• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.207-214
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• 1996

To examine the developmental capacity of manipulated embryos after ultrarapid refreezing and thawing, mouse embryos were biopsied at 4-cell stage, frozen twice at 4-cell and morula stages, respectively, and then transferred to rec-ipients. Single blastomeres were biopsied from 4-cell embryos by a modified aspiration method. Biopsied 4-cell embryos were equilibrated into freezing medium at room temperature for 2.5 min, loaded into 40 $\mu$I of freezing medium in 0.25 ml plastic straw and then directly immersed into liqiud nitrogen. Freezing medium for 4-cell embryos consisted of 4.0 M ethylene glycol and O.25 M sucrose in dPBS supplemented with 6 mg/lm BSA. Morulae were frozen into freezing medium containing 5.0 M glycerol instead of ethylene glycol. Thawing was conducted by agitating each straw in 3TC water for 20 sec. The c content of each straw was expelled into 0.5 ml of dilution medium, which consisted of 0.25 M sucrose and 3 mg/ml BSA in dPBS. The thawed embryos were rehydrated in dilution medium for 10 min, washed 3 times with dPBS and then cultured in M16 medium at 37$^{\circ}C$, 5% CO$_2$ in air. Blastocysts that developed from frozen or refrozne biopsied embryos were transferred to recipients on Day 3 of pseudopregnancy, respectively. In vitro and in vivo developmental rates of the biopsied and intact 4~cell embryos after freezing and thawing were 78 (10l/130) and 25% (10/40), and 91 (114/125) and 30% (12/40), respectively. Although the rates of in vitro development of biopsied and intact embryos to blastocyst stage were significantly different after freezing and thawing (P

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.181-188
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• 1989

The present study has been carried out to investigate the effect of Bactokil(made from didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride isopropanol and water) and Taipet-F (made from natural vitamin E, L-ascorbic acid, glyceride and gallic acid) on retarding lipid oxidation in boiled-dried anchovy. To process boiled-dried anchovy, boiled anchovy dried in cabinet drier $(dry-bulb\;temperature\;40^{\circ}C)$ for 1 hour were fronted with the Bactokil, the Taipet-F and mixture of Bactokil and Taipet-F, respectively. Anchovy fronted with chemicals were redried for 8 hours, packed in polyethylene film bag, and then stored at room temperature $(24{\pm}3^{\circ}C)$. These products were compared with control(untreated with chemicals) during storage. The changes in volatile basic nitrogen of each product was negligible during storage. The thiobarbituric acid and peroxide values of each product increased up to 10 days of storage, and then decreased. In color value of each product, L value increased, while n, b and ${\bigtriangleup}E$ values decreased during storage. The changes in brown pigment formation of each product increased up to final stage of storage. From the results of chemical analysis and sensory evaluation, the product treated with Taipet-F(0.5%, v/v) was the most effective on retarding lipid oxidation of the boiled -dried anchovy, followed by the product treated withthe mixture of Bactokil (0.04%, v/v) and Taipet-F (0.5%, v/v), the product treated with Bactokil(0.04%, v/v) and control, in the order named.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.420-425
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• 2008

The storage of rice polishing (RP) with and without addition of antioxidant for sixteen weeks and its effect on rancidity and metabolizable energy values during the summer season was determined. Fifteen Single Comb White Leghorn cockerels of approximately uniform age and weight were procured and kept in metabolic cages under standard feeding and management practices. Five force feeding trials were conducted. In the first trial, fresh RP with 0 weeks of storage (diet 1 and 2) was used followed by four feeding trials with 4 (diet 3, 4), 8 (diet 5, 6), 12 (diet 7, 8), and 16 (diet 9, 10) weeks of storage of RP. The same birds were used in all trails. The birds were fasted for a period of 21 h, followed by force feeding of 20 g of RP with and without antioxidant for all storage periods. The control/fasting group was also maintained to measure endogenous fecal losses. Excreta were collected after 48 h for the determination of AME and TME values of RP. Along with the biological trials, laboratory assay of the RP stored with and without antioxidant was conducted to measure the extent of rancidity in terms of Thiobarbituric acid value (TBA). The TBA values were affected (p<0.05) by storage period and the values increased when the storage period increased from 4 to 16 weeks. However, the TBA values were significantly reduced (p<0.05) when RP was stored after addition of antioxidant when compared with the values obtained from RP stored without antioxidant (diet 3 vs. 4, 5 vs. 6, 7 vs. 8, and 9 vs. 10). The AME MJ/kg and TME MJ/kg values of RP were neither affected by increase in storage period nor addition of antioxidant. The findings of this study revealed that there was no effect of rancidity and storage time on the nutritive value, AME or TME of RP in poultry. However, TBA values were increased with the increase in storage period.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2002

