• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.280-285
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• 2018

A new variety of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) named 'Greenmaster4ho' was developed during the cultivation year 2010-2017 at Grassland and Forages Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan, Korea. In order to produce this new variety, 5 superior tall fescue lines including 12XFa07, 12XFa15, 12XFa24, 12XFa46, and 12XFa48 were polycrossed. The new variety Greenmaster4ho was evaluated in field test (Cheonan, Pyeongchang, Jeju, and Jinju) for determining the agronomic growth characteristics and forage production capability during 3 years (2015-2017). The dry matter yield (16,236 kg/ha) of Greenmaster4ho was 5 % higher than Fawn, but the nutritive value as forage crops was not significantly different with Fawn. Development of new tall fescue variety with excellent adaptability to changing unfavorable environment would be useful for forage cultivation and yield in Korean environment.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.286-290
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• 2018

This study was carried on comparison of forage yields and growth of cropping system as forage (winter & summer) in Cheonan 2015~2016. The species of forage crop used were Barley (cv. Youngyang), Sorghum (cv. SX17), Proso millet (domestic) and Japanese millet (cv. Jeju). Plant height is the lowest when harvested in lough stage than in the harvests of all summer crops. The dry matter yield of lough stage was 1,343 kg/10a in barley. Looking at the dry matter according to cropping systems, the sorghum was higher at 10,018 kg when harvested at the lough stage than at the harvest. Dry matter of Proso millet and Japanese millet also had higher at the lough stage than at other harvest times. ADF content of sorghum was lower than that of harvesting, but Proso millet and Japanese millet showed higher ADF content in lough stage. The NDF content of the three crops was higher than that of the harvests, and crude protein content was higher in harvest than that of at lough stage. Total production of crude protein against dry matter yield was about 761 kg when sorghum was harvested at lough stage. There was no difference in the content of TDN among three crops according to harvesting time.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.165-170
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of different storage periods of lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-fermented low moisture fresh rice straw silage. The low moisture fresh rice straw sample was inculcated with LAB and stored for different storage periods such as 45, 90, and 365 days, respectively. The low moisture fresh rice straw (LMFRS) silage inoculated with LAB exhibited reduction in pH throughout the fermentation as compared with the control (P<0.05). The lactic acid content was increased at the late fermentation period (90 and 365 days, respectively) in LAB inoculated LMFRS silage as compared with the control (P<0.05). In contrast, the acetic acid and butyric acid concentrations were slightly reduced in the LAB inoculated LMFRS silage sample at 90 and 365 days fermentation, respectively. Meanwhile, the non-inoculated LMFRS silage showed higher amounts of acetic acid and butyric acid at an extended fermentation with low bacterial population as compared with the LAB inoculated LMFRS silage. However, lactic acid concentration was slightly high in the non-inoculated LMFRS silage at early 45 days fermentation. Additionally, the nutrient profile such as crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and total digestibility nutrients (TDN) were not significantly different in control and LAB inculcated samples during all fermentation. Though, the microbial population was greater in the LAB inoculated LMFRS silage as compared with the control. However, the massive population was noted in the LAB inoculated LMFRS silage during all fermentation. It indicates that the inoculated LAB is the main reason for increasing fermentation quality in the sample through pH reduction by organic acids production. Overall results suggest that the LAB inoculums are the effective strain that could be a suitable for LMFRS silage fermentation at prolonged days.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 2021

Rye (Secale cereal L.) is the most tolerant to abiotic stress including low temperature, drought, and unfavorable soil conditions among the winter cereals. Rye is the rapid growth of early spring results from increasing areas for the use of the forage and green manure in the middle part of Korea. "Jungmo2509", a rye cultivar was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2014. It was developed from a cross between "Olhomil", a self-compatible cultivar, and "Synthetic II", a self-incompatible line. "Jungmo2509" is an erect plant type and of a middle size, with a green leaf color, a yellowish-white colored culm, and a yellowish brown-colored, small-size grain. The heading date of "Jungmo2509" was April 23, which was 5 days later than that of "Gogu", respectively. But "Jungmo2509" showed greater resistance to lodging compared to that of the check cultivar, with similar to winter hardiness, wet injury, and disease resistance. "Jungmo2509" was a higher to than "Gogu" in terms of protein content (9.4% and 8.0%, respectively), total digestible nutrients (TDN) (55.7% and 55%, respectively). The seed productivity of "Jungmo2509" was approximately 2.08 ton 10a-1, which was 11% lower than that of the check. Almost all rye cultivars are out-crossing due to genes controlling incompatibility, but "Jungmo2509" is higher seed fertility (56%) than that of Gogu (0%). it has self-compatible genes. "Jungmo2509" is erect in plant type and resistance for lodging. Therefore, "Jungmo2509" can produce uniform seeds for processed grains of human consumption and utilize them as parents for breeding the rye hybrids with high forage yields.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 2021

