• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
• /
• v.9
• /
• pp.23-44
• /
• 2004

Das Forschungsziel dieser Untersuchung ist es, den linguistischen Begriff der Analogie zu definieren, und die auftretenden analogischen Ausgleichsprozesse vom Mittelhochdeutschen zum Neuhochdeutschen und auch im Neuhochdeutschen selbst insbesondere im System der starken Verben vorzuzeigen und zu $erkl\"{a}ren$. Und diese Forschungsergebnisse sind wie folgt. $Au{\ss}er$ dem Phonemwandel, der immer das Phonemsystem tangiert, gibt es M$Lautver\"{a}nderungen$, die auf assoziativer Ubertragung von Lautungen aus konkurrierenden sprachlichen Formen beruhen, die sog. Analogiebildungen. $N\"{a}mlich$ in der sprachlichen Entwicklung vom Mittelhochdeutschen zum Neuhochdeutschen zeigt sich eine sehr starke innere Tendenz der Sprache, diese durch $gesetzm\"{a}{\ss}igen$ Lautwandel entstandene Formenvielfalt innerhalb eines Paradigmas zu vereinheitlichen. Das $hei{\ss}t$; Analogischer Ausgleich ist als universaller sprachlicher Simplifizierungsprozess zu werten. Diese sprachlichen Ausgleichsprozesse werden als analogischer Ausgleich bzw. paradigmatischer Ausgleich bezeichnet. $Gem\"{a}{\ss}$ der Klassifikation von Frey teile ich auch analogischen Ausgleich Bereichen ein: a) im Stammsilbenvokalismus b) im Stammsilbenkonsonantismus c) in den Konjugationsendungen. (equation omitted) (c) Analogischer AusgIeich der Konjugationsendungen: Die Endung der 1. Pers. P1. $Pr\"{a}s$. Ind. im Althochdeutschen, -ames wird durch die Endung der 1. Pers. P1. $Pr\"{a}s$. Konj., -em ersetzt. $fr\"{h}ahd$. wir nem-ames > ahd. wir nem-em > mhd. wir nem-en > nhd. wir nehm-en Die Endung der 3. Pers. P1. $Pr\"{a}s$. Ind. im Mittelhochdeutschen, -ent wird durch die Endung der 1. Pers. P1. $Pr\"{a}s$. Ind., -en ersetzt. ahd. sie nem-ant > fruhmhd. sie nem-ent > mhd. sie nem-en > nhd. sie nehm-en Als Markierung der 2. Pers. Sg. war -st urprunglich nur in der 2. Pers. Sg. $Pr\"{a}s$. Ind. vorhanden: ahd. nim-ist > mhd. nim-est > nhd. nimm-st Von hier aus breitet es sich aus in die 2. Pers. Sg. Pras. Konj. ahd. nem-es > mhd. nem-est > nhd. nehm-est Vom $Pr\"{a}s$. Ind/Konj. breitet sich -st in das $Pr\"{a}t$. Ind. aus; ahd. nam-i > fruhmhd. naem-e > mhd. naem-est > nhd nahm-st Und $schlie{\ss}lich$ greift es vom $Pr\"{a}t$. Ind. auch auf den Konj. $\"{u}ber$. ahd. nam-is > mhd. nem-est > nhd. $n\"{a}hm-st$

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.57 no.3
• /
• pp.238-247
• /
• 2012

To determine the possibility of solidified se wage sludge for use as a soil cover material in reclaimed land, the growth of energy crops and soil chemical properties investigated in each experimental plots during 2 years (2010 and 2011). The experimental plots consisted of the mixing with solidified sewage sludge plot (SS50), the covering with solidified sewage sludge plot (SS100), and the original reclaimed land plot (ORL) on reclaimed land for the intended landfill in Sudokwon Landfill Site Management Corporation (SLC). Plant height, measured in the second year (2011), was highest in the Geodae 1 grown at plots treated with solidified sewage sludge. The growth of energy crops cultivated in both SS50 and SS100 were better than in ORL. The contents of organic matter (OM) and total nitrogen (T-N) at both SS50 and SS100 were considerably higher than that of the ORL over 2 years. However, the soil from ORL showed higher salinity with high contents of exchangeable $Na^+$ cation than that of SS50 and SS100 over 2 years. We consider that soil chemical and physical properties on reclaimed land used in this study could be improved by the application of solidified sewage sludge due to following reasons. Firstly, the application of solidified sewage sludge may provide soil nutrients on reclaimed land i.e. the growth of energy crops better than in ORL, resulted in more OM and T-N contents in SS50 and SS100. Secondly, the top layers mixed or covered with solidified sewage sludge on reclaimed land may be prevented the salinity accumulation due to capillary rise to surface soil, and improved the cultivation layer for effectively propagating the rhizomes of energy crops. Thus the solidified sewage sludge may be a great soil cover materials for cultivation of bioenergy crops in reclaimed land.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.25-34
• /
• 2019

