• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.26 no.1B
• /
• pp.51-60
• /
• 2006

Water quality improvement in mattress/filter system using porous material like slag from industrial activity and zeolite that has been studied for environment improvement and pollution abatement is very useful in polluted stagnant stream channel. Slag is consisted of CaO, $SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$ and $Fe_2O_3$. Slag with large specific surface area of porosity has been used such as sludge settling and adsorptive materials. Because slag is porous, it can be used for purification filter. As slag is used as filled materials of mattress/filter system and the system has good advantages for the waste water treatment, water recycling, and the improvement of water quality at the same time and so on. Because zeolite has much advantage of cation exchange, adsorption, catalyst and dehydration characteristics, It is used for environment improvement of livestock farms, treatment of artificial sewage and waste water, improvement of drinking water quality, radioactive waste disposal and radioactive material pollution control. In this study, according to verifying effects of water quality improvement of fill materials by porosity that 38.6%, 45.8% and 49.8% respectively in the stagnant stream channel, water quality monitoring of inflow and outflow was conducted on pH, DO, BOD, COD, SS, T-N and T-P. Mattress/filter system was able to accelerate water quality improvement by biofilter as waste water flows through gap of mattress/filter fill materials and by contact catalysis, absorption, catabolism by biofilm. Mattress/filter system used slag and zeolite forms biofilm easily and accelerates adsorption of organic matter. As a result, mattress/filter system increases water self-purification and accelerates water quality improvement available for stream water clean-up.

• Interdisciplinary Bio Central
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.10.1-10.8
• /
• 2011

Introduction: Hash functions are computer algorithms that protect information and secure transactions. In response to the NIST's "International Call for Hash Function", we developed a biological hash function using the computing capabilities of bacteria. We designed a DNA-based XOR logic gate that allows bacterial colonies arranged in a series on an agar plate to perform hash function calculations. Results and Discussion: In order to provide each colony with adequate time to process inputs and perform XOR logic, we designed and successfully demonstrated a system for time-delayed bacterial growth. Our system is based on the diffusion of ${\ss}$-lactamase, resulting in destruction of ampicillin. Our DNA-based XOR logic gate design is based on the op-position of two promoters. Our results showed that $P_{lux}$ and $P_{OmpC}$ functioned as expected individually, but $P_{lux}$ did not behave as expected in the XOR construct. Our data showed that, contrary to literature reports, the $P_{lux}$ promoter is bidirectional. In the absence of the 3OC6 inducer, the LuxR activator can bind to the $P_{lux}$ promoter and induce backwards transcription. Conclusion and Prospects: Our system of time delayed bacterial growth allows for the successive processing of a bacterial hash function, and is expected to have utility in other synthetic biology applications. While testing our DNA-based XOR logic gate, we uncovered a novel function of $P_{lux}$. In the absence of autoinducer 3OC6, LuxR binds to $P_{lux}$ and activates backwards transcription. This result advances basic research and has important implications for the widespread use of the $P_{lux}$ promoter.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
• /
• 2018.06a
• /
• pp.116-116
• /
• 2018

