• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.18
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• pp.7831-7834
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• 2014

Objective: To explore the influence of different ways of blood transfusion on the expression levels of interleukins (IL) and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) inperi-operative patients with esophageal cancer. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent radical operations were selected as study patients and randomly divided into an observation group (treated with autologous blood transfusion) and control group (with homologous blood transfusion). Changes of intra-operative indexes and peri-operative blood indexes, from hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit value (Hct), to levels of inflammatory factors like interleukins-6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) were compared. Results: Operations for patients in both groups were successfully conducted, and no significant differences in mean surgical duration and intra-operative hemorrhage volume, fluid infusion volume and blood transfusion volume were detected (p>0.05). Compared with values before surgery, Hb and Hct levels decreased significantly while white blood cell count (WBC) increased 1, 5 and 7 d after operation (p<0.05, p<0.01). In addition, WBC was apparently higher in observation group than in control group 5 and 7 d after operation (p<0.01). Compared with before surgery, in the observation group, levels of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 had no significant differences after operation (P>0.05), but TNF-${\alpha}$ level increased y (p<0.01), whereas in control group, IL-6 level had no significant difference (p>0.05), IL-8 level decreased obviously (p<0.05), IL-10 level increased markedly first and then decreased gradually as time passed but its level remained elevated (p<0.01), and TNF-${\alpha}$ level increased first and then decreased, and there was no significant difference 7 d after operation (p>0.05). Conclusions: Decreased IL-8 and increased IL-10 levels are two important reasons for immunosuppression after homologous blood transfusion, whereas autologous blood transfusion can alleviate this while increasing the TNF-${\alpha}$ level, which also has potential to improve anti-tumor immunity in the human body.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.1-19
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• 1999

This study was carried out to prove the effect of GMSKOHG on the cytotoxicity of human monocyte, the inhibition for prostaglandins($PGE_2$) and interleukins($IL-l.{\Beta}$), the produce of $TNF-{\alpha}$, and the size of mouse wounded. The result were obtainde as follows : 1. $0.001\%\;and\;0.0005\%$ of GMSKOHG was not showed the cytotoxicity of human monocyte. 2. $0.01\%\;and\;0.005\%$ of GMSKOHG inhibited the production of interleukins($IL-l{\Beta}$) in the human monocyte, but $0.001\%\;and\;0.0005\%$ of GMSKOHG didn't. 3. $0.001\%$ of GMSKOHG inhibited the production of $TNF-{\alpha}$ in the human monocyte. 4. $0.01\$(MeOH 및 EtOH) of GMSKOHG inhibited the production of prostaglandins($PGE_2$) in the human monocyte. 5. Wound healing was not effect.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.315-335
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• 2002

This study was carried out to prove the effects of CBTLC on the $5{\alpha}$-reductase inhibition, the sterilizing power for Propionibactrium acnes, the cytotoxicity of human monocyte, the inhibition for prosta-glandins($PGE_2$), Interleukins(IL-$1{\beta}$) and TNF-${\alpha}$ in inflammation, and the size of Hamster ear sebaceous gland concerned with Acnes. The result were obtained as follows : 1. On the $5{\alpha}$-reductase inhibition of CBTLC in vitro, An undiluted solution of CBTLC was $71{\%}$ inhibition on $5{\alpha}$-reductase and $\frac{1}{10}$ diluted solution of CBTLC was $20{\%}$ inhibition on $5{\alpha}$-reductase. 2. On the sterilizing power for Propionibactrium acnes concerned in Acnes, an undiluted solution and $\frac{1}{10}$ diluted solution of CBTLC formed 12mm clear zone diameters. 3. CBTLC was showed the cytotoxicity of human monocyte in $0.08{\%}$ and $0.12{\%}$ of CBTLC. 4. $0.01{\%}$ and $0.04{\%}$ of CBTLC inhibited the production of prostaglandins($PGE_2$) in the human monocyte stimulated with P. acnes LPS. 5. $0.08{\%}$ and downward of GMHBS inhibited the production of interleukins(lL-$1{\beta}$) in the human monocyte stimulated with P. acnes LPS. 6. $0.08{\%}$ and $0.12{\%}$ of GMHBS inhihited the production of TNF-${\alpha}$ in the human monocyte stimulated with P. acnes LPS. 7. As the antiandrogenic compound, CBTLC was used in hamster ears with topical application. CBTLC was diminished slightly on the size of hamster ears sebaceous gland.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1 s.61
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• pp.134-147
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• 2005

Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Gami-Shengmayuipung-tang on acne. Methods : The effects of Gami-Shengmayuipung-tang (SYTSRG) on acne were measured by the $5\alpha-reductase$ inhibition, the sterilizing power for Propionibactrium acnes, the cytotoxicity of human monocyte, the inhibition for prostaglandins$(PGE_2)$, interleukins $(IL-l\beta)$ and $TNF-\alpha$ in inflammation, and the size of the hamtster ear sebaceous gland related to P. acnes. Results: On the $5\alpha-reductase$ inhibition of SYTSRG in vitro, an undiluted solution of SYTSRG showed $80\%$ inhibition on $5\alpha-reductase$ and 1/10 diluted solution of SYTSRG showed $40\%$ inhibition on $5\alpha-reductase$. On the sterilizing power for Propionibactrium acnes related acne, an undiluted solution and 1/10 diluted solution of SYTSRG formed $12\beta{\AE}$ clear zone diameters. SYTSRG did not show cytotoxicity of human monocyte. Concentrations of $0.01\%\;and\;0.04\%\;and\;0.08\%$ of SYTSRG inhibited the production of prostaglandins $(PGE_2)$ in the human monocyte stimulated with P. acnes LPS. $0.08\%$ and less of SYTSRG inhibited the production of interleukins $(IL-l\beta)$ in the human monocyte stimulated with P. acnes LPS. Concentrations of $0.04\%,\;0.08\%\;and\;0.12\%$ of SYTSRG inhibited the production of $TNF-\alpha$ in the human monocyte stimulated with P. acnes LPS. As the antiandrogenic compound, SYTSRG was used in hamster ears with topical application. SYTSRG diminished the size of the hamster ear sebaceous gland in males, but not in females. Conclusion: The present data suggest that SYTSRG may affect the primary stage of inflammation of acne.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.126-132
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• 2016

Purpose: The aims of this study were to analyze the association between inflammatory cytokine and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and to evaluate treatment outcome and changes of plasma inflammatory cytokine levels after oral appliance therapy. Methods: Twenty-seven subjects who visited Department of Oral Medicine in Seoul National University Dental Hospital were performed nocturnal polysomnography and analyzed plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ levels. Each subject was evaluated with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). The subjects were classified into 12 OSA patients (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] >5) and 15 control (AHI ${\leq}5$) groups. The OSA group was treated with mandibular advancement device (MAD) for 3 months and re-evaluated nocturnal polysomnography and plasma inflammatory cytokine levels. Results: Plasma TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-10, and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in OSA patients compared to controls. Total AHI showed significant positive correlations with plasma IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ levels. Percentage time of $SpO_2$ <90 and lowest $SpO_2$ were significantly correlated with plasma TNF-${\alpha}$ level. ESS showed significant positive correlation with plasma IL-10 level. Total AHI, percentage time of $SpO_2$ <90, lowest $SpO_2$, and mean $SpO_2$ were significantly improved after the MAD therapy. Plasma TNF-${\alpha}$ level was significantly decreased after MAD therapy. Conclusions: We suggest that MAD therapy is an effective treatment modality for patients with OSA and can decrease plasma cytokine level.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.40.1-40.14
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• 2016

Background: Due to the paucity of oceanic resources utilized in the preparation of diets for cultured fish, commercial feed producers have been trying to replace fishmeal (FM) using alternative protein sources such as vegetable protein meals (VMs). One of the main drawbacks of using VMs in fish feed is related to the presence of a variety of anti-nutritional factors, which could trigger an inflammation process in the distal intestine. This reduces the capacity of the enterocytes to absorb nutrients leading to reduced fish growth performances. Methods: We evaluated the mitigating effects of butyrate and taurine used as feed additives on the morphological abnormalities caused by a soybean meal (SBM)-based diet in the distal intestine of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). We used three experimental diets, containing the same low percentage of FM and high percentage of SBM; two diets were supplemented with either 0.2% sodium butyrate or taurine. Histological changes in the intestine of fish were determined by light and transmission electron microscopy. Infiltration of $CD45^+$ leucocytes in the lamina propria and in the submucosa was assessed by immunohistochemistry. We also quantified by One-Step Taqman$^{(R)}$ real-time RT-PCR the messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance of a panel of genes involved in the intestinal mucosa inflammatory response such as $TNF{\alpha}$ (tumor necrosis factor alpha) and interleukins: IL-8, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-10, and IL-6. Results: Fish that received for 2 months the diet with 30% soy protein (16.7% SBM and 12.8% full-fat soy) developed an inflammation in the distal intestine, as confirmed by histological and immunohistochemistry data. The expression of target genes in the intestine was deeply influenced by the type of fish diet. Fish fed with taurine-supplemented diet displayed the lowest number of mRNA copies of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-8, and IL-10 genes in comparison to fish fed with control or butyrate-supplemented diets. Dietary butyrate caused an upregulation of the $TNF{\alpha}$ gene transcription. Among the quantified interleukins, IL-6 was the only one to be not influenced by the diet. Conclusions: Histological and gene expression data suggest that butyrate and taurine could have a role in normalizing the intestinal abnormalities caused by the SBM, but the underling mechanisms of action seem different.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.354-360
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• 2022

