• Toxicological Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.191-197
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• 2018

In 2015, a candidate for the second national reference standard (NRS) of Gloydius snake venom was produced to replace the first NRS of Gloydius snake venom. In the present study, the potencies of the candidate were determined by a collaborative study, and the qualification of the candidate was estimated. The potencies of the candidate were determined by measuring the murine lethal titers and lapine hemorrhagic titers of venom against the regional working reference standard (RWRS) for antivenom using the methods described in the previous report for the first NRS of Gloydius snake venom. Three Korean facilities contributed data from a total of 30 independent assays. Subsequently, two foreign national control research laboratories contributed to this collaborative study. The results were calculated using the Reed-Muench method for lethality and determined using a mixed-effects model for hemorrhage. The general common potencies of the lethal and hemorrhagic titers were obtained from the results of the 30 tests performed at three Korean facilities. The results are expressed in micrograms for 1 test dose (TD) with a 95% confidence interval as follows: a lethal titer of $90.13{\mu}g/TD$ (95% confidence interval = $87.39{\sim}92.86{\mu}g$) and a hemorrhagic titer of $10.80{\mu}g/TD$ (95% confidence interval = $10.46{\sim}11.14{\mu}g$). In addition, the candidate preparation showed good quality evaluation according to the results of the quality estimation of the candidate and is judged to be suitable to serve as the Korean NRS for snake venom. In conclusion, the second NRS of Gloydius snake venom was established in this study and will be used for national quality control, including a national lot release test of Korean antivenom products.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.39-49
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• 2020

The prosody of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has several abnormal features, including monotonous speech. The purpose of this study was to compare acoustic features between an ASD group and a typically developing (TD) group and within the ASD group. The study also examined audience perceptions of the lengthening effect of increasing the number of syllables. 50 participants were divided into two groups (20 with ASD and 30 TD), and they were asked to imitate a total of 28 sentences. In the auditory-perceptual evaluation, seven participants chose sentence types in 115 sentences. Pitch, intensity, speech rate, and pitch slope were used to analyze the significant differences. In conclusion, the ASD group showed higher pitch and intensity and a lower overall speaking rate than the TD group. Moreover, there were significant differences in s2 slope of interrogative sentences. Finally, based on the auditory-perceptual evaluation, only 4.3% of interrogative sentences produced by participants with ASD were perceived as declarative sentences. The cause of this abnormal prosody has not been clearly identified; however, pragmatic ability and other characteristics of autism are related to ASD prosody. This study identified prosodic ASD patterns and suggested the need to develop treatments to improve prosody.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.121-134
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• 2024

This study aimed to assess the attentional bias toward angry faces in typically developing (TD) children and children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A continuous performance task was employed, where a distractor appeared as a target letter ("T") and changed direction every 1,250 ms. Longer reaction times to the target in the presence of a distractor, compared to its absence, were considered as evidence of attentional bias toward the distractor. The task assessed the attentional bias toward angry faces in 14 boys with ASD and 17 TD boys, aged 6-12 years. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted on reaction times with emotion, time, and group as independent variables. The three-way interaction effect approached significance. Group-specific analyses revealed that TD children exhibited significant attentional capture when angry faces first appeared, whereas those with ASD did not. Accuracy analysis revealed no significant differences between the groups, with both groups maintaining >85% accuracy, confirming the task's suitability for school-aged children. The absence of attentional bias toward angry faces in children with ASD indicates that these faces may not be perceived as particularly salient for children with ASD. These findings denote that interventions encouraging top-down processing of emotional cues, such as angry faces, may support the development of adaptive social skills in children with ASD.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.126-132
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• 2017

In this study, we designed, measured, and analyzed a rearranged L-shape magnetic resonance coupling wireless power transfer (MR-WPT) system for practical applications with laptops. The typical four resonator MR-WPT (Tx part: source loop and Tx coil; Rx part: Rx coil and load loop) is difficult to apply to small-sized stationary and mobile applications, such as laptop computers, tablet-PCs, and smartphones, owing to the large volume of the Rx part and the spatial restrictions of the Tx and Rx coils. Therefore, an L-shape structure, which is the orthogonal arrangement of the Tx and Rx parts, is proposed for indoor environment applications, such as at an L-shaped wall or desk. The relatively large Tx part and Rx coil can be installed in the wall and the desk, respectively, while the load loop is embedded in the small stationary or mobile devices. The transfer efficiency (TE) of the proposed system was measured according to the transfer distance (TD) and the misaligned locations of the load loop. In addition, we measured the TE in the active/non-active state and monitor-open/closed state of the laptop computer. The overall highest TE of the L-shape MR-WPT was 61.43% at 45 cm TD, and the TE decreased to 27.9% in the active and monitor-open state of the laptop computer. The conductive ground plane has a much higher impact on the performance when compared to the impact of the active/non-active states. We verified the characteristics and practical benefits of the proposed L-shape MR-WPT compared to the typical MR-WPT for applications to L-shaped corners.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1458-1464
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• 2011

