• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2016

Purpose - The primary purpose of this study is to employ effective marketing methods using market segmentation of coffee shops by determining how motivations to visit coffee shops have different impacts on demographic profile of visitors and characteristics of coffee shop visits, so as to draw out a better understanding of customers of coffee market. Research design, data, and methodology - Data were collected using surveys of self-administered questionnaires toward coffee shop users in Daejeon, Korea. A number of samples used in data analysis were 253 excluding unusable responses. The data were analyzed through frequency, reliability, and factor analysis using SPSS 20.0. Factor analysis was conducted through the principal component analysis and varimax rotation method to derive factors of one or more eigen values. In addition, the cluster analysis, multivariate ANOVA, and cross-tab analysis were used for the market segmentation based on the types of motivation for coffee shop visits. The process of the cluster analysis is as follows. Four clusters were derived through hierarchical clustering, and k-means cluster analysis was then carried out using mean value of the four clusters as the initial seed value. Result - The factor analysis delineated four dimensions of motivation to visit coffee shops: ostentation motivation, hedonic motivation, esthetic motivation, utility motivation. The cluster analysis yielded four clusters: utility and esthetic seekers, hedonic seekers, utility seekers, ostentation seekers. In order to further specify the profile of four clusters, each cluster was cross tabulated with socio-demographics and characteristics of coffee shop visits. Four clusters are significantly different from each other by four types of motivations for coffee shop visits. Conclusions - This study has empirically examined the difference in demographic profile of visitors and characteristics of coffee shop visits by motivation to visit coffee shops. There are significant differences according to age, education background, marital status, occupation and monthly income. In addition, coffee shops use pattern characterization in frequency of visits to coffee shops, relationships with companion, purpose of visit, information sources, brand type, average expense per visit, important elements of selection attribute were significantly different depending on motivations for coffee shop visits.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.837-841
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• 2004

Changes in total aerobic bacteria (TAB), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), rod- and coccal-shaped lactic acid bacteria (R- and C-LAB), pH, and total acidity were investigated during fermentation of radish with new fermentation base at $20^{\circ}C$ for up to 16 days. New fermentation base was prepared by pre-fermenting a mixture of rice bran and rice water (1 : 0.1, w/v) at $20^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. Initially, radish showed 5.41, 4.23, 4.57, and 3.1 log CFU/g, and base showed 6.68, 6.60, 5.95, and 5.6 log CFU/mL for TAB, LAB, R-LAB, and C-LAB, respectively. Initial pH and total acidity of radish were $6.6^{\circ}C$ and 0.09%, and those of base were 5.76 and 0.36%, respectively, Counts of LAB (4.23 to 8.33 Bog Cpu/g, 6.6 to 9.7 log CFU/mL), R-LAB (4.57 to 7.15 log CFU/g, 5.95 to 8.5 log CFU/mL), and C-LAB (3.1 to 7.5 log CFU/g, 5.6 to 8.6 log CFU/mL) of radish and base respectively increased during initial fermentation period, then remained constant during late fermentation period, and far 4 days after fermentation, pH values (6.6 to 4.19, 5.76 to 4.57) drastically decreased and thereafter slowly decreased. Total acidities of radish and base (0.09 to 0.63%, 0.36 to 0.63%, respectively) drastically increased far 7 days after fermentation and increased slightly thereafter.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.250-257
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to evaluate microbiological contamination of leafy vegetables. Total aerobic bacteria and coliforms were monitored to get the contamination levels and Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter jejuni to detect pathogens with risk of foodpoisoning from fresh vegetables. The colony count of total aerobes and coliforms was also performed to determine the efficacy of washing with tab water by common consumers. 124 samples which are divided into 8 kinds of vegetables - Sesame leaf, Dropwort, Chinese cabbage, Korean leek, Lettuce, Crown daisy, Pimpinella brachycarpa, Chicory were sampled in 2 wholesale markets in Incheon. Mean counts of total aerobic bacteria for individual vegetables ranged from $2.2\times10^6\;CFU/g\;to\;6.0\times10^7\;CFU/g$ and total coliforms were from $4.1\times10^5\;CFU/g\;to\;9.8\times10^6\;CFU/g$. Both show the peaks in summer on this study from March to September. Decrease rates after washing with tab water averaged 81.0% and 82.5% in total aerobic bacteria and coliform counts respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated 8.1%, Bacillus cereus 14.5%, Clostridium perfringens 5.6%, Escherichia coli 18.5%. 11 samples showed overlapped bacterial contamination. For respective vegetables Staphylococcus aureus isolated from 0.0% to 22.2%, Bacillus cereus from 0.0% to 29.4%, Clostridium perfringens from 0.0% to 23.1 %, Escherichia. coli from 0.0% to 35.0%. Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter jejuni were not isolated. This study is expected to be available as the reference for the basal data of pathogens in fresh vegetables.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.25-49
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• 2013

