• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.117-128
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• 2019

The necessity of the Toi-Maru has increased greatly in order to enter to the building or to move conveniently in the building after the mid-Joseon period, when the combination of On-dol Ma-ru began to be universally used. According to this process, the 3-Dori type upper structure is thought to have undergone the typological changed by securing a more stable space of Toi-Maru In cases where a relatively large girder was used, it is often the case that the space is divided using a pillar to place a Toi-Maru on the front. However, it is difficult to find a case where the width of the Toi-Maru exceeds 1meter due to its structural limit. The type that made additional Toi-girder to overcome the spatial constraint of this structure and replaced the method of former typology after Mid-Jpseon period. In case of 5-Dori type, Toi-Maru installed in between high post and Toi post in early period. In these type, the width of Toi-Maru was subordinated by the location of milled Dori of roof structure and sometimes it became too excessive. 5-Dori type with Pyon-ju occurred to overcome these restriction between the width of Toi-Maru and the location of milled Dori of roof structure. Not a few remains of Mid-Jpseon period keeping the evidences of changing process of roof structure provoked by Toi-Maru installation. The consistent process of Toi-Maru installation and structural adjustment will be focused to consider the attempt to spatial requirement and architectural reaction in Mid-Joseon perid.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.31-38
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• 2023

Most of the changes found on the toi-maru of the Sang-chun-heon Historic House indicate that the upper structure of the toi-maru of the late Joseon Dynasty houses where toi-bo was installed was not completed in an instant. Toi-maru with stud is especially typical in 3-Dori type Structure, and can be found in many historic houses in Yang-dong Village, where the many 3-Dori type Structure is located. This type can be interpreted as the intermediate type that began at the eaves was settled as a toi-maru with a separate toi-bo. It seems that the toi-maru in front of the on-dol room at the time of the construction of the Sang-chun-heon historic house would not have been the same as it is now. The members dividing the on-dol room, the walls, and the various incomplete appearances seen in the window composition can be construed as traces of the change. The fact that all three types of houses that occurred during the spread of toi-maru after the mid-Joseon Dynasty can be examined can be added to the existing evaluation of cultural property houses in Yang-dong Village.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.19-28
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• 2018

This study investigated the basic data of architectural design about framework dimensions inherent in a folk house of Yeosu city generally and systematically. We investigated the common dimensions of framework constitution for folk house (main building) seen a lot in Yeosu city. Most of the folk houses in Yeosu city were common people houses built from the end of 19th century to the 1960s and have maintained the same style for a long time. As a result of the study, common dimensions were calculated in two ways. One is Front toi/3ryang house and the other is Front/back toi/2kozu5ryang house. Front/back toi house was large in the case of full width, total height, and member thickness but, width of the front kan is no big difference. In other words, the scale of Front toi house and Front/back toi house is difference only in the rest except front kan (width). Among calculated common dimensions, the front kan of Front toi house and Front/back toi house in the plan, the kitchen is the widest, and the size is the same at 8.7 chucks degree. The next became small little by little in order of room 1(main room), room 2(center room), room 3(end room). As a result, the size of the room 3 of Front toi house reaches 7.7 chucks, and room 3 of Front/back toi house reaches 8.0 chucks. In the section dimensions, pillar height is in sum of floor height and pillar core height, Front toi house is 7.9 chucks, and Front/back toi house is 8.2 chucks. The investigation of basic data of architectural design is not only makes possible to grasp specific and simple to three-dimensional universal aspect on framework dimensions, but also documentation of folk house design know-how is done, and the architectural design standards of Korean folk house is written in the contents according to the area.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.67-75
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• 2017