부식은 재료와 사용 환경과의 상호작용에 의한 결과로서 일반적으로 두께의 감소와 균열의 발생 및 파손 등의 문제로 나타난다. 특히 사용환경 중에서 해수 분위기는 금속의 부식에 가장 유리한 조건이다. 따라서 해양환경 중 항만이나 조선 및 해양 산업 등에 많이 이용되는 강 구조물은 이에 대응하기 위하여 도장방식이나 음극방식을 사용하고 있다. 여기서 음극방식은 피방식체를 일정전위로 음극 분극하는 원리로써 외부전원을 인가하거나 비전위의 금속을 전기적으로 연결하여 방식하는 방법이다[1]. 한편, 해수 중에서 이와 같은 원리로 음극방식 할 경우에는 피방식체인 강재표면에 부분적으로 칼슘 또는 마그네슘 화합물 등의 생성물이 부착하는 현상을 볼 수 있게 된다. 이와 같이 수산화마그네슘($Mg(OH)_2$)및 탄산칼슘($CaCO_3$)을 주성분으로 하여 석출되는 석회질 피막(calcareous deposits)은 피방식체에 유입되는 음극방식 전류밀도를 감소시켜 주거나 물리적 장벽의 역할을 함으로써 외부의 산소와 물 등 부식환경으로부터 소지금속을 보호한다[2]. 그러나 석회질 피막은 소지금속과의 결합력, 막의 균일한 분포, 내식성 및 제작시간의 단축 등 해결해야 할 과제가 있다. 또한 여러 가지 환경 조건 등의 영향을 받아 그 피막의 형성 정도도 가늠하기 어렵기 때문에 음극방식 설계 시 그 정도에 따른 영향을 고려-반영하기가 곤란하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 석출속도, 밀착성 및 내식특성을 향상시키기 위해 전착프로세스를 통해 해수 중 기체를 용해시켜 석회질 피막을 제작하고 막의 결정구조 제어 및 특성을 분석-평가하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 강 기판(Steel Substrate)은 일반구조용강(KS D 3503, SS400)을 사용하였으며, 외부전원은 정류기(Rectifier, xantrex, XDL 35-5T)를 사용하여 3 및 $5A/m^2$의 조건으로 인가하였다. 양극의 경우에는 해수에 녹아있는 이온 이외에 다른 성분들이 환원되는 것을 방지하기 위해 불용성 양극인 탄소봉(Carbon Rod)을 사용하였다. 이때 석출속도, 밀착성 및 내식특성 향상을 위해 해수에 주입한 기체의 양은 0.5 NL/min였으며, 기판 근처에 고정하여 음극 부근에서의 반응을 유도하였다. 각 조건별로 제작된 막의 표면 모폴로지, 조성원소 및 결정구조 분석을 실시하였으며, 석회질 피막의 밀착성과 내식특성을 평가하기 위해 규격에 따른 테이핑 테스트(Taping Test, ISO 2409)와 3 % NaCl 용액에서 전기화학적 양극 분극 시험을 진행하여 제작된 막의 내구성과 내식성을 분석-평가하였다. 시간에 따른 전착막의 외관관찰 결과 전류밀도의 증가와 함께 상대적으로 많은 피막이 형성되었고, 용해시킨 기체에 의해 더 치밀하고 두터운 피막이 형성됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 성분 및 결정구조 분석 결과 $Mg(OH)_2$ 성분의 Brucite 및 $CaCO_3$ 성분의 Calcite 및 Aragonite 구조를 확인하였으며, 용해시킨 기체의 영향으로 $CaCO_3$ 성분의 Aragonite 구조가 상대적으로 많이 검출되었다. 밀착성 및 내식성 평가를 실시한 결과 해수 중 용해시킨 기체에 의해 제작한 시편의 경우 견고하고 화학적 친화력이 높은 Aragonite 결정이 표면을 치밀하게 덮어 전해질로부터 산소와 물의 침입을 차단하는 역할을 하여 기체를 용해시키지 않은 3 및 $5A/m^2$ 보다 비교적 우수한 밀착성 및 내식 특성을 보이는 것으로 사료된다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
• /
• 2016.11a
• /
• pp.164-164
• /
• 2016