This study intends to identify the perceptions of childcare teachers in training programs for cooperating teachers in childcare practicum. The 368 childcare teachers who participated in the study lived in D City. The researchers modified the questionnaire from the study of Woon-Ju Cho (2001). In order to analyze the collected data, frequency and cross tab analyses were performed. The research results are as follows: Firstly, according to the examination of the purpose of the training programs for cooperating teachers in childcare practicum, they perceived the acquisition of the abilities to instruct effective teaching methods as the purpose of the training programs for cooperating teachers in childcare practicum. Secondly, there were no statistically significant differences as the researchers investigated the perceptions of childcare practicum, according to the level of participants' education and experiences. But, there was a statistically significant difference of feedback on the journal of the participants' experience level. Thirdly, according to an analysis on the formats of the training programs for cooperating teachers in childcare practicum according to education levels and experience levels, the participants' preferred short-term education during the semester (after returning to the workplace on weekdays). In specific, they preferred less than three hours of education for a three-day or shorter period. As for the characteristics of long-term training programs, three days or less weekly and one to two hours daily were preferred.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.885-894
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• 2015

In this paper, it can be applied to a walkie-talkie, the RFID / USN 920 MHz band(917~923.5 MHz) and WiFi 2.4GHz band(2.4~2.483 5GHz) return loss is 10 dB over the band, on-board dual band with omni-directional radiation characteristics is proposed. The basic structure designed antenna is used meander monopole antenna. It was used as double stubs and tabs for antenna designs that meet the criteria proposed. The double stub and the tab affects the reactance of the antenna to form a common-mode and differential-mode in the stub to improve the antenna characteristics and return loss in the bandwidth, gain and radiation characteristics. The system size of walkie-talkie is $52{\times}77mm^2$, the size of the antenna is limited to $52{\times}15mm^2$, the thickness of FR4 dielectric substrate is 0.8 mm, FR4 dielectric constant 4.4 is used. For experimental results, the return loss is measured more than 10 dB, the maximum gain is measured 1.95 dB, the maximum bandwidth is measured 360 MHz, the radiation characteristic is measured omni-directional. By a walkie-talkie terminal design applying the results of the paper, the handset's price competitiveness and production efficiency can be improved.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.80 no.2
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• pp.237-245
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• 1991

Artificial acid rain (pH 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0) was treated on thd seeds of 5 coniferous species to examine its effects on germination and seedling growth. Artificial acid rain was prepared by diluting sulfuric acid with ground water and ground water(pH 6.5) was used as control. Artificial acid rain was sprayed to seeded pots three times per week. About 5mm of artificial acid rain was treated each time from early April to early October, 1990. Germination, seedling establishment and seedling growth were measured and compared among the treatments. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. Germination, seedling establishment rate of Larix leptolepis and Picea koraiensis were highest on the pH 5.0 plot whereeas those of Abies holophylla and Cryptomeria japonica were highest on the control plot, and those of Abies koreana showed the highest value on the pH 3.0 plot. 2. The differences in seedling height growth of Larix leptolepis was signif- icant at 1% level among the treatment levels of acid rain, whereas those of other species were not significant, Height of Larix leptolepis, Abies koreana and Picea koraiensis were highest on the pH 4.0 plot, and that of Abies holuphylla and Cryptomeria japonica were highest on the pH 5.0 plot. 3. Seedling dry weight of Larix leptolepis and Abies holophylla differed significantly at 1% level among the treatments, but those of other species did not differ. Highest seedling dry weight of Larix leptolepis and Abies koreana were observed on the pH 4.0 plot, and that of Abies holophylla and Cryptomeria japonica did on the pH 3.0 plot, and that of Picea koraiensis did on the control plot. 4. With decrease of pH value of artificial acid rain, the number of injured needle and injured individual tended to be increased, obviously. 5. The differences of soil acidity were highly significant among the treatments for all species.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2016