Purpose : Tumor growth in a given neoplasm is the net result of cell proliferation and cell loss, and apoptosis is the most significant component of continuous cell loss in most tumors. In this study, we examined non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL, n=67) immunohistochemically for the presence of Bcl-2 oncoprotein and P53 protein and compared apoptotic indices (Als) and Ki-67 proliferative indices (percentages of Ki-67 positive cells). Materials and Methods : 67 patients with NHL were evaluated : 3 low-grade and 64 intermediate-grade. The phenotype was determined in 65 cases : 47 $(70\%)$ were B cell type and 18 $(27\%)$ were T ceil type. Als and Ki-67 proliferative indices were determined immunohistochemically and the overexpression of P53 and Bcl-2 protein were also evalutated. Results : The overexpressions of Bcl-2 protein and P53 protein were found in $40\%$ (26/65) and $31\%$ (20/65). The Al ranged from $0\%\;to\;15\%$ (mean 2.16, median 1.2). Cellular Bcl-2, which counteracts apoptosis, was significantly (p=0.005) associated with Als. Ki-67 proliferative indices ranged from $1\%\;to\;91\%$ (mean 55.4), and P53 was significantly (p=0.000) associated with Ki-67 proliferative indices. A positive correlation between Als and Ki-67 proliferative indices was revealed (p=0.012) in Bcl-2 positive patients. Conclusion : In NHL, we observed a correlation between Als and Bcl-2 expression, between Ki-67 proliferative indices and P53 expression, and between Als and Ki-67 proliferative indices in Bcl-2 positive patients. Our results suggest that cell apoptosis may be inseparable from cell proliferation during tumor growth.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.245-254
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• 2005

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of the supplemental alkali feldspar-ilite(feldspar) on growth performance and meat quality in broiler ducks for 43 days. One hundred eighty broiler ducks were divided into 5 groups of 12ducks. Dietary levels of feldspar 0, 0+antibiotics, 0.5, 1.0 and $1.5\%$ were added to experimental diets of each of the groups. Daily weight gain was slightly increased in 1.0 and $1.5\%$ feldspar treatments. Feed intake was slightly increased at all feldspar treatments. Glucose concentration of serum profile was decreased whereas BUN concentration was significantly increased (p<0.05) at $0.5\%$ feldspar. Cholesterol concentration was decreased at all feldspar treatments, this difference was especially observed in supplemental levels of $0.5\%$ feldspar(p<0.05). Carcass weight was increased at all feldspar treatments. Moisture and crude fat contents of proximate chemical composition in duck meat were decreased at all feldspar treatment, this difference especially was observed in supplemental levels of $1.5\%$ feldspar(p<0.05) on crude fat content. Lightness and yellowness was increased at all feldspar treatment. Cholesterol contents and TBA in meat were decreased, but this parameters were not difference by feldspar treatment. The composition of saturated fatty acids(SFA) was decreased, whereas unsaturated fatty acids(USFA) was slightly increased by feldspar treatment. The Pb content of heavy metal concentrations was increased with compared control, but not difference. The appearance of sensory evaluation was improved by supplemental feldspar, especially in supplemental feldspar, 1.0 and $1.5\%$(p<0.05). The results of this study indicate that the supplemental alkali feldspar may improve the production and meat quality of broiler ducks.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.135-143
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• 1995

