• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.1649-1653
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• 2008

오염거동에 관한 연구는 일반적으로 도시하천 및 농업지역의 하천유역에서 이루어는 것이 일반적이나, 우리나라의 약 70% 정도가 산지유역으로 작은 산지하천이 발달되어 있는 점을 고려하면, 산지 소하천 유역의 오염거동 분석은 매우 의미 있다고 본다. 본 연구 대상유역인 설마천 시험유역(경기도 파주시 적성면 소재, 한국건설기술연구원 시험유역 운영 사이트)은 계곡을 중심으로 음식점과 휴게소가 발달되어 있고 소규모 농가 및 3개 군부대가 위치하는 등 비교적 적은 오염원이 존재하는 곳이다. 최근 4개년($2003{\sim}2006$년) 자료를 이용하여 대상 유역의 상 하류 2개 지점의 동시간대의 수질자료를 바탕으로 오염거동을 모의하여 각 Segment별 오염량을 산정하고 유출부인 전적비교 지점과 실측값을 비교 하였으며, 검증된 모의값을 토대로 수문조건별 수질항목별 상 하류 관계식을 도출하였다. 본 연구 대상유역의 분석을 위해 총 10개의 실측 자료와 QUAL2E-PULS 모형의 모의를 토대로 각 Segment별 오염량을 산정한 결과 98% 이상의 정확도 높은 자료를 얻었다. 이 결과를 토대로 2개 지점간의 수문조건별 수질항목별 상 하류 관계식 도출하였으며, 전기전도도, COD, BOD, DO, pH, T-N, T-P 및 SS 순으로 $98.9{\sim}87.8%$ 정도의 높은 결정계수를 보이는 것으로 분석되었다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.94-97
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• 2003

This study performed the research about the recycling basin supernatant by pre-coat filtration in the D water treatment plant at Gwangju. Choice the prompt conditions with diatomaceous earth filtration which makes contaminant reduced in the basin supernatant. Element disk of candle used in this experiment are pore size 10$\mu\textrm{m}$(R), 20$\mu\textrm{m}$(B) and 40$\mu\textrm{m}$(Y). Diatomaceous earth are cake pore size 3.5$\mu\textrm{m}$(A), 7$\mu\textrm{m}$(B) and 17$\mu\textrm{m}$(C). The filtrate concentrations were from 0.18 to 0.92$\mu\textrm{g}$/1 of Chlorophyll-a. And then, removal rate percentage were from 78.30 to 95.57(R-A). In addition SS 80%, CODMn32% COD 61%, T-N 10% and T-P 39% on the D water treatment plant. The R(40$\mu\textrm{m}$) C(17$\mu\textrm{m}$) process can be substituted of reusing the recycled water of recycling basin supernatant view of capacity and removal rate of filtrate.

• KCID journal
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.94-102
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the load of non-point sources pollutant at a paddy plot located at the valley watershed during irrigation period. Irrigation, runoff and water quality data in the paddy plot were analyzed periodically from June 1 to October 31 in 2005. The observed amount of precipitation, irrigation, runoff for the experimental paddy plot during the irrigation period was 1,297.8, 223.2, and 825.4mm, respectively. Total-N concentrations ranged from 3.73 to 18.10mg/L, which was generally higher than the quality standard of agricultural water (1.0mg/L). Total-P concentrations ranged from 0.111 to 0.243mg/L and the average was 0.139mg/L. The observed runoff pollutants loadings from the paddy plot were measured as 34.4 kg/ha for T-N, 1.0 kg/ha for T-P and 213.8 kg/ha for SS. The non-point sources pollutant load in drainage water depends on rainfall and surface drainage water amount from the paddy plot. We are considering that these results were affected by rainfall as well as hydrological condition, soil management, whether or not fertilizer application, cropping, rice straw and plowing.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.245-257
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• 2022

