• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2003

This study was conducted to correlate the quality depending upon sensory evaluation of ESL(extended shelf life) and non-ESL milk during the shelf life. The most important quality assurance is sensory evaluation for dairy products. ESL and non-ESL milk were stored at $5^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ for 14 days. In order to compare physicochemical and sensory properties, pH, TA(titratable acidity), protein, fat, lactose, FFA(free fatty acid), and other organoleptic characteristics were measured. The results showed that physicochemical properties were not significantly changed during storage. On the other hand, the freshness was affected by storage conditions. The most freshness depending upon sensory evaluation was monitored at 5 days storage. Descriptive and acceptability analysis showed that more acceptable milk was ESL milk than non-ESL milk because of off-flavor and after taste of non-ESL milk. According to these results, it was shown that the freshness of milk products depends on sensory. And ESL milk was fresher than non-ESL milk after storage.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.1426-1432
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• 2000

The effects of raw anchovy, salted raw anchovy (20% salt+anchovy), 6- and 12-month fermented anchovy (20% salt added) on the N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced mutagenicities were evaluated using Salmonella assay and the SOS chromotest. The methanol extracts from raw, salted and the fermented anchovy (FA) sample increased the revertants of Salmonella typhimurium TA100 at the level of $0.125{\sim}5\;mg/plate$ in Ames test. The salted raw anchovy extract induced the largest number of the revertants. All the FA extracts had comutagenic effect on the MNNG. Twelve-month FA juice exerted the lowest comutagenic activity among the FA samples. The comutagenicity of 12-month FA was due to the synergistic effect of salt and histidine which teem in FA. Thus the Ames test using histidine requiring mutant, S. typhimurium, is not appropriate to determine the mutagenicity of FA which is rich in histidine. In SOS chromotest using E coli, raw, salted and fermented anchovy extracts did not show any mutagenicity in the absence of MNNG. The raw and fermented anchovy samples blocked the SOS response of E. coli PQ37 induced by MNNG, while raw salted anchovy increased the SOS induction factor. Twelve-month FA juice showed higher antimutagenic effects than 6-month FA samples (both solid and liquid). The ripened (12-month) FA along with raw anchovy in the SOS chromotest exhibited antimutagenic activity.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.21-40
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• 2006

Small and middle sized Franchise system channels experience conflicts because of constant interaction between franchiser and franchisee. However, it is rarely that attempt has been made to identify causes of conflicts in distribution of franchise industry. The purpose of this study was to explore cause of conflicts from the franchisee. For the study, data were collected from the owner or the shop-manager with a contractor in franchise systems. By means of in-depth interviews with multiple informants, their statement was analyzed qualitatively. From analysis of the resulting data, the causes of conflicts were associated with two broad sets, attitudinal and structural differences between franchisers and franchisees. First, attitudinal sources of conflict were identified as perception of subordinated relationships between channel members, delayed announcement on order changes, difficulties in communication by doing irresponsible behavior, different expectations between channel members in market territory and lack of consistent-supporting. Second, structural sources of conflict involved unilateral decision on interior, payment method, unreasonable delivery issue, treat franchisee with discrimination by the sales, in controlling against free management. There are limitations on generalization due to the results based on interview, but this study will be a useful exploratory step before designing a large scale survey.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