This study was conducted to investigate the adsorption characteristics, distribution coefficients, and movement of alachlor(2-chloro-2', 6'-dimethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide) and chlorothalonil(tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) for the 3 soils sampled from major soil groups in Cheju Island. Namwon, Jeju, and Mureng soils used in this study were classified as black volcanic ash soil, dark brown volcanic ash soil and dark brown nonvolcanic soil, respectively. Organic carbon content and CEC of Namwon soil were very high and those of Mureung soil were very low. Linear and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were the best to fit the adsorption of alachlor and chlorothalonil in the soils. K value, Freundlich coefficient, of alachlor for Namwon soil was 21.38, being 5.4 and 97.2 times higher than that for Jeju and Mureung soils respectively. The values of chlorothalonil for the soils were similar to those of alachlor but were much higher than them. When Mureung, Jeju and Namwon soil columns were leached with a solution containing 10.25 mg/l of alachlor and 1.50 mg/l of chlorothalonil, alachlor was first detected at 0.265, 0.47, and 1.86 pore volume (PV) and chlorothalonil was 3.71, 4.7 and 17.5 PV, respectively. The pore volumes at $C/C_o=1$ of alachlor in the leachates from Mureung, Jeju and Namwon soil columns were 1.1, 3.7 and 6.6 PV and those at $C/C_o=0.2$ of chlorothalonil were 7.5, 8.5 and 27.5, respectively. This means that the deceasing order of the mobility of the chemicals in soils was Mureung soil>Jeju soil${\gg}$Namwon soil. The pore volumes detecting $C/C_o=0.5$ of alachlor and $C/C_o=0.05$ of chlorothalonil in leachate were positively correlated with the distribution coefficients for the soils.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.15-25
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• 2019

The study was conducted to compare the chemical properties and microbial activity of soil and the crop productivity by applying homemade liquid fertilizers (LF) used in leading cucumber farms as well as to evaluate the eco-friendly LFs to substitute for a chemical fertilizer. Three homemade LFs, EM, starfish, and native microbes, and a chemical LF were regularly fertigated per three days during the growing season. Chemical LF contained the highest pH, EC (electrical conductivity), and concentrations of T-N, $P_2O_5$, K, Ca, and Mg, while the lowest EC level was observed for EM LF. Soil EC was the highest to the 3.0 dS/m for chemical LF-plots, with lowering soil pH, OM (organic matter), and Mg concentration. Soil chemical properties mostly increased in native microbes LF-plots. However, soil microbial properties were not significantly different among the LF treatment plots. OTU (operational taxonomic units), richness estimator, and diversity index of bacteria and fungi increased in the chemical LF and EM LF based on the pyrosequencing analysis. SPAD and PS II values on the treated-cucumber leaves were seasonally decreased from 32 to 60 days after transplanting, with the rapid decline observed at 45 days after transplanting. Number of leaves and crop height increased in the treatments with EM and native microbes LF. LF treated-cucumber crops were not significantly different for total fresh weight and fruit yield.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.282-286
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• 2002

