewater added.

An Efficient Scheme of Encapsulation Method to Avoid Fragmentation Degradation During TVA Metadata Delivery (TVA 메타데이터 전송과정에서 단편화에 의한 성능 감소를 회피하기 위한 효율적인 캡슐화 방식)

  • Oh, Bong-Jin;Park, Jong-Youl;Kim, Sang-Hyung;Yoo, Kwan-Jong
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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    • v.37 no.7C
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    • pp.627-636
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    • 2012
  • Recently, XML is used to describe details of service and contents for various fields such as IPTV and digital broadcast services because of it's high readability and extensibility. TV-Anytime's schema and delivery protocol have been especially adopted as basic standards for them, and extended to include their own private functions. However, XML describes documents using text-based method, and this causes to create big documents rather than traditional methods. Therefore, many encoding algorithms have been proposed to reduce XML documents like EXI, BiM, GZIP and fast-info set etc. Although these algorithms shows efficient compression effects for XML documents, but they can't avoid fragmentation degradation during encapsulation steep. This paper proposes an efficient encapsulation scheme of TV-Anytime to avoid fragmentation degradation of encoding effect using common string tables.