• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 2010

Therapeutic duplication (TD) is a serious problem that frequently occurring primarily in the ambulatory setting in Korea. Implementation of concurrent drug utilization review (DUR) is a promising way to reduce inappropriate prescription and dispensing, and improve patient safety. This study was aimed to develop the process of DUR module of TD. Sixty-five drug ingredients classified into the drug category of the antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory drug approved in Korea (The KFDA-dess nated classification codes of 114 or 264) were reviewed for this purpose. The drug ingredients (and products) were reclassified based on WHO's Anatomical, Therapeutic and Chemical (ATC) classification system. The clinical practice guidelines, textbooks and product labels on therapeutic uses of these drugs in Korea and several fores n countries were reviewed. If the drugs were categorized into the same therapeutically duplicable class, they were defined not to be used concurrently because the concurrent use was "therapeutically duplicated (unnecessary or even harmful)". Among the studied drug products, the following 5 drug classes were considto beas "therapeutic duplication": (1), on-t tooid DURnti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, including s Dicylates), (2),Anilidts, (3),Opioids, (4) Ergot Dk Doids and (5) 5-$HT_1$ receptor agonot s. Therefore, concurrent prescribing or dispensing of more than 2 drug ingredients any in the above same classes should be considered as TD and needed to be warrant for careful review by pharmacists before dispensing.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.303-313
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• 2003

It has been documented that periodontopathic bacteria are also implicated in endodontic infections. 168 rDNA gene-directed PCR was to examine the prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria including Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Prevotella nigrescens (Pn), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Porphyromonas endodontalis (Pe), and Treponema denticola (Td) in the root canals of 36 endodontically infected teeth having apical lesions with or without clinical symptoms like pain, swelling, and fistula. 1. In 36 infected root canals, most frequently detected bacterial species was Pg (61.1%), followed by Td (52.8%) and Pe (38.9%). 2. Of 36 infected root canals, Aa was detected in 6 canals (16.7%) of the teeth, all of which showed clinical symptoms. 3. Of 36 infected root canals, Pi and Pn were found in 4 03.9%) and 5 (33.3%), respectively. Notably, prevalence of Pn in the symptomatic teeth was 50.0%. 4. One of black-pigmented anaerobic bacteria (BPB) including Pi, Pn, Pe, and Pg was detected in all of the teeth that showed pain or especially swelling but not fistula. It was, however, found that prevalence of BPB in the asymptomatic teeth or the teeth with fistula was only 40%. 5. Pe and Pg were detected in the teeth regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms. 6. Td was detected in the teeth regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms. High prevalence of BPB in the symptomatic teeth but low in the asymptomatic teeth suggests that BPB may play an important role in the pathogenesis of periapical lesions.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.32-35
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• 2013

Six English Bull dogs from the same dog training camp were referred with main complaints of stridor, gagging and coughing. Diagnostic imaging studies on these dogs revealed hypoplastic trachea with/without bronchopneumonia. The mean age of affected dogs was $4.83{\pm}2.63$ months, while the mean body weight was $9.03{\pm}5.30$ kg. The mean ratio of the tracheal diameter to the thoracic inlet distance (TD/TI) was $0.085{\pm}0.022$ (normally 0.16 or greater), whereas the mean ratio tracheal diameter to the width of the third rib (TD/W3R) was $1.36{\pm}0.36$ (normally 2 or greater). All dogs had marked inspiratory dyspnea with variable degree of coughing. Of 6 dogs, 4 dogs had either bronchitis or bronchopneumonia. Treatment with antibiotics and bronchodilators made improvement on clinical signs on these dogs. Although some dogs still had mild inspiratory dyspnea (especially after exercise or excitement), most dogs live normally.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.185-191
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• 2001

To obtain the basic information for degradation of remaining pesticide accumulated in cultivated soil of Honam area, the resistant bacterial strains were investigated in Chlorothalonil(TPN). Mancozeb, Bentazone, and Butachlor levels of 100, $500{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$, and degradation of TPN by TPN-resistant bacteria in sterilized soil was studied under TPN levels 0, 10, 50 and $100{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$. A number of resistance strains were decreased with higher at concentration level of pesticide, and were higher in greenhouse than upland or paddy soil. The resistance of bacteria was strong in other of Bentazone> Butachlor> TPN> Mancozeb. The percentage of bacterial strains of resistance for pesticides isolated from the cultivated soil were the highest in Acinetobacter spp. and Corynebacterium spp., and the lowest in Moraxella spp. A number of TPN-resistant strains were the highest at the TPN level of $10{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$, and 5 days after strains inoculation, and were higher in Pseudomonas spp. TD-25 than TC-23 or strains in non-sterilized soil. The degradation of TPN was fast in order of strain TD-25>strain in non-sterilized soil >TC-23.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.246-250
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• 1997