'Gwangyoung', a winter forage triticale cultivar (X Triticosecale Wittmack), was developed at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2018. The cultivar 'Gwangyoung' has leaves of wide width, medium length, and green color, and spikes of medium length and yellowish-brown color, and a large grain of yellowish-brown color. The heading date of the cultivar 'Gwangyoung' was April 22 which was similar to check cultivar 'Shinyoung'. Its tolerance or resistance to cold, lodging, wet injury powdery mildew, and leaf rust were also similar to those of the check cultivar. The leaf blade ratio of 'Gwangyoung' (27.5%) was higher than that of 'Shinyoung' (21.2%). The average forage fresh and dry matter yield of cultivar 'Gwangyoung' at milk-ripe stages were 50.0 and 17.6 MT ha-1, respectively, which were higher than those (47.7 and 17.1 MT ha-1) of the check cultivar. The silage quality of 'Gwangyoung' was lower than that of the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' in crude protein content (5.3%) and total digestible nutrients (61.3%), while was higher than the check cultivar in neutral detergent fiber (58.2%) and acid detergent fiber (34.9%). 'Gwangyoung' showed the silage of 1 grade and a grain yield of 6.03 MT ha-1.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.269-277
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• 1995

This experiment was conducted to study on forage utility of native grasses in polderland for salt tolerance plant selection and good feed with collection and evaluation. As the result of investgate, it was carried out feed evaluation, germination physiology and early growth at the different salt content of Puccinellia coreesis Honda and P. nipponica Ohwi from May 1993 to June 1994. Germination physiology of the grasses was light and low temperature favored optimum germination temperature was 1$0^{\circ}C$, germination period was 30 days. Dormancy awakening was needed wet and high temperature condition with 1~3 days storage. Germination rate increased 18.0% of P. coreensis and 39.0% of P. nipponica than those of non treatments. Early growth condition of different salt content was good also at in 1.00% and 0.50% levels of P. coreensis and P. nipponica. Crude protein content was 8.4% at P. coreensis, 7.1% at P. nipponica and 10.3% of Italian ryegrass, and NFE content was arrangement in order of P. coreensis, Italian ryegrass and P. nipponica. TDN content was not different between P. coreensis, P. nipponica and Italian ryegrass. Also P. coreensis and P. nipponica have a good taste for cattle as same as other crops.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.92-92
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• 2022