Water quality characteristics and their spatial variations in the Nakdong River were statistically analyzed by multivariate techniques including correlation analysis, CA, and FA/PCA based on water quality parameters for 17 sites over 2017-2019, yielding PI values for primary factors. Site 10 indicated the highest parameter concentrations, and results of pearson's correlation analysis suggest that non-biodegradable organic matter had been distributed on the site. Five clusters were identified in order of descending pollution levels: I (Ib > Ia) > II (IIa > IIb) > III. Spatial variations started from sub-cluster Ib in which Daegu city and Geumho-river are joined. T-P, PO4-P, SS, COD, and TOC corresponded to VF 1 and 2, which were found to be principal components with strong influence on water quality. Sub-cluster Ib was strongly influenced by NO3-N and T-N compared to other clusters. According to the PIs, water quality pollution deteriorated due to non-biodegradable organic matter, nitrogen- and phosphorus-based nutrient salts in the middle and lower reaches, illustrating worsening water pollution due to inflows of anthropogenic sources on the Geumho-river, i.e., sewage and wastewater, discharged from Site 10, at which there is a concentration of urban, agricultural, and industrial areas.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2006.03a
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• pp.341-343
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• 2006

The current spectral shape matching method (SSMM), developed by Ahn and Shanmugam (2004), relies on the assumption that the path radiance resulting from scattered photons due to air molecules and aerosols and possibly direct-reflected light from the air-sea interface is spatially homogeneous over the sub-scene of interest, enabling the retrieval of water-leaving radiances ($L_w$) from the satellite ocean color image data. This assumption remains valid for the clear atmospheric conditions, but when the distribution of aerosol loadings varies dramatically the above postulation of spatial homogeneity will be violated. In this study, we present the second version of SSMM which will take into account the horizontal variations of aerosol loading in the correction of atmospheric effects in SeaWiFS ocean color image data. The new version includes models for the correction of the effects of aerosols and Raleigh particles and a method fur computation of diffuse transmittance ($t_{os}$) as similar to SeaWiFS. We tested this method over the different optical environments and compared its effectiveness with the results of standard atmospheric correction (SAC) algorithm (Gordon and Wang, 1994) and those from in-situ observations. Findings revealed that the SAC algorithm appeared to distort the spectral shape of water-leaving radiance spectra in suspended sediments (SS) and algal bloom dominated-areas and frequently yielded underestimated or often negative values in the lower green and blue part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Retrieval of water-leaving radiances in coastal waters with very high sediments, for instance = > 8g $m^{-3}$, was not possible with the SAC algorithm. As the current SAC algorithm does not include models for the Asian aerosols, the water-leaving radiances over the aerosol-dominated areas could not be retrieved from the image and large errors often resulted from an inappropriate extrapolation of the estimated aerosol radiance from two IR bands to visible spectrum. In contrast to the above results, the new SSMM enabled accurate retrieval of water-leaving radiances in a various range of turbid waters with SS concentrations from 1 to 100 g $m^{-3}$ that closely matched with those from the in-situ observations. Regardless of the spectral band, the RMS error deviation was minimum of 0.003 and maximum of 0.46, in contrast with those of 0.26 and 0.81, respectively, for SAC algorithm. The new SSMM also remove all aerosol effects excluding areas for which the signal-to-noise ratio is much lower than the water signal.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.103-116
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• 2007

