• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.379-386
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• 2016

Four ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (BW $482.9{\pm}8.10kg$), fed low protein TMR (CP 11.7%) as a basal diet, were used to investigate changes in rumen fermentation and blood metabolism according to protein fraction, cornell net carbohydrates and protein system (CNCPS), and enriched feeds. The steers, arranged in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design, consumed TMR only (control), TMR supplemented with rapeseed meal (AB1), soybean meal (B2), and perilla meal (B3C), respectively. The protein feeds were substituted for 23.0% of CP in TMR. Ruminal pH, ammonia-N, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) in rumen digesta, sampled through ruminal cannula at 1 h-interval after the morning feeding, were analyzed. For plasma metabolites analysis, blood was sampled via the jugular vein after the rumen digesta sampling. Different N fraction-enriched protein feeds did not affect (p > 0.05) mean ruminal pH except AB1 being numerically lower 1 - 3 h post-feeding than the other groups. Mean ammonia-N was statistically (p < 0.05) higher for AB1 than for the other groups, but VFA did not differ among the groups. Blood urea nitrogen was statistically (p < 0.05) higher for B2 than for the other groups, which was rather unclear due to relatively low ruminal ammonia-N. This indicates that additional studies on relationships between dietary N fractions and ruminant metabolism according to different levels of CP in a basal diet should be required.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the feeding effects of dietary supplementation of fermented spent mushroom substrates (F-SMS) from Pleurotus eryngii with Bacillus subtilis CS21 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Hanwoo steers. The cellulase and xylanase producing bacteria, designated CS21, was isolated from freshly spent mushroom substrates from Pleurotus eryngii and used as probiotics to fermented spent mushroom substrates. Twenty Hanwoo steers were allocated into two feeding groups and assigned equally to two dietary treatments; Control (TMR) and TMR including 30% F-SMS (30% F-SMS TMR). Total gain and feed intake was significantly greater in the 30% F-SMS TMR than control (p<0.05), but carcass grades were not influenced by the experimental diets. Based on this study, fermented spent mushroom substrates from Pleurotus eryngii with B. subtilis CS21 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae is able to use as an ingredient feed in TMR for Hanwoo steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1133-1139
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate effects of crude protein (CP) levels in total mixed rations (TMR) on growth performance and meat quality in growing Korean black goats. Thirty-six 6-month-old growing black male goats (initial body weight =17.95${\pm}$0.13 kg) were used. The goats were randomly divided into four treatments and 9 animals were allotted to each treatment. In terms of treatments, CP levels in TMR were 14, 16, 18, and 20% of dry matter (DM) and all diets were isocaloric (2.4 Mcal ME/kg DM). The experiment lasted for 20 weeks with a 15-day adaptation period. After the end of the trial, five goats from each treatment were slaughtered to measure carcass characteristics and meat quality. Average daily gain (ADG) significantly (p<0.05) increased as dietary CP levels increased, but the highest ADG was found on the 18% CP treatment. The higher CP levels in TMR significantly (p<0.05) decreased feed conversion ratio, but the lowest ratio was on the 18% CP treatment, suggesting a higher bioavailability of nutrients by balanced energy and protein levels on this treatment. There was no significant difference in dressing percentage among treatments, but there was a tendency for levels more than 16% CP in TMR to have a comparatively higher dressing percentage than the 14% treatment. The percentages of meat, fat and bone were not significantly influenced by dietary CP levels. Dietary CP levels did not influence chemical composition of goat meat. Furthermore, there was no significant difference among treatments in any of the sensory parameters except for tenderness. Tenderness was similar for 18 and 20% treatments, which were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the 14% treatment. The results from this study suggested that an adequate CP level in TMR for achieving optimal growth performance and meat quality of growing Korean black goats might be 18% of DM, and that dietary CP level above 18% seemed not to further increase growth performance and meat quality.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.95-103
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• 2011