This study is on the application of TOPMODEL-topographic based hydrologic model-to the runoff analysis, The test area was the ssang-chi watershed which is mountainous catchment located in the upstream of the sumjin-gang basin and the watershed area is $126.7km^2$. The six's hourly runoff and precipitation data was selected in the 2006 ~ 2009 year. And the model parameters are calibrated using observed runoff data by Pattern Search method. The topographic index of the ssang-chi catchment was produced by digital elevation model(DEM) of 100m grid. As a results of the analysis, the parameters of model, a decay facter(m), transmissivity(T0), and the unsaturated zone delay(TD) are sensible to hydrologic response, and the simulated runoff data are in good agreement with observed runoff data.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.290-297
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• 2011

In present, evaluation method for car cabin air quality has been developed in ISO, China, Japan. Also The management standard for new produced car has been applied since 1, July, 2010. To manage car cabin air quality, It is important to evaluate VOC emitted from interior material. In this study, complete component of door trim armrest was evaluated in accordance with ISO 12219-5, cut component was evaluated in accordance with ISO 12219-3. The vapour gas was collected with stainless tube packed with Tenax TA and analyzed with TD-GC/MS. It was confirmed that emission rate of each compounds was difficult in each evaluation method. As a result, to evaluating each components composing door trim armrest, main sources of emitting VOCs in door trim armrest were PP substrate and adhesive.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.502-508
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• 2018

The acrylate copolymer having good coating, water-repellent and adhesion properties was designed and prepared. We prepared copolymers with high yield of > 95% using methyl methacrylate(MMA), 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acrylate (FMA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate monomers(HEMA) by either bulk or emulsion polymerization techniques. The $^1H-NMR$ spectrum was used to identify chemical structure and DSC and DMA analysis were conducted. As a result, the glass transition temperature decreased by $3^{\circ}C$ as FMA content increased from 5% to 10%, and decreased by $2{\sim}8^{\circ}C$ when HEMA content increased from 5 % to 10 %. The physical properties were measured using Instron and TGA. As FMA or HEMA content increased by 10%, tensile strength decreased from 29 MPa to 22 MPa and Td decreased from $200^{\circ}C$ to $180^{\circ}C$ in both bulk and emulsion. The contact angle relatively decreased as hydrophilic HEMA content increased.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.293-299
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• 2008

In order to provide with fundamental data of the wrought Mg alloy for press forging, the effect of annealing temperature on the microstructure, texture development and tensile properties is studied in a commercial AZ31B Mg alloy sheet. Basal texture i.e. $(0001){\pm}5^{\circ}$[21$\bar{3}$0] is developed in a commercial AZ31B Mg sheet, and the texture is not changed considerably by annealing over $400^{\circ}C{\times}30min$, while (10$\bar{3}$0) component with high intensity can be observed due to abnormal grain growth. When the sheet is tensile-deformed with RD, $45^{\circ}$ and TD directions at room temperature, fracture strains are given by 25.8, 21.4 and 11.9% in the order of RD, $45^{\circ}$ and TD directions, respectively. With increasing annealing temperature up to $450^{\circ}C{\times}30min$, little change in mean grain size can be revealed by annealing below $300^{\circ}C{\times}30min$ but an abnormal grain growth, where some grains become significantly coarser than the rest, occurs by annealing above $400^{\circ}C{\times}30min$. The maximum tensile strain of around 25% is obtained by annealing below $300^{\circ}C{\times}30min$, but it is abruptly decreased to 16% by annealing above $400^{\circ}C{\times}30min$ owing to intergranular fracture of abnormal grown grains.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.26-31
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• 2016

The Townsend to glow discharge mode transition was investigated in the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) helium plasma source which was powered by 20 kHz / $4.5 kV_{rms}$ high voltage at atmospheric pressure. The spatial profile of the electric field strength at each modes was measured by using the intensity ratio method of two helium emission lines (667.8 nm ($3^1D{\rightarrow}2^1P$) and 728.1 nm ($3^1S{\rightarrow}2^1P$)) and the Stark effect. ICCD images were analyzed with consideration for the electric field property. The Townsend discharge (TD) mode at the initial stage of breakdown has the light emission region located in the vicinity of the anode. The electric field of the light emitting region is close to the applied field in the system. Immediately, the light emitting region moves to the cathode and the discharge transits to the glow discharge (GD) mode. This mode transition can be understood with the ionization wave propagation. The electric field of the emitting region of GD near cathode is higher than that of TD near anode because of the cathode fall formation. This observation may apply to designing a DBD process system and to analysis of the process treatment results.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.261-264
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• 2012

In this paper, we investigated characteristics of etching induced surface morphology variation by wet etching of GaN epilayer were grown on sapphire (0001) substrate by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). As a results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation, three types of hexagonal etch pits (Edge, Screw, Mixed) were formed by the GaN epilayer thickness variations. A lot of etch pits, attributed to screw and mixed type TD, were observed at thinner epilayer, leading to high etch pit density. On the other hand, the thickness of GaN epilayer increased with the number of etch pits corresponding to edge and mixed dislocations, which are the majority of TDs are observed.