• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2012

As nanotechnology is a key industry, there is growing concern relating to the potential risk of nanoparticles. They are known to be released into the environment via various exposure routes. When nanoparticles are present in water environments, they are supposed to be illuminated by ultraviolet light, and the ecotoxicity of photoactive nanoparticles may be changed. In this study, a review of the ecotoxicity of photoactive nanoparticles, including the mechanisms of phototoxicity, are presented. In order to address this issue, studies on the ecotoxicity to soil and water organisms exposed to photoactive nanoparticles were investigated. The photoactive nanoparticles chosen for this study were zinc oxide, titanium dioxide and fullerene. Microorganisms, nematode, earthworm, algae and fish, etc., were chosen to assess the toxicity of nanoparticles using diverse methods. However, studies on the phototoxicity potentially induced by nanoparticles on UV illumination have been reviewed in only 8 studies. From a few studies, photoactive nanoparticles have shown high dissolution rates under UV conditions, with the released ions observed to profoundly influence test organisms. In addition, NPs exposed to UV produced reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS can induce oxidative stress in exposed organisms. Evidence of phototoxicity by nanoparticles were found based on previous studies.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.198-206
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• 2003

To assess potential risk of the benzimidazole fungicides, their cytotoxicities were evaluated. Activities of LDH(Lactic dehydrogenase) in the culture fluid of CHL(chinese hamster lung) fiberoblast cell treated with 4.0, 16.0 or $32.0{\mu}g/mL$ of carbendazim for 24 hours were elevated 2.16, 2.94 and 2.64 folds compared to the control, respectively. DNA synthesis was inhibited by 45% at $2.0{\mu}g/mL$ of carbendazim. Benzimidazole fungicides showed high toxicity to cell and mitochondria of CHL cell by Giemsa and MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. $IC_{50}$ by the Giemsa assay of thiophanate-methyl, benomyl, carbendazim and captafol were over 125, 1.2, 30.0 and $0.3{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. $IC_{50}$ by the MTT assay of thiophanate-methyl, benomyl, carbendazim and captafol were over 125, 18.7, 20.4 and $2.6{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Inhibitory concentration of cell median proliferation by SRB (sulforhodamin B) assay for thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim, benomyl, and captafol were 17.4, 5.3, 1.5 and $0.5{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Accordingly, benzimidazole fungicides inhibited DNA synthesis, mitochondrial function, cell proliferation and induced cell necrosis.

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
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• v.33 no.53
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• pp.298.1-298.10
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• 2018

Background: The renal function of individuals is one of the reasons for the variations in therapeutic response to various drugs. Patients with renal impairment are often exposed to drug toxicity, even with drugs that are usually eliminated by hepatic metabolism. Previous study has reported an increased plasma concentration of indoxyl sulfate and decreased plasma concentration of $4{\beta}$-hydroxy (OH)-cholesterol in stable kidney transplant recipients, implicating indoxyl sulfate as a cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibiting factor. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of renal impairment severity-dependent accumulation of indoxyl sulfate on hepatic CYP3A activity using metabolic markers. Methods: Sixty-six subjects were enrolled in this study; based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), they were classified as having mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment. The plasma concentration of indoxyl sulfate was quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Urinary and plasma markers ($6{\beta}$-OH-cortisol/cortisol, $6{\beta}$-OH-cortisone/cortisone, $4{\beta}$-OH-cholesterol) for hepatic CYP3A activity were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total plasma concentration of cholesterol was measured using the enzymatic colorimetric assay to calculate the $4{\beta}$-OH-cholesterol/cholesterol ratio. The correlation between variables was assessed using Pearson's correlation test. Results: There was a significant negative correlation between MDRD eGFR and indoxyl sulfate levels. The levels of urinary $6{\beta}$-OH-cortisol/cortisol and $6{\beta}$-OH-cortisone/cortisone as well as plasma $4{\beta}$-OH-cholesterol and $4{\beta}$-OH-cholesterol/cholesterol were not correlated with MDRD eGFR and the plasma concentration of indoxyl sulfate. Conclusion: Hepatic CYP3A activity may not be affected by renal impairment-induced accumulation of plasma indoxyl sulfate.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.251-263
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• 2011