Der Begriff des Todes $h{\ddot{a}}ngt$ die einzelne Wertvorstellung ab, so dass die Unanschaulichkeit des Todes besteht und noch zu $kl{\ddot{a}}ren$ ist. Im koreanischen Recht, findet sich keine Legaldefinition des Todes. In der juristischen Literatur herrscht der Herztod, nach dem $f{\ddot{u}}r$ den Todeszeitpunkt der irreversible und $vollst{\ddot{a}}ndige$ Stillstand der $Herzt\ddot{a}tigkeit$ gehalten wird, $herk{\ddot{o}}mmlicherweise$ bis jetzt als Todesdefinition vor. Der Herztod basiert darauf, dass Individualtod des Menschen durch den $endg{\ddot{u}}ltigen$, nicht behebbaren Stillstands von Herzschlag nach Ausfall von Atmung eingetreten sind. Auch der medizinische Laie kann den Herztod einfach wahrnehmen und sicher feststellen. Darauf folgt der Herztod als sicheres Todeszeichen angesehen wird. In der Regel trete der Herztod letzte Mal im $nat{\ddot{u}}rlichen$ Sterbeprozess ein. Die $j{\ddot{u}}ngste$ $k{\ddot{u}}nstlichen$ Reanimationsma ${\SS}nahmen$ $erm{\ddot{o}}glicht$ es, die Atmungs- und Kreislauffunktion $f{\ddot{u}}r$ eine begrenzte Zeit $k{\ddot{u}}nstlich$ aufrecht zu erhalten. Die Entwicklung der Medizin machte es zu erkennen, dass das "Zentralorgan Gehirn" $f{\ddot{u}}r$ die Aufrechterhaltung der biologischen Lebensfunktion des Gesamtorganismus unverzichtbar ist. Die Verbesserung von Transplantationstechniken gab $gro{\SS}en$ Anlass neben $f{\ddot{u}}r$ den verbesserten Reanimationstechniken auch $f{\ddot{u}}r$ den Fortschritt auf dem Gebiet der toten Transplantation. Je frischer die Organe sind, desto $gr\ddot{o}{\SS}er$ sind die Chancen $f{\ddot{u}}r$ eine erfolgreiche Verpflanzung und $f{\ddot{u}}r$ $T{\ddot{a}}tigkeit$ im $Empf{\ddot{a}}ngerorganismus$. Die Organentnahme als solche wird $unzul{\ddot{a}}ssig$ nur durch Feststellung des Herztod bei lebenswichtigen Organe, besonders wie Herz. Der Herzstillstand allein ist aber kein sicheres Kriterimn $f{\ddot{u}}r$ die $Zul{\ddot{a}}ssigkeit$ der Organentnahme. Im Korea wurde das Gesetz ${\ddot{u}}ber$ die Transplantation von Organen (Gesetz-Nummer 5858) am 8. Februar 1999 ${\ddot{o}}ffentlich$ bekannt gemacht l1nd trat am 9. Febrllar 2000 in Kraft(${\S}$ 1 Schussvorschriften kTPG). Aus der Sicht des Gesamthirntod definiert das Transplantationsgesetz derjenige, dass nach Kriterien und Nachweisverfahren $f{\ddot{u}}r$ Hirntodfeststellung dieses Gesetzes der irreversible Ausfall der Gesamthirnfunktion festgestellt wird, als Hirntoter (${\S}$ 3 Nr.4 kTPG). Mit dieser Regelung wird die Feststellung des Gesamthimtodes als gesetzliche Mindestvoraussetzung $f{\ddot{u}}r$ die Organentnahme festgelegt. Es handelt sich um Kriterien und Nachweisverfahren $f{\ddot{u}}r$ Hirntodfeststellung des koreanischen Transplantationsgesetzes.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.678-686
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• 2006

The feasibility of the high-hydrophilic biofilter was examined for application in rural wastewater treatment in Korea. The intermittent trickling biofiter was developed for wastewater treatment of media and examined instantaneous wetting water and immersional wetting water. Melamin foam absorbed 120 times it's weight in water and maintained wetting status than other materials. These characteristics are improvement for application in rural areas showing large variance of amount of influent. The biofilter process was effective in treating organic pollutants; mean removal efficiencies of $BOD_5$ and TSS were above 80%. The average SS concentrations of effluent was showed below $10mg/L^{-1}$ and meet guidelines in special regions, however, the average concentration of $BOD_5$ was about $20mg/L^{-1}$. The removals of T-N and T-P were relatively less effective and removal efficiencies were below 40%. It might meet the guidelines for T-P because of low levels of influent T-P concentration. However, the T-N concentration were too high and further treatment is required. The effluent concentration of $NH_4-N$ showed a significant reduction rate about 43.8%, but part of $NH_4-N$ was transformed to $NO_2-N$ and $NO_3-N$ inside the biofilter through nitrification process. The effluent concentration of org-P was removed about 78.8% of influent concentration by filtration. Considering stable performance and effective removal of pollutant in wastewater, low maintenance, and cost-effectiveness, the hydrophilic biofilter system was thought to be an effective and feasible alternative for decentralized rural areas.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.741-749
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• 2008

