• BMB Reports
• /
• 제43권12호
• /
• pp.824-829
• /
• 2010

Melanin synthesis is regulated by melanocyte specific enzymes and related transcription factors. $\beta$-carboline alkaloids including harmaline and harmalol are widely distributed in the environment including several plant families and alcoholic beverages. Presently, melanin content and tyrosinase activity were increased in melanoma cells by harmaline and harmalol in concentration- and time-dependent manners. Increased protein levels of tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), and TRP-2 were also evident. In addition, immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses revealed harmaline and harmalol increased cAMP response element binding protein phosphorylation and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor expression. In addition to studying the signaling that leads to melanogenesis, roles of the p38 MAPK pathways by the harmaline and harmalol were investigated. Harmaline and harmalol induced time-dependent phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Harmaline and harmalol stimulated melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity, as well as expression of tyrosinase and TRP-1 and TRP-2 indicating that these harmaline and harmalol induce melanogenesis through p38 MAPK signaling.

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제31권4호
• /
• pp.226-232
• /
• 2017

In this study, ethanol extract of Epimedium koreanum Nakai(EEKN) enhanced melanogenesis by inducing expression of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1). But EEKN did not increase the protein expression of tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2). Moreover, EEKN enhanced tyrosinase activity and melanin contents of B16F10 cells. EEKN raised the expression of CREB phosphorylation and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) as a key transcription factor for tyrosinase expression regulating melanogenesis. And PKC inhibitor H89 supressed that EEKN induced tyrosinase activity, melanin contents, and expression of tyrosinase, TRP-1. These results suggest that melanogenesis-promoting effect of EEKN was correlated with regulation of tyrosinase and TRP-1 protein through cAMP/PKC pathway.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.296-300
• /
• 1990

자외선 조사와 NTG를 처리하여 Brevibacterium flavum 10AHR(arg his $Rif^r$)과 Corynebacterium glutamicum 11TS(trp $Sm^r$의 돌연변이주를 분리하였다. B.flavum 10AHR과 C.glutamicum 11TS를 300$\mu g$/ml의 lysozyme으로 18시간 처리하여 원형질체를 형성하고, 융합시 30의 PEG 6,000으로 처리하였을 때 가장 높은$3.7\times 10^{-6}$의 융합빈도를 나타내었다.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.331-338
• /
• 2018

멜라닌은 생체 내에서 발모 및 피부색을 결정하는데 중요한 역할을 하는 고분자 물질이다. 하지만 활성산소에 의해 과도하게 생성된 멜라닌은 노화와 관련된 기미, 주근깨와 과색소 침착증 등을 야기한다고 알려져 있다. 이와 관련된 천연물 중 서목태 성분의 하나인 polyphosphate는 자외선에 의해 손상되는 피부 노화를 억제한다고 보고되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 멜라닌 합성에 대한 RNEE의 직접적인 효과를 조사한 것이다. 본 연구에서 RNEE는 DPPH radical의 소거효과 및 환원력과 같은 항산화 효과는 없는 것으로 나타났다. MTT 실험을 수행한 결과, RNEE는 농도 의존적으로 세포독성을 증가시켰다. 또한, RNEE는 tyrosinase 활성과 DOPA-oxidation 실험 결과에서 멜라닌 합성을 증가시켰다. RNEE는 살아있는 세포에서 L-DOPA에 의한 유발되는 melanin생성 촉진 효과는 없는 것으로 나타났으나, 과산화수소를 처리하여 melanin 생성을 감소시킨 대조군과 비교시 과산화수소 전처리 후 RNEE를 처리한 군에서는 melanin 생성 촉진 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 뿐만 아니라 RNEE는 tyrosinase related protein-2 (TRP-2)의 발현을 증가시키는 것으로 나타났으며, tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1)의 단백질발현도 대조군과 비교시 $16{\mu}g/ml$의 농도에서 증가되는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 superoxide anion을 과산화수소로 변환시키는 SOD-3의 발현을 조사한 결과 $16{\mu}g/ml$ 이상의 농도에서 대조군과 양성 대조군인 ${\alpha}$-MSH보다 단백질 발현이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로, 이상의 결과는 서목태가 흑모와 관련 있는 멜라닌 생성을 촉진하는 기능적인 잠재성을 가지고 있다는 것을 암시한다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제40권1호
• /
• pp.37-46
• /
• 2011