Antimutagenic and in vitro anticancer effects of doenjangs added with green tea extract and/or using bamboo salt were studied by Ames test using Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella Typhimurium) TA100 and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on PC-3 and DU145 human prostate cancer cells, respectively. At the 1.25 mg/plate concentration, 1% green tea extract (GTE) added doenjang exhibited 85% antimutagenicity against aflatoxin $B_1$ ($AFB_1$), while the control doenjang revealed 63% antimutagenicity, showing increased antimutagenic effect by the addition of green tea extract during doenjang fermentation. GTE added doenjang also increased antimutagenic effect against MNNG. The inhibition rate of the control doenjang showed 34% at 0.625 mg/plate, while 1% and 2% GTE added doenjangs inhibited by 56% and 73% at the 0.625 and 1.25 mg/plate, respectively (p<0.05). In MTT assay, GTE added doenjangs caused 70% $\sim$ 77% inhibition on the proliferation of PC-3 human prostate cancer cells at 0.5 mg/mL while the control doenjang exhibited 46% inhibition. However, 2% GTE added doenjang showed 91% inhibition at 1.0 mg/mL. The trend of the inhibition rate was similar in DU14S human prostate adenocarcinoma cells. When bamboo salt was used instead of natural sea salt, the antimutagenicity against MNNG and in vitro anticancer effect on the prostate cancer cells greatly increased. From these results, it can be concluded that green tea extract addition to doenjang and the use of bamboo salt during doengjang preparation increased the antimutagenic and in vitro anticancer activities of the doenjang and showed a synergistic effect.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1424-1431
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• 2018

We prepared flocculated detritus-like organic marine snow originating from various organisms by fermentation using microorganisms; this fermented organic material was fed to the leptocephali of the eel (Anguilla japonica) to investigate whether or not such organic matter was an appropriate food source for the larvae. A strain was isolated from a biofloc technology system used to culture fish, and seven types of organic material from hen's egg, eel muscle, tuna muscle, lugworm, shrimp, manila clam, mussel, and sea squirt were fermented using isolated bacteria (Bacillus sp.). The fermented matter did not show any specific form and was larger than $10-20{\mu}m$ but no more than $100{\mu}m$ in size. Four diets (A-D) were prepared using the various fermented products, and the larvae were fed the prepared food from 20 days after hatching. The leptocephali fed the A, B, and C diets survived until 37, 39, and 37 days after hatching, respectively. However, the leptocephali fed the D diet survived for 60 days after hatching. The protein content of each diet was very similar, but the n-3 HUFA concentration in the D diet was approximately twice as high as that of the others.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 2021

In this research, monoterpene emissions were investigated from pine trees(Pinus densiflora) and in the forest air in Simwon village at the Jiri Mountain. Air samples from an enclosed chamber and pine forest air were collected using a Tenax TA Tube five times a day(at 09:00, 11:00, 13:00, 15:00, and 17:00) on 1 day per month from March to November 2014. Selected needles and branches from individual pine trees were enclosed for the measurement of their monoterpene emissions. The concentration and composition of emitted monoterpenes were analyzed in a time series. The major components of monoterpenes emitted from pine trees were α-pinene, β-myrcene, β-phellandrene, and β-pinene. Seasonal data showed that the concentration of monoterpenes emitted from pine trees began increasing in June and reached its peak in August, decreasing thereafter. In addition, seasonal emissions of monoterpenes were dependent on environmental factors such as temperature. The major species of monoterpenes in forest air were α-pinene, β-pinene, and camphene. The concentration of monoterpenes in forest air began rising from March to April and reached its peak in May; multiple peaks subsequently formed in July and November. Diurnal variation in monoterpenes decreased from 09:00-10:00, reaching a low and high at 13:00-14:00 and 17:00-18:00, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Mineralogical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.95-95
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• 2001

