• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.201-206
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• 1993

The concentration of Total Suspended Particulates(T.S.P), size distribution of suspended particulates, and soluble anions of T.S.P in atmosphere of industrial region in Busan were investigated. T.S.P was measured by High-Volume Air Sampler and particle size distribution was measured by Anderson Air Sampler. We analyzed the chemical component of the T.S.P by ion Chromatography and measure4 the shape and size of T.S.P by Scanning Electron Micrography The small size of T.S.P mainly exist in industrial region, but the large size of T.S.P mainly exist in residentail area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.81 no.2
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• pp.365-378
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• 2020

Purpose This study was performed to determine whether the T1 relaxation time of gadoxetic acid-enhanced liver MR imaging is useful for detecting and staging liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease. Materials and Methods One hundred and three patients with suspected focal liver lesion underwent MR imaging and Fibroscan. Fibroscan was chosen as the reference standard for classifying liver fibrosis. T1 relaxation times were acquired before (preT1), 20 minutes after (postT1) contrast administration, and reduction rate of T1 relaxation time (rrT1) on transverse 3D VIBE (volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination) sequence using 3T MR imaging. The optimal cut-off values for the fibrosis staging were determined with ROC analysis. Results PreT1 and postT1 increased and rrT1 decreased constantly with increasing severity of liver fibrosis according to the METAVIR score (F0-F4). There were statistically significant differences between F2 and F3 in preT1 (F2, 836.0 ± 74.7 ms; F3, 888.6 ± 77.5 ms, p < 0.05) and between F3 and F4 in postT1 (F3, 309.0 ± 80.2 ms; F4, 406.6 ± 147.7 ms, p < 0.05) and rrT1 (F3, 65.4 ± 7.7%; F4, 57.3 ± 11.4%, p < 0.05). ROC analysis revealed that combination test (preT1 + postT1) was the best test for predicting liver fibrosis. Conclusion PreT1 and postT1 increased constantly with increasing severity of liver fibrosis. T1 mapping in gadoxetic acid-enhanced liver MR imaging could be a helpful complementary sequence to determine the liver fibrosis stage.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.244-250
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• 2022

The changes in COD, TOC, T-P, and T-N concentrations were investigated for 2 years in the constructed wetland of Sookcheon, which was installed to improve the water quality of Daecheong reservoir in South Korea. In order to evaluate the pollution level of sediments in the wetland, settling velocity of particulate material (4 times) and sedimet material contents (6 times) were measured. COD and TOC concentrations increased slightly as they passed through wetlands, and T-N and T-P concentration tended to decrease. The material content (COD, T-P, T-N) of aquatic plants was higher in floating-leaved and free-floating macrophytes than emergent macrophytes. As a result of measuring the sedimentation rate of suspended materials, most of the suspended materials introduced into constructed wetlands were sedimented at a rapid rate in the first sedimentation site. In addition, sediment pollution of T-P and T-N in constructed wetland was in severe pollution. The sediments containing a large amount of T-P and T-N were eluted by physical and chemical environmental changes, which is likely to act as internal pollution sources in wetlands.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.31-42
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of aquatic exercise program on physical fitness, pain and physiological function in patients with osteoarthritis. Method: The subjects of the study were thirty women(age: forty-seventy five) who have an osteoarthritis. Aquatic exercise program consist of approximately two hours of exercise in water, two days per week, for six weeks. Data were gathered from April 19 2005 to May 27 using a questionnaire and measuring physical fitness and physiological index. Data were analyzed with the SPSS Win 12.0 using frequency and paired t-test for difference between pre-exercise and post-exercise. Results: The results of this study were as follows: There were significantly increased on left shoulder (t=3.848, p=.001) and waist flexibility(t=-5.622, p=.001) scores. There were significantly decreased on pain score(t=5.288. p=.000), body weight(t=5.072, p=.001), systolic B.P(t=18.362, p=.001), diastolic B.P(t=32.558, p=.001), blood sugar(t=1.805, p=.041), total cholesterol(t=2.032, p=.026) scores. Conclusion: From these results, it is concluded that the aquatic exercise program can be effective in increasing physical fitness, physiological function and decreasing pain in patients with osteoarthritis.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.119-128
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was done to determine the risk factors for recurrent fallers (2+falls) compared to single fallers. Methods: Participants were 104 community-dwelling people 65 yr of age or older. The data were collected from June 1, 2008 to June 30, 2009 using the Residential Assessment Instrument-Home Care. Results: Over the past 90 days, 55.7% of the 104 participants fell once, and 44.2% experienced recurrent falls (2+falls). In comparison of recurrent fallers with single fallers, there were significant differences in scores on the following factors: gender ($X^2$=4.22, p=.040), age ($X^2$=5.74, p=.017), educational level ($X^2$=5.22, p=.022), living arrangements ($X^2$=35.02, p<.001), cardiovascular diseases ($X^2$=17.10, p<.001), hypertension ($X^2$=4.43, p=.035), diabetes mellitus ($X^2$=4.44, p=.035), glaucoma ($X^2$=13.95, p<.001), Minimal Data Set (MDS)-Pain (t=-2.56, p=.012), fear of falling ($X^2$=4.08, p=.034), reduced vision (t=-3.06, p=.003), MDS-activity of daily living (t=3.46, p=.001), MDS-Instrumental Activities of daily living (t=3.24, p=.002), cognition (MDS-Cognition Performance Scale) (t=3.40, p=.001), and 'difficulties entering and leaving the house' ($X^2$=4.53, p=.033). Conclusion: It is important to assess the risk factors for recurrent falls and develop differentiated strategies that will help prevent recurrent falls. Additionally, utilizing a standardized tool, such as RAI-HC, would help health professionals assess multi-variate fall risk factors to facilitate comparisons of different community care settings.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.64-76
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• 2002