22종의 고구마에 대한 총 페놀함량 및 항돌연변이원성을 평가하였다. 17종의 비자색고구마 중 수, 하얀미, 신황미 품종의 총 페놀함량이 21.4, 21.5, $20.3{\mu}g$(GEA/g dried sweet potato)으로 가장 높았으며, 맛나미와 연황미 품종에서 4.6과 $4.8{\mu}g$으로 가장 낮았다. 5종의 자색고구마에서 총 페놀함량은 자미 품종이 $128.3{\mu}g$으로 가장 높았으나, 신자미 품종에서 $44.9{\mu}g$으로 가장 낮았다. 1-NP, daunomycin, Trp-P-1, Trp-P-2, 2-AA에 의해 돌연변이가 유도된 S. Typhimurium TA 98과 1-NP에 의해 돌연변이가 유도된 S. Typhimurium TA 100에 있어서 돌연변이 억제효과는 고구마 메탄올 추출물은 대체적으로 효과적이었으며, 자색고구마에 있어서는 자미와 아야무라사키 품종에서 높았다. 총 페놀함량이 많은 자색고구마는 2-AA에 대해서만 높은 돌연변이 억제효과를 나타내었을 뿐 1-NP, daunomycin, Trp-P-1, Trp-P-2에 대해서는 비자색고구마와 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 자색고구마 품종 간에 있어서는 총 페놀함량이 많을수록 돌연변이 억제효과가 높았다. 고구마의 품종별 항돌연변이 효과는 총 페놀 함량보다는 사용된 돌연변이원 및 균주에 따라 좌우되는 경향이었다.

• 공업화학
• /
• 제25권5호
• /
• pp.468-473
• /
• 2014

황칠나무는 한국의 남부 해안 및 제주도 등에서 자생하는 식물이다. 본 연구에서는 황칠나무 잎 추출물의 미백 활성의 원인을 규명하고자 연구를 수행하였다. ${\alpha}$-MSH로 자극된 B16 melanoma 세포에 대한 추출물의 멜라닌 생합성 저해 활성을 측정하였다. 추출물은 25 및 $50{\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서 유의적으로 멜라닌 함량을 감소시켰으며, 세포 내의 tyrosinase 활성뿐만 아니라 tyrosinase와 TRP-2의 단백질 발현도 상당히 저해하였다. 결과적으로, 황칠나무 잎 추출물은 세포 내의 tyrosinase활성과 멜라닌 생합성에 직접적으로 관련된 효소의 발현을 저해함으로써 미백효과를 나타내었다. 본 연구 결과는 황칠나무 잎 추출물이 새로운 미백 화장품의 원료로써 이용 가능함을 시사한다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.364-373
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the body composition, biochemical parameters, and consumption of convenience foods according to ${\beta}$-3 adrenergic receptor polymorphism in university students. A survey was conducted on a total of 486 students - 189 males and 297 females. Based on a self-reporting method, questionnaires were administered for over 20 minutes, and ${\beta}$-3 adrenergic receptor and blood samples were also analyzed. The genotype frequencies of ${\beta}$-3 adrenergic receptor polymorphism were Trp/Trp homozygote (73.0%) and Trp/Arg heterozygote (27.0%) in male students. For the female students, the distribution of genotypes was Trp/Trp (71.0%) and Trp/Arg (29.0%). There were no differences according to biochemical parameters (ALT, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and hemoglobin) or body composition. Males with TT genotype frequently ate Ramyon (2.40${\pm}$0.52), Cup Ramyon (2.37${\pm}$0.39), Kimchi (2.23${\pm}$0.61), and frozen meat (2.00${\pm}$0.44), whereas males with TA genotype ate Fries (frozen food) (1.90${\pm}$0.79), Smoked meat (1.67${\pm}$0.81), and Canned fruit (1.64${\pm}$0.81). Females with TT genotype frequently ate Frozen fries (2.21${\pm}$0.35), Kimbab (2.12${\pm}$0.44), and Ramyon (1.85${\pm}$0.40), whereas females with TA genotype frequently ate Kimchi (1.73${\pm}$0.98), Fries (frozen food) (1.46${\pm}$0.26), and Cup Ramyon (1.30${\pm}$0.34). When questioned about satisfaction about body shape, 22.8 and 60.8% of those with TT genotype answered that they were 'satisfied' or needed to 'lose weight', respectively, whereas 18.0 and 63.9% of those with TA genotype answered that they were 'satisfied' or needed to 'lose weight', respectively. In conclusion, this study found no significant effects in terms of ${\beta}$-3 adrenergic receptor polymorphism, which suggests that health-promoting education needs to be developed so that university students appropriately recognize their bodies and control their weight in desirable ways. Therefore, it is necessary to educate individuals with TT genotype how to buy reasonable foods by understanding the interrelationship between convenience foods and health care and by checking the nutrition index labels on convenience foods. Thus, it is recommended that a health-promoting program be developed for the promotion of healthy lifestyles.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
• /
• 제39권1호
• /
• pp.37-42
• /
• 2011