항만 및 해양 구조물은 육상과는 비교할 수 없을 정도로 가혹한 해수 환경에서 사용되며 계속적으로 부식 손상을 받는다. 따라서 강구조물이 장기적으로 안전하게 사용되기 위해서는 적절한 방식은 물론 철저한 유지관리가 필수적이다. 한편, 현재 해양환경 중 항만, 조선, 해양산업 등에 많이 이용되는 강구조물은 이에 대응하기 위하여 일반적으로 도장방식이나 음극방식이 사용되고 있다. 음극방식은 피방식체를 일정전위로 음극 분극하는 원리로써 외부전원을 인가하거나 비전위의 금속을 희생양극으로 연결하여 방식하는 방법이다. 이와같이 해수 중 음극방식을 실시할 경우 해수 중 용존하는 많은 이온들 중에서 특히 $Ca^{2+}$ 이나 $Mg^{2+}$ 이온이 탄산칼슘, 수산화마그네슘을 주성분으로하는 화합물로 형성된다. 이렇게 생성된 전착막은 산소 확산을 방지하는 물리적 장벽을 형성하고 부식율을 감소시키는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 그러나 전착막은 소지 금속과의 결합력이 불균일 함은 물론 막을 형성하는데 있어서 장시간이 소요된다는 단점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 해수 중 음극방식 응용 원리에 의해 전착막을 형성하고, 석출속도, 밀착성 및 내식특성을 향상시키기 위해 해수 중 기체를 용해시켜 제작한 막의 특성을 분석-평가하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 기판(substrate)은 일반구조용 강(SS400)을 사용하였으며, 면적은 $70mm{\times}30mm$, 두께는 1 mm로 제작하여 실험을 진행하였다. 외부전원은 정류기(Rectifier, xantrex, XDL 35-5T)를 사용하여 3 및 $5A/m^2$ 의 조건으로 인가하였고, 양극은 Carbon Rod를 사용하였다. 이때 해수에 주입한 이산화탄소의 양은 0.5 NL/min 였다. 각 조건별로 제작된 전착막에 대해 외관관찰, 석출량, 모폴로지, 조성원소 및 결정구조 분석을 실시하였고, 밀착성 및 내식특성을 평가하기 위해 테이핑 테스트(Taping Test, JIS K 5600-5-6)와 3.5 % NaCl 용액에서 전기화학적 양극 분극 시험을 진행하였다. 시간에 따른 전착막의 외관관찰 결과 전류밀도의 증가와 함께 상대적으로 많은 피막이 형성되었고, 용해시킨 기체에 의해 더 치밀하고 두터운 피막이 형성됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 성분 및 결정구조 분석 결과 $Mg(OH)_2$ 성분의 Brucite 및 $CaCO_3$ 성분의 Calcite 구조 및 Aragonite 구조를 확인하였으며, 용해시킨 기체의 영향으로 $CaCO_3$ 성분의 Aragonite 구조가 상대적으로 많이 검출되었다. 이는 해수 중 용해된 이산화탄소의 영향으로 인해 풍부한 ${CO_3}^{2-}$ 이온이 형성되고 용액 pH를 낮게 유지시켜 Ca 화합물 형성이 용이한 환경이 조성되는 것으로 판단된다. 밀착성 및 내식성 평가를 실시한 결과 해수중 용해시킨 기체에 의해 제작한 시편의 경우 견고하고 화학적 친화력이 높은 Aragonite 결정이 표면을 치밀하게 덮어 전해질로부터 산소와 물의 침입을 차단하는 역할을 하여 기체를 용해시키지 않은 $3A/m^2$ 및 $5A/m^2$ 보다 비교적 우수한 밀착성 및 내식 특성을 보이는 것으로 사료된다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.40 no.5
• /
• pp.418-428
• /
• 2007

Physical and chemical properties of the aggregate by-products including sludge and crushed dust samples collected from the 21 private companies throughout the country were analyzed to evaluate possible usage of the by-products as artificial soil materials for plantation. The pH of the materials ranged from 8.0 to 11.0. The organic matter content was $2.85g\;kg^{-1}$, and the total nitrogen content and available phosphate content were low as 0.7 percents and $12.98mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$, and $Na^+$ were 2.29, 0.47, 0.02 and $0.05cmol\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Heavy metal contents were lower than the limits regulated by environmental law of Korea. Textural analysis showed that most of the materials were silt loam with low water holding capacity ranged from 0.67 to 7.41 percents, and with low hydraulic conductivity ranged from 0.4 to $2.8m\;s^{-1}$. Mineralogical analysis showed that the aggregate by product materials were mostly composed of silicate, alumina and ferric oxides except calcium oxide dominant materials derived from limestones. The primary minerals were quartz, feldspars and dolomites derived from granite and granitic gneiss materials. Some samples derived from limestone material showed calcite and graphite together with the above minerals. According to the result, it can be concluded that the materials could be used as the artificial soil material for plantation after proper improvement of the physico-chemical properties and fertility.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.27 no.8
• /
• pp.870-876
• /
• 2005