Many small-scale ponds that serve as ecological habitat, recreation and irrigation are faced to eutrophication problem, which causes aesthetic nuisance and ultimately loss of their functions. Thus accurate evaluation of the trophic state of these ponds is essential to provide rational information to the stakeholders so that they can develop effective management actions. In this study, the trophic state of a small pond (Wonheung) that experiencing water quality degradation due to vicinity land development was assessed using various Trophic State Indexes (TSIs) and statistical analysis including Principal Components Analysis (PCA) based on the field monitoring data obtained from May to December, 2007. The results showed that the pond is under eutrophic state with average total nitrogen (T-N) and total phosphorus (T-P) concentrations of $708.1{\mu}g/L$ and $59.3{\mu}g/L$, respectively. The factor loading plot obtained from PCA showed distinct two influencing factors, PC 1 and PC 2. PC 1 was grouped by T-P, Chlorophyll a (Chl-a), suspended solids (SS), TN/TP ratio, and transparency that all strongly related to the eutrophication state, while PC 2 by temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and turbidity that explains the seasonal water quality variations. The limiting factor was identified as light rather than phosphorus by both T-N/T-P ratio and TSI indexes analysis. The results and methodology adopted in this study can be used for water quality assessment for other small ponds and lakes.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.4 s.71
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• pp.590-594
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• 2005

In this study, the wastewater treatment was conducted to evaluate the removal efficiency of total nitrogen from synthetic wastewater in the F-STEP PROCESS $(anaerobic{\rightarrow}\;oxic\;{\rightarrow}\;anoxic)$ with loess ball as support metrics. The average removal efficiencies of total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen were $83.0\%\;and\;84.4\%$, respectively. The average nitrification efficiency at the oxic area was $60.9\%$ in the pH range of effluent water between 4.8 and 6.0. On the other hand, in the case of pH range of effluent water between 6.5 and 7.5, the denitrification efficiency at the anoxic area was $96.3\%$. The average concentration of COD was 12.8 ppm and the removal efficiency of COD in the F-STEP PROCESS were $96.3\%$. In the case of SS, the average concentration was $7.0\%$ at the effluent.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.102-108
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• 2007

A sewage was treated using a vertical flow zeolite-filled reed bed. The sewage from the student dormitory of Changwon National University was fed into the reed bed for 10 minutes every 6 hours at the hydraulic load of $314L/m^3{\cdot}$day. The filtering height of the reed bed was 100 em and the zeolite mixture was filled in the reed bed. The mixture consisted of the same volume of two types of zeolite: 0.5$\sim$1 mm and 1$\sim$3 mm in diameter. Annual average removal efficiency was 88 89.9%, $COD_{Cr}$ 86.1 %, $COD_{Mn}$ 81.2%, T-N 34.0%, $NH_4^+$-N 97.3% and T-P 34.6%. T-N of effluent was mostly $NO_3^-$-N and the concentration of $NO_2^-$-N in effluent was lower than 0.1 mg/L. All removal efficiencies did not show a remarkable seasonal change. The ranking of phosphorous fractions fixed to the zeolite in column test was Ca-P > Fe-P > reductant soluble Fe-P > occluded P > saloid P > AI-P at all depths of the filter. All phosphorous fractions except for AI-P reduced at deeper filter layer, while their content ratios increased at deeper filter layer. Organic matter content was the highest at the highest layer (0$\sim$5 cm from the top of the filter) and only small differences were observed at the deeper filter layer than 5 em from the top. Organic matter content increased at all depths of the filter with the operating time.