Ninety five Hanwoo steers averaging 226kg of body weight were used to investigate the effect of dietary type on feed efficiency, carcass characteristics and economical analysis in Hanwoo feeding over 22 months. Treatments were composed of commercial formula feed (formula feed), TMR and Fermented-TMR (F-TMR). Intakes of dry matter and TDN were greater in the F-TMR than the other treatments during each growing and fattening phase (p<0.05). Although daily body gain of the F-TMR was lowest during the growing phase, but was 48% greater than those of other treatment during the finishing phase (p<0.05). Feed efficiency of the F-TMR was maintained constantly during whole growing and fattening phases. Carcass weight and rib-eye area of the F-TMR were greatest (p<0.05) among treatments. However, meat yield index and the rate of grade A in meat yield were highest in the formula feed having the thinnest back fat. Marbling score was hugely (p<0.05) increased when steers fed F-TMR, and therateofgrade 1+andoverinmeatqualitywas96%intheF-TMR. Although feed cost in the F-TMR was increased by 40% compare to the formula feed, but net income was increased by 29% due to improvement of meat quality and body gain.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.379-386
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• 2012

In this study, the in vitro fermentation parameters of whole crop barley (WCBS-TMR) and Italian ryegrass (IRGS-TMR) silage total mixed rations were compared. A rice straw based diet (RSBD), which was a mixture of rice straw and concentrate (60:40), was used as the control. The feeds were incubated in buffered rumen fluid for 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours at $39^{\circ}C$. At the end of each incubation period the following parameters were determined, total gas, pH, ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N), volatile fatty acids (VFA) and then the acetate to propionate ratio (A/P) was calculated. The dietary treatments did not affect (p>0.05) the overall production of $NH_3$-N, gas, total VFA and all the individual VFA, with the exception of n-butyrate (p<0.001). The treatment diets significantly affected the A/P ratio (p<0.01). The control diet resulted in the lowest A/P ratios, followed by WCBS-TMR and lastly IRGS-TMR had the highest ratios. Gas production was not different between treatments, suggesting a probable similar level of digestibility when treatments are fed to animals. It can therefore be concluded from the present study that WCBS and IRGS are of almost an equivalent nutritional value when incubated in a TMR form. WCBS-TMR however resulted in lower A/P ratios than IRGS-TMR, which is indicative of a more energy efficient diet.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.36.1-36.1
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• 2008

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.111-124
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• 2012

Feeding trial was conducted with 80 Hanwoo steers (7.5 months of age, 204.4 kg body weight) for 680 days from growing period to late fattening period to examine the feeding value of whole crop barley silage TMR (BS-TMR) and whole crop rye silage TMR (RS-TMR) on body gain, feed cost, slaughter characteristics and quality characteristics of $longissimus$ $dorsi$ muscle. Dietary treatments were conventional separate feeding of concentrate and rice straw (control), feeding BS TMR up to middle fattening period and same diet as for control during late fattening period (BS-TMR I), feeding BS-TMR for whole experimental period (BS-TMR II), feeding RS TMR up to middle fattening period and same diet as for control during late fattening period (RS-TMR I) and RS TMR for whole experimental period (RS-TMR II). Sixteen castrated calves were assigned to each treatment (4 pens, 4 heads per pen). Pens in each treatment were randomly distributed. Feeding both BS silage TMR and RS silage TMR slightly increased body gain of Hanwoo steers at the stages of growing and early fattening, and increased (P<0.0001) at middle fattening compared to feeding control diet while control diet tended to increase body gain at late fattening stage compared to feeding BS-TMR I, BS-TMR II and RS-TMR I diets. Total body gain was slightly increased in Hanwoo steers fed both I and II for BS and RS TMR compared to that in control diet. Feed cost per kg gain per head was relatively low in the Hanwoo steers fed silage TMRs to that fed control diet. Carcass weight, back fat thickness and $longissimus$ $dorsi$ area of Hanwoo steers tended to increase but lowered (P<0.047) yield index by feeding silage TMRs. Feeding BS TMR slightly decreased marbling score but no difference was found in the number of head over grade 1 between diets. Control diet tended to improve yield grade compared to silage TMRs. Chemical composition, water holding capacity, drip loss, cooking loss and pH, color and fatty acid composition of $longissimus$ $dorsi$ were not affected by experimental diets and feeding duration of silage TMRs. Shear force, however, was increased (P<0.046) by silage TMRs without difference between them compared to control diet. Based on the results of the current study, BS TMR and RS TMR could improve body gain and reduce feed cost without deteriorating meat quality compared to separate feeding of concentrate and rice straw. Overall feeding value was similar between BS TMR and RS TMR.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.516-519
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing whole crop corn silage (WCCS) with whole crop rice silage (WCRS) in the total mixed ration (TMR) on nutrient intake, milk yield and its composition in Holstein cows. The Chucheong rice variety (Oryza sativa L. Japonica) and corn (Pioneer 32 P75) were harvested at yellow-ripe stage and were ensiled in round bales and in trench silos, respectively. Two TMR containing either WCCS or WCRS were prepared. These diets were randomly assigned to 16 midlactating Holstein cows (8 cows per treatment) and were fed for 120 days. The first 20 days were used for dietary adaptation and for the next 100 days daily feed intake, milk yield and its composition were recorded. The pH, lactic acid, NDF, ADF, CP, Ca and P contents were similar in WCRS and WCCS. The DM, ash and EE contents of WCRS were greater compared with WCCS. Nutrient (DM, NDF, TDN and CP) intakes were similar in cows fed WCCS- and WCRS-based TMR. Daily and 4% fat corrected milk yield were not affected by the treatments. Milk composition (percent milk fat, protein, lactose and total solids) was similar in cows fed either WCCS- or WCRSbased TMR. The concentration of milk urea N was greater in cows fed WCRS-based TMR than those fed WCCS-based TMR. In conclusion, round-baled WCRS can replace WCCS in the diet of mid- to late-lactating Holsteins without any deleterious effects on feed consumption, milk yield and its composition. The present findings raise the possibility that WCRS can be used as an alternative roughage source in the diets of dairy cows in countries with surplus rice production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.659-665
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• 2016

