• Journal of Life Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.282-288
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• 1997

To obtain a basic information on the development of Genus Viola, ultrastructure and electrofusion process between the two protoplasts from wild Viola callus cells and pansy mesophyll cells were observed with a scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). In the ultrastructural observation of wild viola callus protoplasts and pansy mesophyll protoplasts using SEM, their cell walls were removed completely. A knob-like formation was observed on the enlarge surface of viola callus protoplasts. On the surface of pansy mesophyll protoplasts net-like chloroplasts were observed. In SEM observation of pansy mesophyll protoplasts, chloroplasts devoid of membrane were observed on the surface the protoplasts. Pearl chain was formed by applying AC field of 200 V/cm at 1.0 MHz for 43 sec. The lysis of plasma membranes and fusion process occurred by applying a 1,600 V/cm DC pulse twice for 1 sec. After 1-2 hours of a DC pulse application, it was observed that the two protoplasts were fused completely into one cell. In TEM observation of the fused cell, many small vacuoles were located in the fusion area of the two protoplasts. Indeed, two distinct regions were observed during fusing process; in one region, a nucleus was found, while in the other region, both nucleus and nucleous were found.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.641-645
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• 2003

Spermatogenesis, ultrastructure, and sperm morphology of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) were investigated with TEM and SEM. C. gigas sperm were primitive consisting of a head midpiece and tail. Sperm size (head and midpiece) was about 1.78 ${\mu}m$. Sperm morphology was similar to a sharp of a small water jar with a rough surface. Sperm had both anterior nuclear fossa (anf) and posterior nuclear fossa (pnf). Acrosome forms had a hat-like shape. The axial rod was projected in front of the acrosome. C. gigas sperm had four large mitochondria in the midpiece.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.120-127
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• 2014

The cerebral neurosecretory cells (NSC) constitute four paired groups, medial (MNC), lateral (LNC-I, LNC-II) and posterior (PNC) in the brain of larvae of tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta (D) Eco-race Bhandara. The MNC is the largest groups of peptidergic neurosecretory cells and are located in the pars intercerebralis region. The transmission electron microscopic (TEM), ultrastructure of the NSC confirmed the presence of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes and neurosecretory granules. The median neurosecretory cells shows secretory activity and release of secretory products, the neurosecretory granules (NSG) in the axons of NSC as well as the blood sinus.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2017

Background: Species in the heterokont genus Synura are colonial and have silica scales whose ultrastructural characteristics are used for classification. We examined the ultrastructure of silica scales and molecular data (nuclear SSU rDNA and LSU rDNA, and plastid rbcL sequences) to better understand the taxonomy and phylogeny within the section Petersenianae of genus Synura. In addition, we report the first finding of newly recorded Synura species from Korea. Results: We identified all species by examination of scale ultrastructure using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Three newly recorded species from Korea, Synura americana, Synura conopea, and Synura truttae were described based on morphological characters, such as cell size, scale shape, scale size, keel shape, number of struts, distance between struts, degree of interconnections between struts, size of base plate pores, keel pores, base plate hole, and posterior rim. The scales of the newly recorded species, which belong to the section Petersenianae, have a well-developed keel and a characteristic number of struts on the base plate. We performed molecular phylogenetic analyses based on sequence data from three genes in 32 strains (including three outgroup species). The results provided strong statistical support that the section Petersenianae was monophyletic, and that all taxa within this section had well-developed keels and a defined number of struts on the base plate. Conclusions: The phylogenetic tree based on sequence data of three genes was congruent with the data on scale ultrastructure. The resulting phylogenetic tree strongly supported the existence of the section Petersenianae. In addition, we propose newly recorded Synura species from Korea based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological characters: S. americana, S. conopea, and S. truttae.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 2011

Gill morphology and ultrastructure of the spiny top shell, Batillus cornutus were described using light and electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). The spiny top shell, Batillus cornutus has bipectinate gill. The epithelial layer of gill filament was simple and composed of columnar epithelium, ciliated cell, mitochondria-rich cell and secretory cell. Microvilli were well-developed on the free surface of columnar epithelial cell. The epithelial cells are connected to the neighboring cells with intercelluar junctions at the apico-lateral surface. The cilia and microvilli were commonly observed on the free surface of ciliated cell. Tubular mitochondria appeared in the apical cytoplasm, and connected ciliary rootlet. Mitochondria-rich cells contained a oval-shaped nucleus in the basal area. And majority of cytoplasm was occupied by well-developed mitochondria. Result of AB-PAS (pH 2.5) and AF-AB reaction showed that secretory cells contained mainly acidic carboxylated mucosubstances. Secretory cells are unicellular glands and can be divided into four types (A, B, C and D) depending on the cell shape and ultrastructure of secretory granules.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.9-15
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• 2007