This research was designed to evaluate the possible anti-inflammatory effects of Carex scabrifolia Steud. extract using RAW264.7 cells. The assessments of these effects were based on cell viability assay, mRNA expression levels of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and levels of nitric oxide (NO)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂) production. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that treatment with C. scabrifolia Steud. extract decreased the mRNA levels of iNOS, COX2, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα. Furthermore, from the production levels of PGE₂/NO, it can be inferred that C. scabrifolia Steud. extract exhibited anti-inflammatory properties. These results suggest that C. scabrifolia Steud. extract contains anti-inflammatory compound(s), and consequently, that it may have applications as a potent cosmeceutical material.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2007

Background: Mizoribine (MZR) is an imidazole nucleoside isolated from Eupenicillium brefeldianum. MZR is currendy in clinical use for patients who have undergone renal transplantation. Therapeutic efficacy of MZR has also been demonstrated in rheumatoid arthritis and lupus nephritis. MZR has been shown to inhibit the proliferation or lymphocytes by interfering with inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase. Since the exact mechanism by which MZR benefits rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is not clear, we investigated the ability of MZR to direct its immunosuppressive influences on other antigen presenting cells, such as macrophages. Methods: Mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide in the presence of MZR. To elucidate the mechanism of the therapeutic efficacy in chronic inflammatory diseases, we examined the effects of MZR on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2\;(PGE_2)$ in macrophages. Results: MZR dose-dependendy decreased the production of nitric oxide and pro- inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukins $1{\beta}$ (IL-${\beta}$ and IL-6 $PGE_2$. Examination of gene expression levels showed that the anti-inflammatory effect correlated with the down-regulation of inducible nitiric oxide synthase expression, cycloxygenase-2 expression and TNF-${\alpha}$ gene expression. Conclusion: In this work, we resulted whether MZR $(1.25{\sim}10{\mu}g/ml)$ inhibited macrophage activation by inhibiting secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, NO and $PGE_2$. These findings provide an explanation for the therapeutic efficacy of MZR in chronic inflammation-associated diseases.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.39-53
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• 2018

Objectives The aim of this study was to analyze the herbal prescription and composition of the leading experimental studies of herbal medicine extract in arthritis model and to analyze the way of setting model and the way of validating effect of the leading experimental studies of herbal medicine extract in arthritis model. Methods The Subjects were selected by select criteria and exclusion criteria from January 1, 2000 to September 30, 2017. The herbal prescription and composition of the selected subjects were analyzed. The effects and statistical significance of selected studies were verified by comparing the control and treatment groups of frequently used cytokines (tumor necrosis factor $[TNF]-{\alpha}$, interleukin $[IL]-1{\beta}$, IL-6). Results 52 kinds of herbal prescriptions and 118 kinds of individual herbs were used in 64 studies. Among the 52 kinds of herbal prescriptions, Daeganghwal-tang (4 times) was used most frequently. Among the 118 kinds of individual herbs, Glycyrrhizae Radix (49 times), Angelicae Giantis Radix (34 times), Osterici Radix (24 times) were used most frequently in order. The prescription that has the highest $TNF-{\alpha}$ decline is Changchooldoin-tang. The prescription that has the highest $IL-1{\beta}$ decline is Banggibokryeong-tang. The prescription that has the highest IL-6 decline is Gwanjeol8ho-bang. Conclusions Daeganghwal-tang (herbal prescription) and Glycyrrhizae Radix, Angelicae Giantis Radix, Osterici Radix (individual herbs) were used most frequently. The prescriptions that have the highest cytokines decline were Changchooldoin-tang, Banggibokryeong-tang and Gwanjeol8ho-bang.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.270-274
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• 2011

The prevalence of atopic dermatitis has markedly increased in recent years but the mechanism has not been clearly revealed. Recent study exhibited that atopic dermatitis was exacerbated by the increase of proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-2 expression, which activated $I{\kappa}B$ kinase --> nuclear factor kappa B. Therefore, we determined whether the allergens of dust mites induced the expression of PAR-2, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, adehision molecule), interleukins (IL)-6 in HaCaT keratocytes and which herbal 1,3-butylene glycol extracts (Mori Cortex Radicis, Sanguisorba officinalis L., Arctium lappa Linne, Torilis japonica DC, Melia azedarach Linne var. japoinca Makino) suppressed their expression. Dust mite allergen increased PAR-2, ICAM-1 and IL-6 expression in HaCaT cells in a dose-dependent manner up to $3{\mu}g/mL$ but their expression reached the plateau over the dosages. The allergen ($3{\mu}g/mL$) also secreted more cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 into the media. Among five different herbal extracts ($50{\mu}g/mL$), Mori Cortex Radicis and Sanguisorba officinalis L. suppressed the PAR-2, ICAM-1 and IL-6 expression in HaCaT cells, which was activated by dust mite allergen ($3{\mu}g/mL$) and they also reduced the secretion of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 into the media. In conclusion, Mori Cortex Radicis and Sanguisorba officinalis L. can effectively reduce the prevalence and progression of atopic dermatitis by dute mite allergen.