In order to investigate treatment effects of limestone and steel refining slag for paddy soils contaminated with arsenic and heavy metals, a lab-column test was carried out under reducing environments of flooded paddy soils. In conditions of the flooded paddy soils, at the point of time when iron and manganese were reduced and leached rapidly, heavy metals also leached rapidly, and some leachate samples from an untreated soil exceeded regulatory standards. On the contrary, all samples from soils treated with limestone 5% and steel refining slag 5% respectively were below the regulatory standards, showing much lower heavy metal concentrations than in the untreated soil. Arsenic increased continuously during the observation period according to its typical characteristics, and along with decreasing redox potential, arsenic was expected to leach as $H_3AsO_3$-of form $A^{3+}$ with high mobility and strong toxicity. Limestone and steel refining slag showed high treatment effects against heavy metals present in soil and steel refining slag especially showed the high treatment effects against arsenic.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 2009

This study aims to verify for humans the suitability of the enzyme-fixed hydrogel used for the patch sensor of the blood sugar testing system without blood sampling, which utilizes reverse iontophoresis. Using acrylate monomers, hydrogel was synthesized to which a certain unit of enzyme is fixed. In order to analyze the material property of the synthesized hydrogel, a structural analysis was performed using FT-IR spectroscopy, while the DSC was used to verify the thermal stability. In addition, with the UV-Vis spectrophotometer, it was verified that the degree of active enzyme is at least 50% greater than the standard product. The SEM was used to verify secure fixation of the enzyme onto the surface. As a result, it was observed that the enzyme is successfully fixed to the surface. Since the hydrogel makes direct contact with a patient's skin, it is essential to evaluate the toxicity when making direct contact with the skin. For that purpose, various sets of tests were undertaken according to the ISO 10993-cytotoxicity, intracutaneous reactivity, skin irritation test and maximization sensitization. Consequently, it was successfully verified that the enzyme-fixed hydrogel have bioavailability.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.239-252
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• 2021

Objectives : This study is to effect of improving muscle atrophy through water extract on the solid-phase fermentation extraction with Phellinus linteus of discarded Schisandra chinensis in an atorvastatin-induced atrophy C2C12 cell. Methods : C2C12 myoblast were differentiated into myotube by 2% horse serum medium for 6 days, and then treated solid-phase fermentation(S-P) extract at different concentrations for 24h. To investigate the effect of S-P extract on the induction of muscle atrophy and expression of atrophy-related genes and apoptosis in differentiated C2C12 myotubes using a GSH, ROS, real-time PCR, western blots analysis. Results : As a result of treatment with atorvastatin at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 uM on the 6th day of differentiation in C2C12 myotube cells, it was confirmed that the cell morphology was damaged in a concentration-dependent manner, and the length and thickness of the myotube also decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment with S-P extract (50, 100 and 200 ㎍/㎖) increased of GSH and inhibited ROS in the atorvastatin-induced muscle atrophy cell model at a concentration that did not induce toxicity. In addition, it was confirmed that it has an effect on muscle reduction by inhibiting apoptosis of muscle cells as well as being involved in protein production and degradation of muscle cells. Conclusions : Atorvastatin-induced atrophy C2C12 cell, S-P extract activates related to differentiation/generation and proteolysis, and inhibits cell death of atrophy in C2C12 cell. Based on this, it is necessary to prove its effectiveness through animal models and human application test, but it is considered to be discarded Schisandra chinensis can present the potential for development as a recycling industrial material.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.435-444
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• 2019

