• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.1-13
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• 2007

Objective : This study was performed to assess the whitening effect of Bombysis Corpus on melanin synthesis. Methods : The whitening effects of Bombysis Corpus were examined by in vitro melanin production assay. We assessed inhibitory effects of Bombysis Corpus on melanin-release from B16F10, on melanin production in B16F10, on mushroom tyrosinase activity in vitro, on tyrosinase activity in B16F10, effect of Bombysis Corpus on the expression tyrosinase, TRP-1, PKA, ERK-1 ERK-2, AKT-1, MITF in B16F10. Results : 1. Bombysis Corpus inhibited melanin-release, melanin production in B16F10. 2. Bombysis Corpus inhibited tyrosinase activity in vitro and in B16F10. 3. Bombysis Corpus suppressed the expression of tyrosinase, TRP-1 in B16F10. 4. Bombysis Corpus suppressed the expression of PKA in B16F10. 5. Bombysis Corpus suppressed the expression of ERK-1, ERK-2, AKT-1 in B16F10. 6. Bombysis Corpus suppressed the expression of MITF in B16F10. Conclusion : The study shows that Bombysis Corpus inhibited melanin production on the melanogenesis.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.296-301
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of Hexane extract of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (HFLL)-induced regulation of melanogenesis. An apparent down-regulatory effect of tyrosinase activity was observed when B16F10 cells were incubated with HFLL. Interestingly, HFLL did not inhibit the catalytic activity of cell-free tyrosinase from B16F10 cells, whereas kojic acid directly inhibited tyrosinase activity. Regarding protein levels of melanogenic enzymes, the amounts of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1) were decreased by HFLL, while the amount of tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2) slightly was reduced after incubation with HFLL. Treatment with HFLL was found to down-regulate microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). These results suggest that HFLL is an effective inhibitor of pigmentation caused by down regulation via MITF, tyrosinase, and TRP-1 expressions.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.78-81
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• 1986

The photosensitized lysis of egg lecithin lipid membranes (liposomes) have been performed to UV-B light (270-320 nm) by L-tryptophan(L-Trp) and its peptide such as N-acetylphenylalanyl-L-tryptophan(NAPT) incorporated in the liposomes(ca. 0.1% by weight) or in the external buffer (0.1-0.3 mM). Requirement of oxygenation suggests that the lysis of liposomes is caused by the photosensitized oxidation of lipids. There was significant protection against lysis photosensitized by Trp in the external buffer by low concentration of ferricyanide (0.8 mM), but there was no effect on the lytic efficiency by $N_3^-$ which is singlet oxygen($^1O_2$) quencher, indicative of an electron transfer mechanism involved in the photosensitization. The small change of the lytic efficiency with increasing pH from 4 to 9 was interpreted by large target theory and subsequently indicates that superoxide($O_2^-$) may be an active intermediate for the oxidation. The efficiency of photosensitization of Trp was higher than that of NAPT under the same experimental condition. The weak lytic efficiency of liposomes photosensitized by NAPT was enhanced by incorporating NAPT in liposomes, but it was again quenched by ${\beta}$-carotene incorporated in the bilayer of liposomes. These results indicate that a portion of liposome lysis may be due to $^1O_2$ formation from the excited NAPT.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.946-951
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• 2014

Melanin plays a key role in the protection of skin from ultraviolet light that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. However, the ROS leading to the oxidation of lipids, proteins and DNA are involved in the overproduction of melanin that is known to cause melasma, age spots and freckles. Among the herb medicines, Ulmus macrocarpa used in this study was reported to contain flavonoids as a main component. The aim of this study is to investigate the whitening and anti-oxidant effects of Ulmus macrocarpa ethanolic extracts (UMEE) in B16F1 cells. UMEE below $3.12{\mu}g/ml$ did not show cytotoxicity. In an anti-oxidant experiment, UMEE showed not only high reducing power and scavenging activity on DPPH, but it was also observed that UMEE exhibit an inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation. UMEE did not display an inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity in vitro. However, UMEE inhibited melanin synthesis in B16F1 cells. In addition, UMEE reduced the expression levels of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2), which are key enzymes in melanogenesis. These results indicate that UMEE exert a whitening effect through the inhibition of both tyrosinase and TRP-2 expressions as well as anti-oxidant activity, suggesting that UMEE could have the functional potential for a whitening effect on the skin.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1110-1114
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• 2002