A comparative study of the structure and organization of the primary and secondary walls in different types of tropical plant waste fibers was carried out using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The thickness of each layer was also measured using Image Analyzer. TEM micrographs haveconfirmed that cell wall structure of all six types of tropical plant waste fibers (empty fruit bunch, oil palm frond, oil palm trunk, coir, banana stem and pineapple leaf) has the same ultrastructure with wood fibre. The fibers consisted of middle lamella, primary and thick secondary wall with different thickness for different types of fibers. The secondary wall was differentiated into a $S_1$ layer, a unique multi-lamellae $S_2$ layer, and $S_3$ layer.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.143-149
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• 2007

This study describes spermatogenesis and sperm ultrastructure of the granular ark, Tegillarca granosa using light and electron microscopy. In the active spermatogenic season, the testis comprises many spermatogenic follicles that contain germ cells in different developmental stages. Primary spermatocytes in the pachytene stage are characterized by synaptonemal complexes. The early spermatids are characterized by the appearance of several Golgi bodies, increased karyoplasmic electron density, and tubular mitochondria. The mass of proacrosomal granules consists of numerous heterogeneous granules with high electron density that are about 20 nm in diameter. From the midstage of spermiogenesis, the well-developed mitochondria in the cytoplasm aggregate posterior to the nucleus and surround the proximal and distal centrioles. The proacrosomal granules condense and form a single acrosome with a thin envelope. During late spermiogenesis, the acrosome begins to elongate becoming conical. The sperm is approximately $35.0{\mu}m$ long and consists of a head, midpiece, and tail. The head comprises a round nucleus and a conical acrosome. A micro fibrous axial rod is observed between the nucleus and acrosome. The midpiece has a calyx-like structure with five mitochondria, and the tail, which has the typical "9+2" microtubular system, originates from the distal centriole.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.578-583
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ultrastructural and shear force changes of duck breast and leg meat during aging at $0^{\circ}C$. Pekin ducks (45 d old) purchased from Greemud Co. were used for this experiment, and were stored at $0^{\circ}C$ for 7 d in order to determine the changes of the meat structure using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and shear force. At day 0, A-band, I-band, M-line and Z-line of sarcomeres were seen clearly, but sarcomeres started to lose structure and become extended in length from day 2. With extended aging periods, myofibrils were destroyed and symptoms of aging became more obvious. In the duck breast meat, some myofibrils were also destroyed at the Z-line, but were mainly destroyed at the M-line. The change in structure of duck leg meat over time was similar to that of breast meat. After five days and seven days of aging, mitochondria size and quantity were determined to be increased between the myofibrils. Shear force was decreased over time. From this study, aging at $0^{\circ}C$ was found to negatively influence the ultrastructure and shear force of duck meat.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2006

Mature spermatozoa of dark chub Zacco temmincki (Temminck and Schlegel), were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The spermatozoa have a spherical, homogeneously electron-dense nucleus with an axial nuclear fossa containing two laterally oriented centrioles. The centrioles, which are arranged at about a $120^{\circ}$ angle to each other, have the 9+2 microtubule structure typical of flagella. The mature spermatozoon is of the primitive anacrosomal aquasperm type. The nuclear envelope is strongly undulated and contains nuclear vacuoles of different sizes and positions. The midpiece contains six or more mitochondria and encircles the basal body of the flagellum with an axoneme covered by the plasma membrane. Cytoplasmic vesicles lie between the axonemal doublets and the plasma membrane, and encircle the anterior part of the tail. The plasma membrane of the flagellum extends laterally and forms a pair of side fins. The species showed minor differences in number and structure of mitochondria, the angle between centrioles, and total length and occurrence of the fins. These characters, especially the side fins, appear to be apomorphic and useful for determining phylogenetic relationships at the genus or family level.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.224-231
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• 2003

The null pigmentation mutant (npgA1) of Aspergillus nidulans was previously characterized by its production of no pigment at any stage of its life cycle, its reduction in hyphal branching, and its delay in the asexual spore development. The chemical composition of the cell wall was also altered in npgA1 mutants that became more sensitive to Novozyme 234$\^$TM/, which is possibly due to a structural defect in the cell wall. To investigate the effects of the cell wall structure on these pleiomorphic phenomena, we examined the ultrastructure of the cell wall in the npgA1 mutant (WX17). Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) showed that after being cultured for six days, the outermost layer of the conidial wall of WX17 peeled off. Although this phenotype suggested that the cell wall structure in WX17 may be modified, examination using TEM of the fine structure of cross-sectioned hyphal wall of WX17 did not show any differences from that of FGSC4. However, staining for carbohydrates of wall layers showed that the electron-translucent layer of the cell wall was missing in WX17. In addition, the outermost layer H1 of the hyphal wall was also absent in WX17. The ultrastructural observation and cytochemical analysis of cell walls suggested that the pigmentation defect in WX17 may be attributed to the lack of a layer in the cell wall.