The effects of three different feeding systems on beef cattle production performance, rumen fermentation, and rumen digesta particle structure were investigated by using 18 Limousin (steers) with a similar body weight ($575{\pm}10kg$) in a 80-d experiment. The animals were equally and randomly divided into three treatment groups, namely, total mixed ration group (cattle fed TMR), SI1 group (cattle fed concentrate firstly then roughage), and SI2 group (cattle fed roughage firstly then concentrate). The results showed that the average daily gain was significantly higher in cattle receiving TMR than in those receiving SI1 and SI2 (p<0.05). Consumption per kg weight gain of concentrate, silage, and combined net energy (NEmf) were significantly decreased when cattle received TMR, unlike when they received SI1 and SI2 (p<0.05), indicating that the feed efficiency of TMR was the highest. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was significantly decreased when cattle received TMR compared with that in cattle receiving SI1 (p<0.05), whereas there was no difference compared with that in cattle receiving SI2. Ammonia nitrogen concentration was significantly lower in cattle receiving TMR than in those receiving SI1 and SI2 (p<0.05). The rumen area of cattle that received TMR was significantly larger than that of cattle receiving SI1 (p<0.05), but there was no difference compared with that of cattle receiving SI2. Although there was no significant difference among the three feeding systems in rumen digesta particle distribution, the TMR group trended to have fewer large- and medium-sized particles and more small-sized particles than those in the SI1 and SI2 groups. In conclusion, cattle with dietary TMR showed increased weight gain and ruminal development and decreased BUN. This indicated that TMR feeding was more conducive toward improving the production performance and rumen fermentation of beef cattle.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1258-1264
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• 2009

In this study, effects of feeding Holstein cows with TMR feed, which includes un-dried citrus byproducts, on the nutritional components of their raw milk were investigated. Two kinds of raw milk from primipara cows and multipara cows were used for the experiment: T0 (raw milk produced by dairy cows not fed with TMR feed including citrus byproducts) and T1 (raw milk produced by dairy cows fed with TMR feed including citrus byproducts). For both primipara and multipara cows, there was no statistically meaningful difference between T0 and T1 in terms of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash contents or caloric content. T1 showed a lower amount of cholesterol in raw milk for both primipara and multipara cows, which was especially statistically meaningful in multipara cows (p<0.05). Regarding mineral contents in raw milk, T1 showed significantly higher amounts of Na and S in primipara cows, and Na, Cu, Fe, S in multipara cows, respectively. For both primipara and multipara cows, there were no statistically meaningful differences between T0 and T1 in terms of the total amount of amino acids in the raw milk, the composition of saturated fatty acid/unsaturated fatty acid, vitamin A, E, $B_2$ or $\beta$-carotene, while T1 showed significantly higher levels of vitamin $B_1$ in primipara cows than T0.