Antimutagenic effect of Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim. on the mutagenicity induced by 2-AF and Trp-P-1 was studied using the Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. In S. typhimurium TA98, the methanol extract $(500\;{\mu}g/plate)$ of root, stem, and leaf of E. senticosus showed inhibitory effects of 72.8, 70.0, and 78.7% on the mutagenicity induced by 2-AF, and 69.2, 64.9, and 59.4% by Trp-P-1, respectively, whereas none was observed in S. typhimurium TA100. These results suggest that the methanol extract of E. senticosus inhibits a frame shift mutation. And then the methanol extract further fractionated by chloroform, butanol, and water. The chloroform fractions of root, stem, and leaf showed strong antimutagenic effects induced by 2-AF and Trp-P-1 in S. typhimurium TA98, whereas none was observed in the butanol and aqueous fractions. The chloroform fractions of root, stem, and leaf showed antimutagenic effects of $13{\sim]92%$ in a dose-dependent manner.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.279-285
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• 2011

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the skin whitening effect of the extracts of 3 herbs, Ligularia fischeri, Solidago virga-aurea and Aruncus dioicus, which were collected from Ullung island. Tyrosinase inhibition activities were 33% in pre-fermented extracts and 45% in post-fermented ones. When tyrosinase activities in B16F10 murine melanoma cells were tested, activities in pre- and post-fermented extracts were 41 and 56.5%, respectively. Thus, the post-fermented extracts might have greater skin whitening effects. The protein expression of MITF, TRP-1, TRP-2, and tyrosinase, which are all skin-whitening related transcription factors, showed that both pre- and post-fermented herbs inhibited protein biosynthesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. Post-fermented herb extracts especially showed a greater decrease of protein expressions. The expression of MITF, a regulatory transcription factor, was also decreased by both extracts but was greater in the post-fermented ones. From the results, it can be concluded that the 3 herb extracts from Ullung island may inhibit melanin biosynthesis by the suppression of MITF activity in a signaling pathway. Results indicate that the post-fermented herbs tested in the present study had skin whitening activities and can be used as functional ingredients for food and cosmetic compositions.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.31 no.1 s.49
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• pp.17-23
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• 2005

We had previously reported that Selina (selina-4(14), 7(11)-dien-8-one) was isolated from methanol extract of Afractylodes rhizome and has strong whitening activity in B16 melanoma cells. In this report, we demonstrated its action mechanism in melan-a cells, non-tumorigenic melanocytes. We also investigated the clinical efficacy of cosmetic preparation containing Selina. Selina reduced the melanin synthesis of Melan-a cells by $50\%$ at a concentration of $10 {\mu}g/mL$ without any apparent cytotoxicity. We also found that the treatment of cells with Selina decreased tyrosinase activity by $60\%$ at a concentration of $10 {\mu}g/mL$ but Selina was not a direct inhibitor of tyrosinase activities. To elucidate the action mechanism of Selina, we investigated the changes in mRNA and protein level of tyrosinase, TRP-1 and TRP-2 using RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. As a result, the mRNA and protein level of tyrosinase were markedly reduced at $10 {\mu}g/mL$ of Selina without any effect on TRP-1 and TRP-2. These results suggest that Selina exerts its whitening effect mainly through regulating expression of tyrosinase. A 7 week-clinical trial using formulation containing $0.2\%$ selina-4(14), 7(11)-dien-8-one with 20 volunteers resulted in statistically significant whitening effect (p < 0.05), without any adverse effect. Based on these results, Selina (selina-4(14), 7(11)-dien-8-one) can be s useful and safe ingredient for the cleanness and brightness of skin.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2024