Tardive dyskinesia(TD) is a serious side effect of long-term treatment with neuroleptic medications. To investigate if glutamatergic hyperfunction is associated with TD, effect of MK-801 on the prevention and treatment of TD was studied using a rat model, ie, vacuous chewing movements(VCM). When comparing VCM scores of GroupI(haldol decanoate+MK-801) with that of GroupII(haldol decanoate+phosphate buffer saline), late measured VCM scores of former were significantly lower than that of latter, meaning that MK-801 is effective in the prevention of VCM. Furthermore, when MK-801(0.1mg/kg, 0.3mg/kg) is administered to VCM(+) rats(VCM${\geq}$ 7/4min) of GroupII, VCM scores were significantly decreased, meaning that MK-801 is also effective in the treatment of VCM. From the above results, it is suggested that glutamatergic hyperfunction might be involved in the development of TD and MK-801 could be effective in the prevention and treatment of it.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.24-35
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• 2010

To learn more about the calibration properties of reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs) by the combination of gas chromatography(GC)-pulsed flame photometric detector (PFPD) and thermal desorption method, a series of calibration experiments were conducted on the basis of both internal and external calibration approaches. For these experiments, gaseous standards of 4 RSCs ($H_2S$, $CH_3SH$, DMS, and DMDS) were prepared at two different concentration levels of both low (10, 20, 50,and 100 ppb) and high ranges (100, 200, 500, and 1000 ppb) along with $CS_2$ as an internal standard. First, the external calibration results were compared between fixed standard volume (FSV) and fixed standard concentration (FSC) method. Secondly, FSV-based calibration results were compared between external and internal calibration results. As FSV method suffers from sensitivity variations less significantly than FSC, the former is recommended to maintain the consistency in GC-TD sensitivity for RSC analysis. In addition, when the calibration data were examined in terms of RSE between external and internal calibration data, the results were not consistent enough to show improvements in internal method. Hence, diverse efforts are desirable to optimize the reproducibility in terms of GC-TD sensitivity for RSC analysis.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.267-275
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• 2023

Cardiotoxicity, particularly drug-induced Torsades de Pointes (TdP), is a concern in drug safety assessment. The recent establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (human iPSC-CMs) has become an attractive human-based platform for predicting cardiotoxicity. Moreover, electrophysiological assessment of multiple cardiac ion channel blocks is emerging as an important parameter to recapitulate proarrhythmic cardiotoxicity. Therefore, we aimed to establish a novel in vitro multiple cardiac ion channel screening-based method using human iPSC-CMs to predict the drug-induced arrhythmogenic risk. To explain the cellular mechanisms underlying the cardiotoxicity of three representative TdP high- (sotalol), intermediate- (chlorpromazine), and low-risk (mexiletine) drugs, and their effects on the cardiac action potential (AP) waveform and voltage-gated ion channels were explored using human iPSC-CMs. In a proof-of-principle experiment, we investigated the effects of cardioactive channel inhibitors on the electrophysiological profile of human iPSC-CMs before evaluating the cardiotoxicity of these drugs. In human iPSC-CMs, sotalol prolonged the AP duration and reduced the total amplitude (TA) via selective inhibition of I_Kr and I_Na currents, which are associated with an increased risk of ventricular tachycardia TdP. In contrast, chlorpromazine did not affect the TA; however, it slightly increased AP duration via balanced inhibition of I_Kr and I_Ca currents. Moreover, mexiletine did not affect the TA, yet slightly reduced the AP duration via dominant inhibition of I_Ca currents, which are associated with a decreased risk of ventricular tachycardia TdP. Based on these results, we suggest that human iPSC-CMs can be extended to other preclinical protocols and can supplement drug safety assessments.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.1593-1603
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• 2023