This paper overall and systematically investigates of basic design know-how on commonly indwelling timber framework in a folk house in Yeosu area. in other words, Setting the goal of 'investigates of common form of timber framework', and for this goal, surveyed and analyzed for folk house a lot of findable in Yeosu area. As a result, elicits for four types plural common form((1) 4 front 'kan' - a hipped roof construction - front 'toi'/3 'ryang' - no central pillar/side beam type, (2) 4 front 'kan' - a hipped roof construction - front 'toi'/3 'ryang' - one side central pillar/central side beam type, (3) 4 front 'kan' - a hipped roof construction - front/back 'toi'/2'kozu'5'ryang' - no central pillar/side beam type, (4) 4 front 'kan' - a hipped roof construction - front/back 'toi'/'2kozu'5'ryang' - one side central pillar/central side beam type). Common form is at that time, so commonly located in the head of the technician that a form that play an exemplary role in design, or it is concretely assumed for commonly aimed form. in other words, Common form is come into existence on premise for basic design data. Documentation of folk house design know-how is done through this, and the base design and specification of korean private house is written in the contents divided into by areas.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.79-88
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze the plan type of excavation remains during the Mid to Late Joseon period around Jong-ro area in Seoul. 523 building remains were selected in accordance with plan type could identified through the excavation investigation report. Among these, 276 building remains were verified to the $15-16^{th}$, 145 and 102 building were verified to the 17-18th and the $19^{th}$ century. By classifying excavation remains, four dominant plan type of the each century came out. First, -shape was the most common plan type took nearly 50 percent. In a considerable proportion of cases, this plan type seems an annex of main building. However, -shape plan type also seemed to be used for main building in some cases. ㄱ and ㄷshape plan type took the second and the third. In most cases, these types seemed typical plan used for a main housing building. For the last, ㅁshape plan type identified the most unusual. This plan type merely took under five percent but, these cases are meaningful because it shows the plan alteration from ㄷshape to ㅁshape plan type. Existence proportion between each plan types of the $15-16^{th}$ century were continued to the $18-19^{th}$century without small changes between -and ㄱ types in $17-18^h$ century. By examining selected excavation remains, installing front Toi space on ㄱ, ㄷ and ㅁshape plan type stand out clearly compared with -shape plan type. From this tendency, it could be considered that plan type became a significant factor influenced installing Toi space. Similar to periodical tendency of plan type was not changed dramatically, the rate of installing Toi space in the $15-16^{th}$ century was not changed much until the $18-19^{th}$ century. It also shows the close relation between plan type and installing Toi space. In some excavation remains, floor type in the $15-16^{th}$ century also verified. There are some points of similarities on installing typical location of On-dol, Ma-ru and Bu-eok in these excavation remains with later period housing type such as Ut-Bang-Gguk-Oem-Jib and Ddeul-Jib.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.317-324
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• 2007

The application of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and fiber tractography to Wallerian degeneration (WD) is important because this technique is a very potent tools for quantitatively evaluating fiber tracts in vivo brain. We analyzed a case and control using tracts of interest (TOI) analysis to quantify WD. We scanned a case of old infarction and an age-matched healthy volunteer. T1 magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo (MPRAGE), fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and 12-direction diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were obtained and analyzed using TOI analysis. The value of mean diffusity ($D_{av}$) and fracional anisotrophy (FA) were analyzed statistically by MWU test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. A comparison of the global fiber diffusion characteristics shows WD of both the corpus callosum and the ipsilateral superior longitudinal fasciculus. The corpus callosum in particular showed trans-hemispherical degeneration. Local fiber characteristics along the geodesic paths show WD in the corpus callosum, ipsilateral superior longitudinal fasciculus, ipsilateral corticospinal tract, and ipsilateral corticothalamic tract. We have demonstrated changes in $D_{av}$ and FA values and a clear correspondence with the WD in various tracts. TOI analysis successfully revealed radial WD in white matter tracts from a region of encephalomalacia and primary gliosis, although they were only slightly affected.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.7-15
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• 2024

The composition of the upper structure, which can be found in the 3-Dori type buildings in Yang-dong Village, varies significantly from time to time. The upper structure of the Gwan-ga-jeong, known as a house in the mid-Joseon Dynasty, consists of a basic 3-Dori type structure in which a beam is placed under 3-Dori and supported with two flat columns. On the other hand, the upper structure of I-hyang-jeong historic house, built in the 17th century, is different in that it has a stud between the two flat columns. The upper structure of Sa-ho-dang historic house, a 19th-century building is different from the upper structure of the buildings of the previous period in that three flat columns were used. As such, the difference in the composition method of the upper structure according to the construction period is closely related to the introduction of the Toi-maru, which is mainly explained by the boundary space. In addition, it can be expected that the introduction of the Toi-maru originated from the influence of the change in the plan. This study was conducted to examine the correlation between the plan and the composition of the boundary space through various typology of the 3-Dori upper structure distributed intensively in Yang-dong Village.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.57-62
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• 2008

Most of all the Korean home use a wallpaper as a decoration and finishing of interior. One of the fire spread factor in a house is a combustion of wall paper. There were some research concerning oxygen index in a ambient temperature. The purpose of this study is to investigate the difference of oxygen index of a wallpaper between ambient and high temperature and a effect on the fire spreading. Based on the result, the difference of oxygen index between ambient temperature and high temperature showed $5{\sim}8%$. Difference of 0.1% of oxygen index show big differences in combustion length of sample. Therefore, it was found that the decrease of oxygen index at elevated temperature is a important factor in fire spread.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.43-50
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• 2024