The efficiency of sewage treatment was analyzed by statistical method based on the water quality and operation data of the sewage treatment plant applying the oxidation method. The obtained water quality data were pH, temperature, BOD, SS, T-N, ${NH_4}^+-N$, and T-P of influent and discharge water. Data analysis was performed by correlation analysis, ANOVA analysis, and cluster analysis. As a result of the statistical analysis, the influent flow rate in the sewage treatment plant was the highest in summer. The average inflow flow rate was $3.000m^3/s$. According to Box plot results, COD, and T-P concentrations of effluents were not significantly different from season to season. The Pearson correlation analysis showed strong positive correlation between BOD, COD, T-N, and T-P in influent flow. Seasonal BOD and T-N concentrations were highest in winter and COD and T-P in seasonal influences. BOD showed a strong negative correlation with the water temperature, but showed a positive correlation with other operating factors such as HRT, SRT and C/N. The higher the influent temperature, the lower the BOD concentration. Therefore, retention time was shortened and BOD treatment efficiency was lowered. It was found that T-N had a higher retention time and a higher concentration than DO concentration. On the other hand, T-P did not show a significant correlation with operating factors.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.322-329
• /
• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of BIO-CLOD on advanced wastewater treatment for enhanced removal efficiency and meeting the stringent discharge water requirements of wastewater treatment plants. Methods: Two experimental apparatuses consisting of anaerobic, anoxic and aeration tanks were operated. One included a BIO-CLOD cultivation tank. Organic and nutrient parameters and removal efficiency were analyzed by pH, BOD, CODcr, SS, T-N and T-P. Results: The average removal efficiencies of BOD, COD and SS from the apparatus with BIO-CLOD tank installation were 95.5%, 88.6% and 92.9%, respectively, and these were higher than the results from the apparatus without BIO-CLOD. The average TP removal efficiency with BIO-CLOD tank marked 56.0%, higher than the 47.3% from the apparatus without one. BIO-CLOD showed a higher performance for TN removal at 49.6%, compared to the result without BIO-CLOD of 34.3% Conclusion: By reaction with BIO-CLOD, ammonia removal was effective in the aeration tank, as was phosphorus release in the anaerobic tank. Phosphorus luxury uptake and nitrification in aeration tank proceeded smoothly. The application of BIO-CLOD can improve the decrease of odor and settleability of activated sludge in a wastewater treatment plant, as well as increase the removal efficiency of organic and nutrient materials in water.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
• /
• 2012.11a
• /
• pp.121-131
• /
• 2012

This study is an analysis about BOD, COD, SS, T-N, T-P of 4Stage-BNR, MLE + CS(Coagulating Sedimentation), Bio-SAC BNR method of construction for 3 largest sewage treatment plants among 12 sewage treatment plants in Incheon. The purpose of this study is improving the operational effectiveness for Incheon sewage treatment plant by introducing the optimized method for quality of the discharged water.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
• /
• v.19 no.3 s.53
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2004

This study was conducted to evaluate the variation characteristics of influent and effluent quality from sewage treatment facilities using activated sludge processes and to assess the impact caused by discharge of treated sewage on the receiving water Monthly data of five water quality items (BOD, COD, SS, T-N, T-P) were used to understand the water quality at three sewage treatment plants in Seoul for five years from 1999 to 2003. Concentration differences of water quality parameters were observed between upstream and downstream site at the sewage treatment plant outfall to investigate the impact of discharge in Tan stream and Han river basin. 1. Due to the effect of continuous improvement in sewer system, the concentrations of influent went on increasing generally. 2. Effluent concentrations of BOD, COD and SS showed the trend of a little decreasing, but the trend of increasing in T-N and T-P. 3. In Tan stream basin, the impact of sewage treatment plant discharge was not observed directly, because concentration of discharge was lower than stream water's. But discharges from sewage treatment plants affected water quality at downstream site in Han river, concentration of T-P especially.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.511-520
• /
• 2014