In this study, two types of nonionic saccharide biosurfactants, GP-6 and GP-7, were prepared from coconut oil and the structure of resulting products was investigated by FT-IR, $^1H-NMR$ and $^{13}C-NMR$ spectrophotometer. The interfacial properties of GP-6 and GP-7 were found to be excellent from interfacial property measurements such as critical micelle concentration, static and dynamic surface tensions, interfacial tension, emulsification power, wetting property and foam stability. Detergency test evaluated by using a Terg-o-tometer showed moderately good detergency compared to that of conventional surfactants used in detergent formulations. Biodegradability, acute oral toxicity, acute dermal irritation and acute eye irritation tests revealed that both surfactants possess excellent mildness and superior environmental compatibility indicating the potential applicability to detergent products formulations. In particular, GP-6 can be considered as a strong candidate in detergent formulations since it is more surface active, mild and readily biodegradable than GP-7.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.437-445
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• 2018

In this study, we analyzed two components, sulforaphane and PF-3758309 to prove that the mixed composition of them has more effective antioxidant and whitening functions compared to each component. We analyzed the cellular toxicity of each component and also the mixed composition to find the safe concentration level for cell viability. From the single component treatment, we discovered that sulforaphane was safe up to $10{\mu}M$, and PF-3758309 up to 100 nM. Combination treatment of $10{\mu}M$ sulforaphane and 1 nM PF-3758309 did not affect the cell viability. The LPS-stimulated NO generation was significantly reduced by the mixed composition of sulforaphane and PF-3758309. Melanogenesis by ${\alpha}$-melanocyte stimulating hormone (${\alpha}$-MSH) was also inhibited by the mixed composition. In order to confirm the possibility as the cosmetic material, we carried out clinical studies for the mixed composition samples. Skin safety evaluation using patch test was judged to be unstimulated, skin whitening effect was increased, and melanin deposition was suppressed by treatment of mixed composition samples. These results provide us with the opportunity for applying it into the development of new functional cosmetics.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.25-31
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• 2011

In this study, the experimental design methodology was applied to optimize 1,4-dioxane treatment in E-beam process. Main factor was mathematically described as a function of parameters 1,4-dioxane removal efficiencies(%), TOC removal efficiencies(%) modeled by the use of the central composite design(CCD) method among the response surface methodology(RSM). Concentration of 1,4-dioxane is designated as "$x_1$" and Irradiation intensity is designated as "$x_2$". The regression equation in coded unit between the 1,4-dioxane concentration and removal efficiencies(%) was $y=71.00-10.85x_1+20.67x_2+{1.53x_1}^2-{7.92x_2}^2-1.23x_1x_2$. The regression equation in coded unit between the 1,4-dioxane concentration and TOC removal efficiencies(%) was $y=44.48-13.25x_1+9.54x_2+{5.43x_1}^2-{1.35x_2}^2+4.45x_1x_2$. The model predictions agreed well with the experimentally observed results $R^2$(Adj) over 90%. Toxicity test using algae Pseudokirchneriella Subcapitata showed that the inhibition was reduced according to increasing an E-beam irradiation.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.567-573
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• 2020

The persimmon is commonly cultivated in temperate regions of the world, including China, Korea, Japan, Brazil, Turkey, and Italy. In some Asian cultures, consumers are aware of the health claims related to the persimmon and its functional ingredients. The rich phytochemistry of the persimmon has opened new avenues of research on diet-based regimens designed to cure various ailments. This study was conducted to identify the genotoxicity of immature green persimmon (Diospyros kaki THUNB.) extract (DKA). The bacterial reverse mutation assay, the chromosomal aberration assay, and the mammalian micronucleus test were performed to determine the DKA genotoxicity. The result of the bacterial reverse mutation assay revealed that the DKA did not induce mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA with or without metabolic activation of S9 mixture. The oral administration of DKA also caused no significant increase in the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes or in the mean ratio of polychromatic to total erythrocytes. In addition, DKA did not cause a significant chromosome aberration on CHL cells in the presence or absence of S9 activation. In conclusion, DKA could be considered as a reliable and safe functional food since no toxicity was found under the condition of this study.