In deterministic and Monte Carlo transport codes, b-delayed emission is included using a group structure where all of the precursors are grouped together in 6 groups or families, but given the increase in computational power, nowadays there is no reason to keep this structure. Furthermore, there have been recent efforts to compile and evaluate all the available b-delayed neutron emission data and to measure new and improved data on individual precursors. In order to be able to perform a transient Monte Carlo simulation, data from individual precursors needs to be implemented in a transport code. This work is the first step towards the development of a tool to explore the effect of individual precursors in a fissile system. In concrete, individual precursor data is included by expanding the capabilities of the open source Monte Carlo code OpenMC. In the modified code - named Time Dependent OpenMC or OpenMC(TD)- time dependency related to β-delayed neutron emission was handled by using forced decay of precursors and combing of the particle population. The data for continuous energy neutron cross-sections was taken from JEFF-3.1.1 library. Regarding the data needed to include the individual precursors, cumulative yields were taken from JEFF-3.1.1 and delayed neutron emission probabilities and delayed neutron spectra were taken from ENDF-B/VIII.0. OpenMC(TD) was tested in a monoenergetic system, an energy dependent unmoderated system where the precursors were taken individually or in a group structure, and in a light-water moderated energy dependent system, using 6-groups, 50 and 40 individual precursors. Neutron flux as a function of time was obtained for each of the systems studied. These results show the potential of OpenMC(TD) as a tool to study the impact of individual precursor data on fissile systems, thus motivating further research to simulate more complex fissile systems.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of growth hormone(GH) on the division and migration of the small intestinal epithelium in mice. Twenty mice(ICR), weighing initially about 10 g, aged 18 days were randomly subdivided in two groups of control and GH-treated group. Control group was sacrificied at 2 hr, 2, 3, 4 and 5 day after intraperitoneal injection of $^3H$-thymidine($^3H$-TdR, $4{\mu}$ Ci/gm of BW/day for 2 days). GH-treated group was injected subcutaneously with somatotropin(10 IU/mouse/day for 4 days) from 2 day ago of first $^3H$-TdR injection and then was sacrificied at 2 hr, 2, 3, 4 and 5 day after intraperitoneal injection of $^3H$-TdR($4{\mu}$ Ci/g of BW/day for 2 days). The small intestines were collected for autoradiogrophy and Hematoxylin counterstain. The location of the labeled epithelial cells(LEC) in villi of the small intestine was invested with light microscope. 1. In the control group, the LEC regions in the small intestine were located at crypts on 1 dsy, at $0%{\sim}15.9{\pm}3.6%$ of villus high value(VHV) on 2 day, at $0%{\sim}49.8{\pm}16.5%$ of VHV on 3 day, at $0%{\sim}95.3{\pm}6.9%$ of VHV on 4 day and $62.9{\pm}16.7{\sim}100%$ of VHV on 5 day, respectively. 2. In the GH-treated group, the LEC regions in the small intestine were located at crypts on 1 day, at $0%{\sim}39.2{\pm}9.5%$ of VHV on 2 day, at $0%{\sim}81.5{\pm}18.2%$ of VHV on 3 day, at $45.2{\pm}11.5%{\sim}100%$ of VHV on 4 day, at 85%~100% of VHV on 5 day, respectively. 3. VHV of tops in the LEC regions appeared to be 23.3% and 31.7% higher on 2 and 3 day, and VHV of the LEC region bases appeared to be 45.2%, 22.1% higher on 4 and 5 day, respectively in the GH-treated group than those observed in the control group. These difference was very highly significant(p<0.01).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.624-630
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• 2008

Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) is a method that has been frequently used to survey the microbial diversity of environmental samples and to monitor changes in microbial communities. T-RFLP is a highly sensitive and reproducible procedure that combines a PCR with a labeled primer, restriction digestion of the amplified DNA, and separation of the terminal restriction fragment (T-RF). The reliable identification of T-RF requires the information of nucleotide sequences as well as the size of T-RF. However, it is difficult to obtain the information of nucleotide sequences because the T-RFs are fragmented and lack a priming site of 3'-end for efficient cloning and sequence analysis. Here, we improved on the T-RFLP method in order to analyze the nucleotide sequences of the distinct T-RFs. The first method is to selectively amplify the portion of T-RF ligated with specific oligonucleotide adapters. In the second method, the termini of T-RFs were tailed with deoxynucleotides using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) and amplified by a second round of PCR. The major T-RFs generated from reference strains and from T-RFLP profiles of activated sludge samples were efficiently isolated and identified by using two modified T-RFLP methods. These methods are less time consuming and labor-intensive when compared with other methods. The T-RFLP method using TdT has the advantages of being a simple process and having no limit of restriction enzymes. Our results suggest that these methods could be useful tools for the taxonomic interpretation of T-RFs.