This study was performed to identify the level of stress of clinical practice and clinical competency and the relationships between stress of clinical practice and clinical competency in nursing students. The subjects of this study were 379 senior nursing students in 2 nursing colleges in M city. The data were collected from November 5th to 24th, 2000, using questionnaire. The instruments used were the Stress of Clinical Practice Scale and the Clinical Competency Measurement Tool. The data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient, using the SPSS program. The results of the study were as follows : 1. The mean score for the level of stress of clinical practice was 3.83 points. The stress of clinical practice were classified into six dimensions and their order of getting score was nurse(3.99), relationship between nursing theory and practice(3.94), human relationship (3.92), clinical education and evaluation by professors(3.87), environment(3.70), and patient(3.59). 2. The mean score for the level of clinical competency was 3.91 points. The clinical competency were classified into five dimensions and their order of getting score was professional development (4.08), skills (4.06) , interpersonal relationship/communication(3.95), teaching/coordinating(3.81), and nursing process(3.70), 3. The stress of clinical practice showed significant difference in the score of grade(t=-2.82, p=.005), interpersonal relationship(t=1.97, p=.049) and satisfaction of major(F=3.38, p=.035) of nursing students. 4. The clinical competency showed significant difference in the score of grade(t=-5.97, p=.000). interpersonal relationship(t=3.64, p=.000) and satisfaction of major(F=8.73, p=.000) of nursing students. 5. The data showed the positive correlations between stress of clinical practice and clinical competency(r=.209, p=.000). In conclusion. this study found that the stress of clinical practice was significantly related to clinical competency in nursing students. Therefore further study is needed to examine the efficient coping strategies about stress of clinical practice in nursing students.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2011

This study were investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of ground Kalopanax pictus leaves powder on pH, total phenol contents, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, TBARS, WHC, shear force, meat color, sensory evaluation, and fatty acid composition of chicken meat. Broiler chicks were fed diets for five weeks containing 0% Kalopanax pictus leaves powder (Control), 0.5% Kalopanax pictus leaves powder (T1), 1.0% Kalopanax pictus leaves powder (T2), and 2.0% Kalopanax pictus leaves powder (T3). The pH and TBARS were significantly decreased by the supplementation of Kalopanax pictus leaves powder compared to the control (P<0.05). The total phenol contents and DPPH radical scavenging activity were significantly increased by the supplementation of Kalopanax pictus leaves powder compared to those of the control group (P<0.05), and especially, T3 was significantly (P<0.05) more effective in improving freshness compared to other treatment groups. The WHC and shear force were not significantly different. CIE $L^*$ and $a^*$ value of treatment groups (especially T3) showed significantly higher value compare to the control, however, no difference in the CIE $b^*$ values was observed among treatment groups. In fatty acid composition, linolenic acid of chicken meat was increased by the supplementation of Kalopanax pictus leaves powder than compared to those of the non-supplementation group. In conclusion, a supplementation of Kalopanax pictus leaves powder was effective in decreasing pH and TBARS, and increasing total phenol contents and DPPH radical scavenging activity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.580-585
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• 2005