A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (ROSS ${\times}$ Ross 308) ($42{\pm}0.1g$) were used in a completely randomized design and allotted to one of three dietary treatments to give 6 replicates per treatment (8 birds per cage). The three watery dietary treatments were 1) a corn-soybean meal-based relation [Negative control (NC); no antimicrobial compounds added] with tab water, 2) 8 ppm liquid-alpha-lipoic acid [Positive control (PC)] or 3) 100 ppm liquid-resveratrol. All dietary treatments were continuously provided as a liquid form. Birds were housed in a battery cage (n=48), and were offered liquid dietary treatments at all times. The ambient temperature was maintained at $32{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for the first 3 weeks and decreased gradually to $28{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ by the end of the experiment (d 35) to induce moderate heat stress. One bird per pen (n=6) was euthanized via cervical dislocation at day 21 to obtain terminal ileum to measure villous height and crypt depth, while another bird per pen (n=6) was similarly euthanized at day 35 and used to harvest breast meat and drumsticks to evaluate meat quality traits. Birds fed liquid-resveratrol did not improve (P>0.05) body weight and average daily gain compared with those fed other dietary treatments from day 1 to day 35. Birds fed liquid-resveratrol had no effect (P>0.05) on villous height compared with birds were in other dietary treatments at day 21. Liquid-resveratrol had no effect (P>0.05) on thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in drumsticks compared with other dietary treatments at day 35. Furthermore, birds fed liquid-resveratrol had no effect (P>0.05) on DPPH radical scavenging activity both in breast meat and drumsticks compared with those fed other dietary treatments at day 35. Morphological changes of ileum were not observed by immunofluorescence, and the level of occludin protein from ileum extracts also did not differ among groups. Our results suggested that liquid form of antioxidant compounds used in the current study such as alpha-lipoic acid (8 ppm) or resveratrol (100 ppm) did not improve growth performance, meat quality traits and histology of terminal ileum compared with those fed negative control in broiler chickens under moderate heat stress for 35 days.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.52-67
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• 1982

We have relatively heavy stocks of hardwood which consist of inferior and nonproductive natural hardwood species in Korea. As conception above to develope these forest resources, the study was carried out to obtain the basical data for the reasonable and efficient utilization of hardwoods. The sample trees were selected 11 natural hardwood species grown in Kangwon-do region and Kwangnoong Experimental Forest. We have investigated anatomical, physical and mechanical properties of them. Especially, Quercus species which is a major species in the forests was investigated on qualities of trees, logs and lumbers, recevery of bucking and lumber yield, etc.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of 5 current dentin bonding systems which are composed of 2 multi-bottle systems(Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, All Bond2) and 3 one-bottle systems(Single bond, One-Step, Prime & Bond). In this in vitro study, class V cavities were prepared on buccal and lingual surfaces of sixty extracted human premolars and molars on cementum margin. The experimental teeth were randomly divided into six groups of 10 samples (20 surfaces) each, Group 1 : Scotchbond Multi-Purpose ; Group 2 : All Bond 2 ; Group 3 : Single Bond ; Group 4 : One-Step ; Group 5 : Prime & Bond ; Group 6 : no bonding agent(control). The bonding agent and composite resin were applied for each group following the manufacturer's instructions. After 500 thermocycling between $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$, the 60 teeth were placed in 2% Methylene blue dye for 24 hours, then rinsed with tab water. The specimen were embedded in clear resin, then sectioned buccolingually through the center of restoration with a low speed diamond saw. The dye penetration on each of the specimen were then observed with a stereomicroscope at ${\times}20$. The results of study were statistically analyzed using the Student-Newmann-Keul's Methods and the Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test. The resin/dentin interfaces were examined under Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results of this study were as follows. 1. None of the dentin bonding systems used in this study showed significant difference in leakage values at both the enamel and the dentin margins (P>0.05). 2. In all groups except the control, leakage value seen at the enamel margin was significantly lower than that seen at the dentin margin (P<0.05). 3. Compared to the control group, all the groups treated with dentin bonding systems showed significantly lower leakage value at both enamel and dentin margins (P<0.05). 4. In the SEM view, gaps were observed in the composite resin / dentin interface in group 6 where no dentin bonding agent was used, and in all the other groups (group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) composite resin, hybrid layer, and dentin were seen to be closely adhering to each other where there were no leakages. Well-developed resin tags 3~100${\mu}m$ in length infiltrated dentinal tubules past the hybrid layer and a hybrid layer 1~5${\mu}m$ thick had developed between the dentinal surface and the composite resin surface.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.147-175
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• 2006

This paper attempts to incorporate three important factors-perceptions, behavior and valuation-in analysing consumers' responses to health risks from environmental pollutants. Using a survey sample of 500 consumers in the Chonbuk province area, this paper empirically investigated determinants of risk perceptions from using tap water as drinking water. Most consumers were considerably concerned about health risks from drinking tap water. Moreover, those subjective concerns were not random, but were systematically related to individuals' demographic variables such as age, gender, and family size. Those subjective beliefs also influenced respondents' purchase intentions on safer water bottles, in response to a contingent behavior question of presenting two types of water bottles. The technical risk information provided in the survey had significant effects on purchase intentions only when it was interacted with respondents' actual averting practice. In addition, the sample selection effects were present by eliminating respondents who decided not to purchase either of two types of water bottles. The potential selection bias had impacts on the coefficients of the price difference variable, and subsequently the estimates of the price increments for health risk reductions.