계룡산 지역에서 토양시료를 채취하여 항생제 다제내성균을 효과적으로 제어할 수 있는 항생물질 생산균주를 분리, 탐색하는 과정에서 Streptomyces sp. KH223균주를 선별하였다. 분리균주의 생화학적 특징과 16S ribosomal DNA 유전자 염기서열 분석 결과, 분리균주가 Streptomyces galbus에 속함이 확인되었다. 분리균주의 배양 상등액은 49종의 Acinetobacter baumannii 외 다양한 세균과 진균 등에 항균 활성을 가지고 있었으며 특히 분리균주의 부탄올, 에틸아세테이트 분획물은 10여종의 A. baumannii에 최소생육저해농도 범위 0.8 ${\mu}g$/mL에서 5.0 ${\mu}g$/mL 으로 강한 항균력을 보였으며 기 분리된 cyclo(trp-trp)의 최소생육저해농도 범위 12.5 ${\mu}g$/mL 보다도 강한 항균활성을 나타내었다. 또한 각각의 유기용매 분획물과 cyclo(trp-trp)은 Candida albicans IFO 6258, Bacillus subtilis IAM 1069, Micrococcus luteus JCM 1464, Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642, Streptomyces murinus JCM 4333 등 5종의 세균과 진균에 대해 2.5 ${\mu}g$/mL에서 50 ${\mu}g$/mL 범위의 비교적 강한 항균력을 나타내었다. 본 실험을 통하여 얻은 결과는 분리균주의 유용성과 앞으로 추가적인 정제, 물질동정 실험을 통하여 새로운 항생물질을 탐색하는 기초를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한본초학회지
• /
• 제32권3호
• /
• pp.71-78
• /
• 2017

Objectives : The various grape extracts derived from grape pulp, seed and skin, containing various types of polyphenols and flavonoids, have been known to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and improve cardiovascular condition as well as sun's damaging effects. However, there have been rare reports of various beneficial effects of grape fruit stem extract (GFSE), one of the waste products of grapes. We investigated anti-inflammatory and melanogenesis inhibitory effects of GFSE. Methods : One-hundred gram of grape fruit stem was extracted with 80% ethanol at room temperature for 3 days. After filtration, the ethanol was removed using vacuum evaporator, then lyophilized to obtain the dry extract which was stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ until used. NO levels were measured by using Greiss reagent. Prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production was measured by ELISA assay. The expression levels of iNOS, COX-2, TRP-1 and TRP-2 were evaluated by western blot analysis. Results : GFSE reduced the level of nitric oxide and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production in a dose-dependent manner, compared to control. Expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein were also effectively inhibited by the GFSE. In a tyrosinase inhibitory activity, GFSE significantly reduced the tyrosinase activity and melanin content in a dose dependent manner, compared to control. GFSE also decreased the expression of tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1) and tyrosinase related protein-2 (TRP-2), known as a melanocyte-specific gene product involved in melanin synthesis. Conclusions : Therefore, these results indicated that GFSE had powerful anti-inflammatory and anti-melanogenic effects.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.203-211
• /
• 2022

Melanogenesis is the production of melanin from tyrosine by a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, in which tyrosinase and DOPA oxidase play key roles. The melanin content in the skin determines skin pigmentation. Abnormalities in skin pigmentation lead to various skin pigmentation disorders. Recent research has shown that the expression of EMP2 is much lower in melanoma than in normal melanocytes, but its role in melanogenesis has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the role of EMP2 in the melanogenesis of MNT1 human melanoma cells. We examined TRP-1, TRP-2, and TYR expression levels during melanogenesis in MNT1 melanoma cells by gene silencing of EMP2. Western blot and RT-PCR results confirmed that the expression levels of TYR and TRP-2 were decreased when EMP2 expression was knocked down by EMP2 siRNA in MNT1 cells, and these changes were reversed when EMP2 was overexpressed. We verified the EMP2 gene was knocked out of the cell line (EMP2 CRISPR/Cas9) by using a CRISPR/Cas9 system and found that the expression levels of TRP-2 and TYR were significantly lower in the EMP2 CRISPR/Cas9 cell lines. Loss of EMP2 also reduced migration and invasion of MNT1 melanoma cells. In addition, the melanosome transfer from the melanocytes to keratinocytes in the EMP2 KO cells cocultured with keratinocytes was reduced compared to the cells in the control coculture group. In conclusion, these results suggest that EMP2 is involved in melanogenesis via the regulation of TRP-2 expression.