In-beop-dang (因法堂) is a building type that can confirm the complex space composition of the hermitage in the late Joseon Period, which is designed to accommodate various functions such as Buddhist priesthood, living spaces, and auditoriums. These facts have been confirmed mainly through plan analysis in many previous researches. However, such a plan composition has the potential to lead to more in-depth research when dealt with consideration of the Korean traditional wooden structure. In particular, the composition of upper structure in In-beop-dang with Toi-maru in front of the On-dol room can be considered from the perspective of structural response to wooden architecture in the Joseon period after the introduction of Toi-maru. Based on the achievements of these prior studies, this paper was conducted to examine the compositional characteristics, including the upper structure of the Wha-jang-am (華藏庵) In-beop-dang. In order to examine the universal aspects of structural type changes to cope with the complex spatial composition of the In-beop-dang, the cases of an in-mountain hermitage of Kim Nyong-sa(金龍寺) Temple, Geum-seon-dae (金仙臺), Yang-jin-am (養眞庵), and Dae-sung-am (大成庵).

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.14 no.1 s.41
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• pp.71-87
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• 2005

4 royal palaces are currently remained from capital city (Seoul) of 'Cho-Sun(朝鮮)' period. In these palaces, 'Main hall of Royal Palace(正殿)' is the center of the Royal Palaces. The 'Main hall of Royal Palace' of the Royal Palace was the best building of that time. Therefore there were many studies about the 'Main hall of Royal Palace'. But these studies were individual studies of these 'Main hall of Royal Palace'. Therefore, this study is to analyze and compare 4 'Main hall of Royal Palace' of the Royal palaces. It is to study the proportion regarding the Diameter of the pillar, the Height, the pillar and pillar Interval's Distance, and the arrangement of 'Kong-Po(bracket sets)'. With these studies, it is to prove that the 'Main hall of Royal Palace' is the building which high construction technique of this time is expressed. Result of this study is as followings; First, the proportion of pillar height(H) to its diameter(D) average from H=8.0 to 8.5D. Only the Myeong-Jeong-Jeon omitted the 'Go-Ju(高柱)' in the 'Toi-Kan (退間)' to place Ea-Jwa(御座). Second, Second, the proportion of diameter of the pillar of 'Eoi-Bu-Pyeong-Ju(外部平柱)' and 'Nae-Jin-Go-Ju(內陣高柱)' average D1(Diameter of 'Eoi-Bu-Pyeong-Ju') =0.91D2 (Diameter of 'Nae-Jin-Go-Ju'). In regards to the height, the single floor 'Main hall of Royal Palace' and double floor 'Main hall of Royal Palace' seems to be different. The height proportion of the double floor 'Main hall of royal palace' is H1(Height of 'Eoi-Bu-Pyeong-Ju')=0.34H2(Height of 'Nae-Jin-Go-Ju') and single floor 'Main hall of Royal Palace' has a proportion of H1=0.62H2. Third, in Geun-Jeong-Jeon, with the proportion of height and diameter of the pillar, interval's distance between pillars and diameter, the pillar interval distance and height, of 'Ea-kan(御間)' from the 'Toi-Kan' is different from 'Main hall of Royal Palace'. This is because the structure of 'Toi-Kan' of Geun-Jeong-Jeon is not stable. In order to reinforce this, 'Gui-Go-Ju(隅高柱)' of the Geun-Jeong-Jeon jut out $4{\sim}7%$ more compared to In-Jeong-Jeon. Fourth, when comparing double floor 'Main hall of royal palace' of Geun-Jeong-Jeon and In-Jeong-Jeon, based on distance of 'Eoi-Bu-Pyeong-Ju' and 'Nae-Jin-Go-Ju' of lower level, the 'Sang-Bu-Pyeong-Ju(上部平柱)' of Geun-Jeong-Jeon jut out $4{\sim}7%$ more compared to the In-Jeong-Jeon and also It becomes thicker. Fifth, the arrangement of 'Kong-Po' on the front row of 'Gan(間)' had to do with the change of side 'Gan'. Even though the Geun-Jeong-Jeon and the In-Jeong-Jeon were double floors, the arrangement of the 'Kong-Po' is different because the number of side bay is different.