The Yeongdong basin is one of the pull-apart basins in the southwestern part of the Korean Peninsula that has developed during Cretaceous sinistal fault movement. The bimodal igneous activities (basalts and rhyolites) in the basin appear to be closely associated with the basin development. Here, we discuss the origin of the igneous rocks using chemical and radiogenic isotope data. Basaltic (48.4-52.7 wt% SiO$_2$) and rhyolitic (70.3-70.8 wt% SiO$_2$) rocks are slightly alkalic in a total alkali-silica diagram. The rhyolitic rocks with have unusually high K$_2$O contents (5.2-6.0 wt%). The basaltic rocks show an overall pattern of within-plate basalt in a MORB-normalized spider diagram, but have distinct negative anomaly of Nb, which indicates a significant amount of crustal component in the magma. The basaltic rocks plot within the calc-alkaline basalt field in the Hf/3-Th-Ta and Y/l5-La/10-Nb/8 discrimination diagrams. The eNd(T) values of the basaltic rocks (-13.6 to 14.3) are slightly higher than those of the rhyolitic rocks (-14.1 to 15.2), and the initial Sr isotopic ratios of the former (0.7085-0.7093) are much lower than those of the latter (0.7140-0.7149). However, the initial Nd and Sr isotope ratios of the igneous rocks in the Yeongdong basin are similar to those of the nearby Cretaceous igneous rocks in the Okcheon belt. The Pb isotope ratios plot within the field of Mesozoic granitoids outside of the Gyeongsang basin in Pb-Pb correlation diagrams. Since a basaltic magma requires the mantle source, the enriched isotopic signatures and negative Nb anomaly of the basaltic rocks suggest two possibilities for their origin: enriched mantle lithospheric source, or depleted mantle source with significant amount of crustal contamination. However, we prefer the first possibility since it would be difficult for a basaltic magma to maintain its bulk composition when it is significantly contaminated with granitic crustal material. The slightly more enriched isotopic signatures of rhyolitic rocks also suggest two possibilities: differentiate of the basaltlc magma with some crustal contamination, or direct partial melting of the lower crust. Much larger exposed volume of the rhyolitic rocks, compared with the basaltic rocks, indicates the latter possibility more favorable.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 2000