In preparation for the ever-changing climate and unification of North Korea and South Korea, it is necessary to increase the grain self-sufficiency rate by selecting crops with good utilization in high-altitude regions. The principle is to sow pastures at the end of August. However, sowing occurs in spring because the sowing period is missed when the weather is bad or when the workforce is insufficient. Sometimes when the grassland is completely devastated, it is frequently sowed in spring. In addition, North Korea consists of a high-altitude regions, and has been devastated in a general mountainous region. As a result, the landscape is not good and it is vulnerable to natural disasters such as landslides. Therefore, to prevent this, pasture must be sowed in the high-altitude regions. The goal of this study was to evaluate and compare yield and feed value of pasture species and varieties by spring sowing in high-latitude regions. The study was conducted in Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, which is 700m height above sea level. The pasture species and varieties was sown on April 24, 2022. Each treatment was carried out by sowing 30 kg/ha, the experiment field size was 1 m²(1m×1m), and randomized block design with tri-repeat. The total of 14 varieties was used in the study, 6 varieties of Orchardgrass (OG), 6 varieties of Tall fescue (TF) and 2 varieties of Perennial ryegrass (PRG). The grassland composition fertilization using (N:P₂O₅:K₂O at 80:200:70 kg/ha) was conducted and management fertilizer was N:P₂O₅:K₂O at 210:150:180 kg/ha. The first harvest was June 26,2022 and the second harvest was on August 16, 2022. For statistical analysis of the data, an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed using the R3.6.3 software program, and all data was subjected to analysis using Duncan's multiple range test. Significance was set at the 5% level. The dry matter yield at the first harvest was the highest in PRG, and second harvest was the highest in TF (p < 0.05). Overall, PRG showed a trend of gradually decreasing growth, OG and TF showed a trend of gradually improving growth. This showed that PRG was considerably weaker to summer depression than other pasture species. Comparing the total dry matter yield, TF was the highest (4,565.45 kg/ha), but there was no significance difference with PRG (4,487.24 kg/ha) (p < 0.05). In addition, comparing the total TDN (total digestible nutrient) yield, TF was the highest (3147.33 kg/ha), second in PRG (2975.67 kg/ha) and third in OG (2052.33 kg/ha). Since this result is the data of the second harvests, if the result is derived by the end of next year, it will be provided as basic data for selection of pasture species and varieties suitable for spring seeding in high-altitude regions.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 2003

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the value of total mixed fermentation feeds(TMFF) as completely mixed ration and to observe the effect of various kinds of TMFF on the palatability, feed intake, and milk performance in Holstein cows. The dry matter (DM) content of TMFF used in the experiment was 23.98-28.42% range, and CP, TDN, ADF and NDF were 16.2${\sim}$19.2%, 58.3-65.1%, 34.4-39.6% and 46.9${\sim}$49.9% levels, respectively. The relative feed value (RFV) in rape-, alfalfa-, grass-, oat-, corn-TMFF groups were 138.6, 133.9, 116.5, 111.8, 111.4 and 108.1, respectively. Among these groups, RFV of rye-TMFF group was lowest. Dry matter disappearance(DMD) showed 0.8${\sim}$.9% to the all kinds of TMFF groups. The pH was 3.89${\sim}$.87 and $NH_3$-N concentration was 6.93-8.66 mg/$d\ell$. The acetic acid concentration in the raw material of TMFF showed low level of 0.19${\sim}$0.57%, lactic acid showed high level of 1.17${\sim}$3.21% and butyric acid was very high as 0.03${\sim}$0.32%. Therefore, these results provide evidence that the quality of TMFF was not so bad. In the daily fresh matter intake on the alfalfa-, grass-, rape-, corn-, oats- and rye-TMFF were showed 62.85, 60.48, 58.04, 57.11, 54.61 and 45.74 kg respectively. All TMFF showed high palatability as daily dry matter intake of 1.95 to 2.90% by body weight of experimental cows. Body condition score(BCS) was gradually increased in during 60 days of the experiment term. Average daily gain(ADG) showed about 140.0${\sim}$326.7g. In alfalfa-TMFF group, the ADG was higher than in the other groups (p<0.05). Also, the increase in BCS was observed in grass-TMFF group (3.07 to 3.34) and rye-TMFF group was decreased in 3.07 to 3.34 (p<0.05). The milk yield appropriately showed a range of 16.16${\sim}$18.95 kg in all groups. Among these groups, alfalfa-TMFF group was highest(P<0.05). Average milk fat contents showed high levels of 4.06${\sim}$4.79% and the level was high in order of rape-, grass-, corn-, alfalfa-, rye- and oats-TMFF. Milk protein was highest in forage-TMFF and level of lactose in milk was approximately 4.56% in overall groups. Solid non fat(SNF) and total solid(TS) contents were 8.75% and 12.8%, respectively. However, milk composition was not significantly affected by TMFF.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.975-986
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• 2003