The multiple regression models which have two factors(population and commercial area) have been used to forecast the water demand in the future. But, the coefficient of population had a negative value because proper regional classification wasn't performed, and it is not reasonable because the population must be a positive factor. So, the regional classification was performed by principal component and cluster analysis to solve the problem. 6 regional characters were transformed into 4 principal components, and the areas were divided into two groups according to cluster analysis which had 4 principal components. The new regression models were made by each group, and the problem was solved. And, the future water demands were estimated by three scenarios(Active, moderate, and passive one). The increase of water demand ore $89.034\;m^3/day$ in active plat $49,077\;m^3/day$ in moderate plan, and $19,996\;m^3/day$ in passive plan. The water supply ability as scenarios is enough in water treatment plant, however, 2 reservoirs among 4 reservoirs don't have enough retention time in all scenarios.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.377-386
• /
• 2010

Introduction of TBELs into Korean environmental regulatory system for wastewater may require very careful considerations and appropriate modifications of the TBELs applied in US. The Korean regulations for wastewater are based on uniform regulatory criteria for wastewater effluent discharge and are quite different from the individual permit system in US. In addition, the toxic pollutants regulated in Korea are much less than those in US. Therefore, the effects of TBELs application on the pollutants reduction and the economic feasibility should be carefully assessed for different categories of wastewater sources. In this study, the applicability of TBELs for the industrial categories of Korea was discussed. The TBELs were derived for a sample category, the pulp paper paperboard manufacture, based on the previously reported analytical data from 52 facilities of the domestic pulp paper paperboard manufacture in Korea. It was suggested that the BAT effluent limitations were BOD 30 mg/L, $COD_{Mn}$ 40 mg/L, SS 40 mg/L, T-N 30 mg/L and T-P 4 mg/L and that the allowable effluent loads were $0.31{\sim}1.75kgCOD_{Mn}/ton$-products. Due to the limitation of insufficient data, there were difficult to obtain the important factors to derive more systematic and accurate limitation standards for the pollutants such as the 'Long Term Average (LTA)', the 'Product Normalized Discharge Flow (PNDF)', and the 'Variability Factor (VF)'. However, as the first trial of TBELs determination based on the all available analytical data reported, the procedure and the outcome of the study may provide valuable insight on application of TBELs in Korea.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.331-357
• /
• 2012

Obwohl die Preisbekanntmachung der individuellen Gesundheitsleistung(PiG), die im Jahr 2010 im Arztrecht neu eingef$\ddot{u}$hrt wird, zum Management der Gesundheitskosten sehr n$\ddot{u}$tzig werden soll, muss eine verfassungsrechtliche Rechtfertigungspr$\ddot{u}$fung von PiG zun$\ddot{a}$chst durchgef$\ddot{u}$hrt werden. Angesichts der staatlichen Regulierung und Lenkung auf die Wirtschaft des Art. 119 Abs. 2 KV besitzt die PiG zun$\ddot{a}$chst eine Verfassungsrechtfertigung. Nach der st$\ddot{a}$ndigen Rechtsprechung des koreanischen Verfassungsgerichts folgt das Selbstbestimmungsrecht der Verbraucher aus der Menschenw$\ddot{u}$rde von Art. 10 Abs. 1 Koreanische Verfassung(KV) und dem Recht auf Gl$\ddot{u}$ck von Art. 10 Abs. 2 KV. Demnach k$\ddot{o}$nnen Konsumenten den Einkauf der G$\ddot{u}$ter und Service, die Partei des Vertrags, Gesch$\ddot{a}$ftsbedingungen, usw. frei entscheiden. Indem der Preis der individuellen Gesundheitsleistung mithin bekanntgemacht wird, werden das Selbstbestimmungsrecht der Verbraucher sowie das Recht der Konsumenten sicherlich gew$\ddot{a}$hrleistet. Dar$\ddot{u}$ber hinaus steht die PiG im Einklang mit dem Recht auf Information, aber auch z$\ddot{a}$hlt sie nicht zu den Informationen der Nichtbekanntmachung vom Gesetz $\ddot{u}$ber die Bekanntmachung der Information(GBI). Nach der staatlichen Gesundheitspflicht des Art. 36 Abs. 3 KV kann die PiG eine Verfassungslegitim$\ddot{a}$t besitzen. Im Hinblick auf die Berufsfreiheit kann die PiG einen Eingriff in den Gesch$\ddot{a}$ftsaktivit$\ddot{a}$ten der Unternehmen bedeuten. Trotzdem ist die PiG als eine verfassungsrechtliche Legitimit$\ddot{a}$t zu qualifizieren. In der Konsequenz kann die PiG, die auf dem Selbstbestimmungsrecht, dem Recht auf Information, dem Gesundheitsrecht, der Regulierung und Lenkung auf die Wirtschaft von Art. 119 Abs. 2 KV, und dem Recht der Verbraucher beruht, als eine verfassungm${\ddot{a}}{\ss}$ige Politik gesch$\ddot{a}$tzt werden.