The following results have been obtaind after examing 72patients with facial paralysis who were hospitalzed and treated through the time period of December 1st, 1996 to November 30th, 1999 at the Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion of Seoul Oriental Medicine, Kyungwon University. During the examination, those 72 patients were divided into two groups, and One group was treated by oriental-western treatment, the other group was treated by oriental treatment. Oriental treatments were acupuncture and moxibustion, herb medicine, physical treatment and hygienic treatment. The one of main western treatments is steroid therapy. The results were obtained as follows : 1. In regard to signs at the first medical examination, lacrimation was showed highest number and facial paralysis, dysgeusia, hyperacusis were showed in numerical order. 2. In regard to prescription of oriental herb medicine, Kamissangbotang(加味雙補湯) was prescribed in greatest numbers and Boyangwhanotang(補陽還五湯), Kamiboiktang(加味補益湯), Ligigepungtang(理氣祛風湯) were prescribed in numerical order. 3. In regard to treatment number, 10~19 times for treatment was showed highest number and 1~9 times, 20~29 times, 40~49 times were showed in numerical order . 4. In regard to mean treatment times about injury region and main sign, the effect of oriental-western treatment was showed as follows: lacrimal gland disorder, hyperacusis, dysgeusia, facial paralysis were treated for 15.1, 27, 13.2 and 21.4 times, repectively. The effect of oriental treatment was showed as follows: lacrimal gland disorder, hyperacusis, dysgeusia, facial paralysis were treated for 34.8, 22.1, 33.8 and 16.3 times, respectively. 5. In regard ta the effect of treatment about injury region and main sign, oriental-western treatment was showed as follows: cases of lacrimal gland disorder were showed 1 of excellent case, 1 of fair case, 5 of good cases. In hyperacusis patients, there was showed 1 of fair case. In dysgeusia patients, there was showed 1 of excellent case, 3 of fair cases, 1 of good case. In facial paralysis, there were showed 5 of fair cases. Oriental treatment was showed as follows: In lacrimal gland disorder, the excellent were 4 cases, the fair were 10 cases, the good were 3 cases and the poor were 4 cases, In hyperacusis, the fair were 5 cases, the poor 2 cases. In dysgeusia, the excellent were 4 cases, the fair were 1 case, the good were 1 case and the poor was 1 case, In facial paralysis, the excellent were 9 cases, the fair were 4 cases, the good 3 cases and the poor were 3 cases. 6. The effect of total treatment was as follows: 30 cases were showed fair effect, 19 cases were showed excellent effect, 13 cases were showed good effect and 10 cases were showed poor effect. 7. In regard to attack factor, overlabour was showed highest number and wind-cold, mental stress, trauma, ear disease, common cold, dental diseae, reason unknwon were showed in numerical order. 8. In regard to premonitory symptoms, non significant symptoms were in 38 cases, the pain of peri-stylomastoid region were in 38 cases and headache, dysaesthesia of periorbit, dysgeusia, stomatitis, eyelid tic were showed in numerical order. 9. In regard to sex, male were 33 cases and female were 39 cases. The distribution of age was disclosed that thirty, forty, fifty, seventy, sixty, twenty and below twenty years were revealed in turn. Sex and paralytic side were showed as follows: male-left were 15 cases, male-right were 18 cases, female-left were 19 cases and female-right were 19 cases. In regard to attack frequence in month, March was showed highest number and January, April, May, August, October, etc were showed in numerical order. In regard to attack frequence in season, spring was showed highest number and winter, summer, fall were showed in numerical order, but attack frequence between four seasons wasn't showed significant difference.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.265-270
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine the effect of aluminum sulfate[Al$_2$(S0$_4$)$_3$$.$14H$_2$O], commonly referred to as ALUM, addition to broiler litter on 3 and 6 week old broiler performance and the nitrogen content of the litter at 6 weeks of age. The two treatment groups were 134 identical diets with the same protein levels, but one group(T$_1$) had ALUM added as a top dressing to the litter at a rate of 200 g ALUM / kg of rice bran, while T$_2$ did not have ALUM added to the litter. Feed consumption for T$_1$ was higher in the 22 to 42 day-old and 0 to 42 day-old periods (P<0.05). Body weight in T$_1$ was also higher in the 0 to 42 day -old period (P<0.0l). There was no difference, however, in the feed : gain ratio between T$_1$ and T$_2$ During the first 5 weeks, T$_1$ had significantly less(P<0.05 or 0.01) ammonia emission from the litter than T$_2$ but at 6 weeks there was no difference in ammonia concentration between the two groups. At 6 weeks, T$_1$ had a lower litter pH than Ta (P<0.05) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen(TKN) was higher far T$_1$ than T$_2$ (P<0.05). However,71 did not show any difference from T$_2$ in the content of NH4-N and NO3-N. In summary, the addition of ALUM to broiler litter improved broiler performance at 6 weeks, while increasing nitrogen content from the litter used as the nitrogen fertilizer although ammonia emission was increased in T$_1$ at 6 weeks.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 1999

Purpose : To evaluate the usefulness of functional MRI (fMRI) of visual cortex in patients with ischemic infarction in the occipital lobe. Materials and Methods : Four patients with the symptoms and signs of visual cortical ischemia were included. Functional MRI was performed by 2D-FLASH technique with the parameter of 90/56msec TR/TE, $40^{\circ}$ flip angle, $240{\times}240{\;}FOV,{\;}64{\times}128$ matrix number, 8.32 seconds acquisition time, 8mm slice thickness. An axial slice including both visual cortices was selected and alternative activation and resting of the visual cortex was performed using red color photostimulator. all patients undertook visual field test, and vascular abnormality was examined by MRA (n=4) and DSA (n=2). fMRI results were compared with the results of a visual field test, conventional MRI and cerebral angiography. Results : On fMRI, decreased activity of the visual cortex was found in the occipital lobe corresponding to stenosis of the posterior cerebral artery or its branch noted on angiogram. However, 2 of 4 patients showed no abnormal findings on conventional MRI. Visual field defect was noted in 3 patients, one and of whom showed no abnormality on conventional MRI and diffusion-weighted image, but revealed decreased activity in the corresponding visual cortex on fMRI. Conclusion : fMRI may be a sensitive method for detection of the status of decreased blood flow or vascular reserve which other methods can not.