Present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the level of concentrates and pasture grazing in 36 autumn born Hanwoo heifers(initial body weight, 119.7${\pm}$25.6kg) for 426d including 195d for a pasture stage. The animals were fed commercial concentrates at a rate of 0.5%(T1), 1.0%(T2), 1.5%(T3) and 2.0%(T4) of body weight, respectively, for pre- and post-pasture. 1. Mean daily gains by treatments were 0.348, 0.403, 0.450 and 0.501kg for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively, indicating that increases in concentrates intake was associated with the daily gain of grazing Hanwoo heifers. However, the mean daily gain was the highest for T2 during the pasture stage. 2. TDN intakes per 1kg gain were, on average, 8.61kg for the entire experimental period and 9.22kg for the pasture stage, respectively. In addition, the rate of roughage to concentrate during the entire experimental period was 49.6 to 68.2%(mean 58.5%). 3. Age reached 225 and 250kg of body weight was, on an average, 15.1mo. and 17.6mo., respectively, indicating that increasing the level of concentrates feeding(by 0.5% of body weight) reduced the first pregnancy by 0.9 mo. Ages and body weight for first service were 19.5mo. and 272.2 kg, respectively. Mean pregnant rate of total heads was approximately 52.8%, but appeared to 66.6% for T3 and T4. Therefore, it may be concluded that the optimum level of concentrates for autumn born Hanwoo heifers is 1.8% of body weight for indoor feeding on rice straw-based diet and 1.5% of body weight for a pasture stage, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.615-623
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• 2001

A study of mammary function in relation to glucose metabolism of first lactation Bali cows on grass-legume diets was carried out using 12 primiparous cows (initial BW $263.79{\pm}21.66kg$) for 16 weeks starting immediately post calving. The animals were randomly allocated into 4 dietary treatment groups R1, R2, R3 and R4, receiving from the last 2 months of pregnancy onwards, rations based on a mixture of locally available grass and legume feed ad libitum. On a DM basis R1 contained 70% elephant grass (PP, Penicetum purpureum) plus 30% Gliricidia sepia leaves (GS), R2 was 30% PP plus 25% GS supplemented with 55% Hibiscus tilliacius leaves (HT, defaunating effect), R3 and R4 were 22.5% PP+41.25% GS+11.25% HT+25% concentrate, with R4 supplemented with zinc-diacetate. TDN, CP and zinc contents of the diets were 58.2%, 12.05% and 18.3 mg/kg respectively for R1, 65.05%, 16.9% and 25.6 mg/kg respectively for R2, 66.03%, 16.71% and 29.02 mg/kg respectively for R3 and 66.03%, 16.71% and 60.47 mg/kg respectively for R4. Milk production and body weights were monitored, an energy and protein balance trial conducted, overall glucose kinetics parameters assessed, mammary blood flow (MBF) and metabolite arteriovenous differences (${\Delta}AVs$) measured to get uptake data and mammary performance relationships. Parameters of glucose kinetics at peak lactation or during dry condition were not affected by ration quality. Glucose pool size, space of distribution and flux increased by 61.77, 62.26 and 82.08%, respectively, during lactation compared to the dry period. Mean glucose flux of lactating Bali cows was $5.52mg/min.kgBW^{0.807}$ which resembles the range of values of temperate dairy cows. Calculation showed that glucose requirements for maintenance, milk lactose and fat-glycerol synthesis, and the formation of NADPH reached 461.69 g for a yield of 1 kg/d or equal to 320.62 mg/min, which was less than the average glucose flux of lactating Bali cows of 481.35 mg/min. Mammary blood flow (MBF) values ranged from 56 to 83 l/h for the different treatments and the ratio MBF per kg milk produced improved from av. 1540 l/kg for R1 to av. 967 l/kg for R4 treated cows. Mammary glucose uptake ranged from 6.27 to 12.03 g/h or 120 to 140 g/kg milk. Glucose uptake was mass-wise 2 to 4 times the amount secreted as lactose, which indicated values less than the calculated mammary glucose needs and that little lactose was synthesized. The excess glucose taken-up was used for other metabolic processes. Linear relationships between metabolite ${\Delta}AVs$ and arterial blood plasma concentration [A] showed that in Bali cows triglycerides (TG), phenylalanine (Phe) and tyrosine (Tyr) have high coefficients of determination, i.e. 0.77, 0.81 and 0.69, respectively. For glucose, the relationship is quadratic with an $R^2$ value of 0.49. It was concluded that lactose synthesis was inadequate, which led to a speculation that milk yield could be improved by increased lactose synthesis.