The MFFn(Mass first flush), EMCs(Event mean concentrations) and runoff loads were analyzed for various rainy events(monitoring data from 2011 to 2012) in transportation area(rail road in station). The pollutant EMCs by volume of stormwater runoff showed the BOD5 9.6 mg/L, COD 29.9 mg/L, SS 16.7 mg/L, T-N 3.271 mg/L, T-P 0.269 mg/L in the transportation areas(Railroad in station). The average pollutant loading by unit area of stormwater runoff showed the BOD5 $27.26kg/km^2$, COD $92.55kg/km^2$, SS $50.35kg/km^2$, T-N $10.13kg/km^2$ and T-P $10.13kg/km^2$ in the transportation areas. Estimated NCL-curve(Normalized cumulated-curve) was evaluated by comparison with observed MFFn. MFFn was estimated by varying n-value from 10% to 90% on the rainy events. The n-value increases, MFFn is closed to '1'. As time passed, the rainfall runoff was getting similar to ratio of pollutants accumulation. The result of a measure of the strength of the linear relationship between observed data and expected data under model was good.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.21 no.7
• /
• pp.679-685
• /
• 2011

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) produces a putative effector, XoAvrBs2. We expressed XoAvrBs2 homologously in Xoo with a TAP-tag at the C-terminus to enable quantitative analysis of protein expression and secretion. Addition of rice leaf extracts from both Xoo-sensitive and Xoo-resistant rice cultivars to the Xoo cells induced expression of the XoAvrBs2 gene at the transcriptional and translational levels, and also stimulated a remarkable amount of XoAvrBs2 secretion into the medium. In a T3SS-defective Xoo mutant strain, secretion of the TAPtagged XoAvrBs2 was blocked. Thus, we elucidated the transcriptional and translational expressions of the XoAvrBs2 gene in Xoo was induced in vitro by the interaction with rice and the induced secretion of XoAvrBs2 was T3SSdependent. It is the first report to measure the homologous expression and secretion of XoAvrBs2 in vitro by rice leaf extract. Our system for the quantitative analysis of effector protein expression and secretion could be generally used for the study of host-pathogen interactions.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.27 no.10
• /
• pp.1744-1752
• /
• 2017

Myeolchi jeotgals (MJs) were prepared with purified salt (PS), solar salt aged for 1 year (SS), and bamboo salt (BS) melted 3 times at 10% and 20% (w/w) concentrations, and fermented for 28 weeks at $15^{\circ}C$. BS MJ showed higher pH and lower titratable acidities than the other samples because of the alkalinity of bamboo salt. Lactic acid bacteria counts increased until 4-6 weeks and then decreased gradually, and were not detected after 20 weeks from MJs with 10% salt. Yeast counts of PS MJs were higher than those of BS and SS MJs. Bacilli were detected in relatively higher numbers throughout the 28 weeks, like marine bacteria, but archae were detected in lower numbers during the first 10 weeks. When 16S rRNA genes were amplified from total DNA from PS MJ (10% salt) at 12 weeks, Tetragenococcus halophilus was the major species. However, Staphylococcus epidermidis was the dominant species for BS MJ at the same time point. In SS MJ, T. halophilus was the dominant species and S. epidermidis was the next dominant species. BS and SS MJs showed higher amino-type nitrogen, ammonia-type nitrogen, and volatile basic nitrogen contents than PS MJs. SS and BS were better than PS for the production of high-quality MJs.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.43 no.4
• /
• pp.250-255
• /
• 2007

The RecA protein of Deinococcus radiodurans is essential for the extreme radiation resistance of this organism. The central steps involved in recombinational DNA repair require DNA-dependent ATP hydrolysis by recA protein. Key feature of RecA protein-mediated activities is the interactions with ssDNA and dsDNA. The ssDNA is the site where RecA protein filament formation nucleates and where initiation of DNA strand exchange takes place. The effect of sequence heterogeneity of ssDNA was examined in this experiment. The rate of homopolymeric synthetic ssDNA-dependent ATP hydrolysis was constant or nearly so over a broader range of pHs. For poly(dT)-dependent ATP or dATP hydrolysis, rates were generally faster, with a broader optimum between pH 7.0 and 8.0. Activities of RecA protein were affected by the ionic environment. The ATPase activity was shown to have different sensitivity to anionic species. The presence of glutamate seemed to slimulate the hydrolytic activity. Dr RecA protein was shown to require $Mg^{2+}$ ion greater than 2 mM for binding to etheno ssDNA and the binding stoichiometry of 3 nucleotide for RecA protein monomer.