• Journal of Fashion Business
• /
• v.10 no.5
• /
• pp.135-158
• /
• 2006

The purpose of this study was to provide for the useful fundamental data by developing an appearl sizing system according to body types for Chinese Adult Female. Thus, it was to improve of fittness and coverage rate of exporting domestic clothing to China. For study, It was measured 1360 female women aged between 19 and 50 who resident in Beijing and Shanghai in China. as a sample, 1381 female women was seleted for development of apparel sizing system. Thus, this study was to characterize body types of Chinese adult female by classifying them into groups and set coverage rate of ready-made clothes by developing an apparel sizing system according to the Women's Wear Specifications(GB/T 1335.2-1997), National Standards of People's Republic of China. As for the method of this study was done during Jun. 23 $\sim$ Aug. 7, 2004. Data analysis were processed by SPSS WIN 10.0 Program was used to for technical statistical analysis. The result was as follows: The clothes dimension for upper and lower body and the coverage rate of body size that had the highest appearance ratio from the entire group was Y-type 160-84$\cdot$160-64(4.6%) and the section 160cm 32.4%, A-type 160-88$\cdot$160-72(3.3%) and the section 160cm 28.1%, B-type 155-88$\cdot$155-78(3.8%) and the section 155cm 27.8%, C-type 150-96$\cdot$150-88(2.5%). The result By setting of representative size number and production coverage rate for Chinese adult female. The representative size number of the entire group was set for 150-80A$\cdot$150-64A(1.0%), 155-84A$\cdot$155-68A(2.6%), 160-88A$\cdot$160-72A(3.3%), 165-84A$\cdot$165-68A (2.8%), 170-96A$\cdot$170-80A(0%). The production coverage rate for each representative size number was SS size the section 150cm 2.8%, size the section 155cm 17.0%, M size the section 160cm 31.6%, L size the section 165cm 25.0%, XL size the section 170cm 12.6% that covered 85.0%.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.130-135
• /
• 2010

To select the viable alternative substrates among the variable organic substrates for productivity enhancement and production cost-reduction of oyster mushroom in bottle culture, this study was carried out at mushroom research institute of GGRDA in 2007. In bottle culture of oyster mushroom (Plerutus ostreatus), the seedcakes of rape (RS), soybean (SS), coconut (CCS), and kapok (KS) were examined as substitute of cotton seedcake which was primary nutritive material of mushroom growing substrate. The chemical properties of substrate mixed with kapok seedcake is similar to the mixture with cotton seedcake in T-C, T-N, C/N ratio, and other nutrients. Mixed growing substrate containing cotton seedcake and kapok seedcake was superior to other mixtures 99.2% and 99.5%, respectively in spawning ratio and was faster mycellium growth in column test than that of soybeen seedcake, cotton + soybeen seedcake, and coconut seedcake. The period required in first pin-heading was 1-2 days longer in rape and soybeen seedcake mixture. Also there wad no primodia and fruitbody formation at soybeen seedcake mixture which had highest T-N content among the other mixed substrates. Yield per bottle and biological efficiency were highest of 144.6 g and 75.4%, respectively at kapok seedcake mixture. As a result, this study found that cotton seedcake can be replaced with kapok seedcake in bottle culture of oyster mushroom.