Natural environment of Weolgok-ri watershed has been well preserved as a traditional agricultural watershed. A year record of streamflow, $NO_3-N$, T-N and T-P concentrations data(Apr, 2004-Mar. 2005) was examined to estimate annual and seasonal patterns of pollutnat loads in streamflow and baseflow from the agriculture watershed. To estimate pollutant loads from baseflow, baseflow component from total stream flow was seperated using digital filter method in the Web-based Hydrograph Analysis Tool system. Loads of $NO_3-N$, T-N and T-P from streamflow and baseflow were evaluated to investigate pollutant loads contribution by baseflow. The $NO_3-N$, T-N, and T-P loads from streamflow were 13.85 kg/ha, 45.92 kg/ha and 1.887 kg/ha, respectively. $NO_3-N$, T-N and T-P loads from baseflow were 7.43 kg/ha, 24.70 kg/ha, 0.582 kg/ha, respectively. It was found that $NO_3-N$ and T-N loads were contributed by the baseflow(53% and 53% of Total-loads) than the direct runoff(47% and 47% of Total loads). However, only 30% of total T-P was contributed by the baseflow. It is recommended that one needs to assess pollutant load contribution by the baseflow to identify appropriate control strategies for effective watershed management.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.346-354
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• 2021

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and chewing gum for orthodontic pain relief and to assess if chewing gum can be a non-pharmacological alternative for orthodontic pain relief. Methods: The study enrolled 106 patients of both sexes, aged ≥ 12 years, with body weight > 50 kg, and mild-to-moderate dental crowding in the upper arch. After randomization and allocation concealment, the intervention groups were either administered with ibuprofen (400 mg) or acetaminophen (500 mg) or chewed sugar-free chewing gum immediately after initial archwire placement and every 6 hours for 1 week if the pain persisted. The control group did not receive any pain relief. The pain was assessed on a 100-mm visual analog scale at rest and while biting down at T1 (2 hours), T2 (24 hours), T3 (2 days), T4 (3 days), T5 (7 days), and T6 (21 days). Statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis and post-hoc Mann-Whitney U tests (α = 0.05). Results: The chewing gum group experienced more pain relief than the ibuprofen group at while biting down at T3 (p = 0.04) and at rest at T4 (p < 0.001). The chewing gum group reported more pain relief than the acetaminophen and control groups while biting down at T3 (p = 0.03 and p = 0.0006, respectively) and T4 (both p < 0.001). Conclusions: Chewing gum can be a non-pharmacological alternative for orthodontic pain relief at 2 and 3 days after initial archwire placement.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.286-291
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• 2006

We studied possibility of mixing treatment of livestock wastewater and sewage using Phanerochaete chrysosporium PSBL-1. Our study showed that 97.6% of SS and 95% of T-P removal efficiency was achieved when 2 mL BF02(a coagulant) and 100 mL C-210EL(a cationic polymer) were added to the mixture(2:1, v/v) of livestock wastewater and sewage. We studied treatment characteristic of Phanerochaete chrysosporium PSBL-1, after were mixed pretreated wastewater and sewage by dillution ten times about livestock wastewater. The removal efficiency of NBDCOD(non-biodegradable COD), $NH_3-N$ and T-N was increased according to increase of pH. That is, T-N concentration of effluent was satisfied 60 mg/L by drain water waterqulity standard of livestock wastewater public treatment facilities with 35 mg/L from a lapse of five days at pH 6.7, 51 mg/L from a lapse of three days at pH 8 and 33 mg/L from a lapse of one day at pH 10. Moreover $COD_{Mn}$ concentration of effluent was satisfied 40 mg/L by drain water waterqulity standard of livestock wastewater public treatment facilities after a laps of one day at all pH. Organics and nitrogen concentrations of effluent were higher case with addition of V.A.(veratryl alcohol) than case without addition of V.A.(veratryl alcohol). $COD_{Mn}$ concentration of effluent satisfied drain water qulity standard of livestock wastewater public treatment facilities from a lapse of one day, when C/N rate(3:1) of influent was not controled. T-N satisfied that from a lapse of two days, when C/N rate was controled with $4{\sim}6$.