Objectives : The level of 4-hydroxyproline (4-Hyp) in human urine was measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector. This method is useful for medical examinations and investigating the radicals induced by physical, chemical, mental stresses. This method is superior to many published several methods in terms of its low cost and ability to analyze many samples. Methods : The urine from workers in a tire manufacturing company (22 male pre- and post-shift workers) and 18 office-workers as controls were analyzed. Data concerning age, the cumulative drinking amount and the cumulative smoking amount was collected with a questionnaire. The optimum applied amount of dansyl-Cl, the optimum reaction temperature and time, the recoveries and the optimum pH of the eluent and buffer were determined.4-Hyp from human urine was derivatized with dansyl-Cl (dimethylamino-naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride) after removing the a-amino acid by a treatment with phthalic dicarboxaldehyde (OPA) and cleaned with Bond Elut C18 column. The 4-Hyp derivatives were separated on a reversed phase column by gradient elution with a phosphate buffer (5 mmol, pH 8.0) and acetonitrile, and detected by fluorescence measurements at 340 nm (excitation) and 538 nm (emission). Results : The detection limit for the urinary free 4-Hyp was $0.364{\mu}mol/l$. The recovery rate of 4-Hyp was 99.7%, and the effective pH of the phosphate buffer and borate buffer were 3.0 and 8.0, respectively. From statistical analysis, age, drinking and smoking did not affect the urinary free 4-Hyp in both the controls and workers. The range of urinary 4-Hyp in the controls, pre-shift, and post-shift workers were 0.33-16.44, N.D-49.06, and $0.32-56.27{\mu}mol/l$. From the pared-sample t-test, the urinary 4-Hyp levels in post-shift workers ($11.82{\pm}6.73\;nmmol/mg\;Cre$) were 2-fold higher than in pre-shift workers ($5.36{\pm}5.53\;nmol;/mg\;Cre$) and controls ($4.91{\pm}4.89\;nmol;/mg\;Cre$). Conclusions : This method was developed with high sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. The present method was effectively applied to analyze the urinary free 4-Hyp in both controls and workers.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.289-296
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• 1985

To clarify the soil characteristics and genesis of the clayey terrace soils distributed in Yeongcheon (inland region) and Yeongil (coastal region), 9 typifying pedons including a recent local deposits were studied. The physico-chemical properties found were summarized as follows; 1. The contents of available water of the terrace soils were ranged from 12.0 to 20.3%. They were increased with increaseing clay content up to 35%, and then decreased at clay content of 35 to 55%, but were maintained about 12 to 13% when the clay content exceeds 55%. 2. The amount of water stable aggregates in the surface soils were ranged from 55.0 to 81.1%, and were low in cultivated upland where water erosion were accelerated while high in the paddy where the double cropping were practiced. The index of aggregate in cultivated upland were higher in the surface soils but the paddy soils were higher in subsoils. 3. The colloidal reactions checked by the differences between pH in $0.01N-Na_2SO_4$ and $H_2O$ indicate exchangeable acidity to exchangeable neutrality, which means a sort of Red-yellow soil forming process had been prevailed during genesis of the terrace soils. 4. Cation exchange capacity of the clayey terrace soils were averaged about 15.8-20.2me/100g of fine earth and 35.6-52.6me/100g of clay. The rates of base saturation were 32.7 to 57.6% and the rates decreased with increasing the elevations of terraces. 5. The activities of free iron oxides were 0.061 to 0.739 and the values decreased with increasing elevation while the crystallinity index of iron oxides positively correlated with elevations the values ranged from 0.067 to 0.537.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.365-371
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• 2001

The optimum dosage of quicklime in producing organic fertilizer using livestock wastes vith a greater than 80% water content was analysed. After one day had elapsed to allow for the organic fentilizer to dry, the quicklime dosage and the composition of the organic fertilizer were analysed. Any from done to the organic fertilizer was also assessed. The amount of the quicklime required to stabilize livestock wastes was determined by water content of livestock wastes. For J farm(slurry style) of which livestock wastes have 94.6% of water concentration, less than 3% of total amount of livestock wastes, for H farm (scraper style) of which livestock wastes have 85% of water concentration, less then 4% of total livestock wastes and Y farm(traditional style) of which livestock wastes have 80% of water concentration, less then 5% of total livestock wastes. Generally, in order to pack the organic fertilizer, water containing quicklime0stabilized livestock wastes should be less than 35%. It takes 9 days to keep this water content for the wastes from H and Y farms(less than 85% in water content), and 12 days for the wastes from J (94.6% in water content). According to the classification standard for compost constitution by Higgins, the crude fertilizers from all 3 farms had high grade $K_2O$ and CaO, the middle grade T-N and middle or low grade $P_2O_5$. Stabilization by quicklime is known to inhibit bacterial decomposition of organic matter and the activity of pathogenic organisms. In this study, more then 99.99% of coliform group, fecal group and viable cell count were reduced. Our results indicate that livestock wastes of greater 80% water content could be used to produce organic fertilizer without the addition of a material for moisture control.