In this study, the various whitening activities of Inonotus obliquus were assessed for potential use as functional cosmetic materials. When measuring electron donating ability to confirm the antioxidant ability of I. obliquus extract, increased activity was observed as the concentration increased, and it was found an outstanding antioxidant capacity of 82.1% at a 1,000 ㎍/ml concentration. Also, the tyrosinase inhibitory effect, related to a whitening effect, was found to have inhibitory activity that increased in a concentration-dependent manner. The results of verifying the viability of melanoma cells (B16F10) using an MTT assay showed cell viability of more than 80% at concentrations below 100 ㎍/ml. Therefore, cell-related experiments were conducted at 25, 50, and 100 ㎍/ml concentrations. By measuring protein expression related to melanin synthesis via treating B16F10 cells with I. obliquus extract, it was confirmed that protein expression was inhibited in all factors, depending on the concentration. TRP-1 and MITF appeared by 40.1% and 64.2% amount of expression, respectively, at 100 ㎍/ml concentrations, and tyrosinase and TRP-2 were verified as having better protein expression inhibition than arbutin. In measuring mRNA expression related to melanin synthesis by treating B16F10 cells with I. obliquus extract, it was confirmed that mRNA expression was suppressed as the concentration increased. Accordingly, it was confirmed that I. obliquus extract has excellent whitening activity and could be used as a cosmetic material.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.148-157
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• 2019

A 70% ethanol extract of Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. was investigated for its whitening activity for application as a functional ingredient in cosmetic products. At the E. annuus extract concentration of $100{\mu}g/ml$, the electron-donating ability was found to be 67.83%, the tyrosinase inhibitory effect (related to skin-whitening) was 69%, the elastase inhibitory effect (related to skin-wrinkling) was 69%, and the astringent effect was 80%. The $ABTS^+$ radical-scavenging ability was 87% at the $500{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. In the cell viability test measured on melanoma cells, 96% of the cells treated with $100{\mu}g/ml$ of the extract were viable. According to the western blot results, the protein expression of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2 was decreased by 60.22%, 47.83%, 54.79%, and 67.88%, respectively, at the extract concentration of $100{\mu}g/ml$. The protein expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase (p-ERK) and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB) was decreased with increasing concentrations of the extract. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of the extract showed that the mRNA expression of MITF, tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 was decreased by 86.51%, 85.22%, 74.26%, and 66.66%, respectively, at $100{\mu}g/ml$ extract concentration. The findings suggest that the 70% ethanol extract from E. annuus (L.) Pers. has potential as a cosmeceutical ingredient with whitening effect.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.4783-4788
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• 2012

Objective: Previous studies of the association between X-ray cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) gene polymorphisms and the gliomas risk have yielded conflicting results, and thus a meta-analysis was performed to provide a more accurate estimation. Methods: A computerized literature search of 5 electronic databases was conducted to identify the relevant studies. Fixed or random effect models were selected based on the heterogeneity test. Publication bias was estimated using Begg's funnel plots and Egger's regression test. Results: A total of 11 studies (3,810 cases and 6,079 controls), 7 studies (2,928 cases and 5,048 controls), and 4 studies (1,461 cases and 2,593 controls) were finally included in the analyses of the association between XRCC1 Arg399Gln, Arg194Trp, and Arg280His polymorphisms and glioma risk, respectively. The pooled results showed that GlnGln carriage was associated with moderately increased risk of gliomas in Asians (GlnGln vs. ArgArg, OR=1.490, 95%CI 1.031-2.153; GlnGln/ArgGln vs. ArgArg, OR=1.321, 95%CI 1.037-1.684), whereas a marginal association was revealed in Caucasians. For the Arg194Trp polymorphism, although a significant association was shown in the homozygous genotype comparisons (TrpTrp vs. ArgArg, OR = 2.209, 95%CI 1.398-2.945), no significant link was found on subgroup analysis stratified by ethnicity. With regard to the Arg280His polymorphism, no significant association was found in each comparison. No particular study was found to significantly influence the pooled results, and no potential publication bias was detected. Conclusions: This meta-analysis suggested that the XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism is moderately associated with increased risk of gliomas in Asians, while Arg194Trp and Arg280His polymorphisms demonstrated no significant influence. Due to the limited studies and the potential confounders, further studies are needed to confirm these results.