• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.26-30
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• 1999

Background : The origin of P300 was still on debate nbut thought to be in the frontal, temporal or parietal lobe. As the transcranial doppler ultrasonography(TCD) gives us and opportunity to observe hemodynamic chaged dynamically and the middle cerebral artery feeds these ares of the hemisphere, we observed the change of mean flow velocity of MCA during the event related potential test(ERP) to determine the role of these structures in P300 generation. Method : Twenty normal subjects(male : 13, age : 24-29 years) performed ERP. An auditory oddball pardigm was used to elicit the ERPs. TCD examination was performed with 2-MHz probe monitoring the left MCA(Transscan, EME). After signal identification and adjustments to maximize the Doppler signal strength, the probe was mechanically locked during the monitoring. The changes of blood flow velocity of the left middle cerebral artery(MCA) induced by cognitive demands were monitored. The measurement of the meal flow velocities(MFV) of MCA were made while the subjects were prior to, during, and after ERP. We recorded the MFVs during ERP. Statistical analysis was performed using t-tests with SPSS-PC for windows release 6.0. Results : All subjects showed a relative increase in MFV of MCA during the task. The mean rise was about 3.2-4.2%(p <0.05). Although TCD does not measure absolute values of regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF) or absolute rCBF changes, changes of flow velocity can reflect relative rCBF changes. Conclusions : The generation site of P300 still remains unclear but the neocortical, thalamic and limbic region and temporal-parietal cortex have been proposed. The MCA supplies these anatomical structures. The Changes of flow veolocity of MCA during the ERP test suggest that the some part of the brain fed y the MCA activate of the temporal lobe or parietal lobes, we can deduce that some parts of brain fed by the MCA participate in the generation of P300.

• School Mathematics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2004

Recently, we have been listening such a words, that is, the crisis of public education through the mass communication such as newspaper or broadcasting. This means that we didn't have an enough opportunity to think it over about good education programme which the education of school can be normalized or the design of curriculum in the current problems such as overcrowded class, teacher and poor finance which is not still solved. As we know, it is true that the older generation is familiar with the rote learning which was under the control of behaviorism for about three hundred years. Fortunately, The 7th curriculum which had made public by the ministry of education on 30 Dec. 1997 have changed so many things such as real life based or activity based and so on. But it still leaves something to be desired in reflecting the demand of teachers of field. Taking into account this real situation, I have wondered how they run curriculum and how math learning programme of lower grade is different with ours in New Zealand, etc and so I had tried to find some suggestive points through the comparison of curriculum and text between Korea and New Zealand. But, if we want to compare all the strands of curriculum between two countries, it is too global and so in this paper, we deal with only number and operations(number), measurement, figure(geometry), equation and patter(algebra), probability and statistics(statistics) which are dealt with more comparatively in the lower grade of primary school. Because the main purpose of this paper is a comparison and analysis of the curriculum and math learning program of the lower grade in the primary school between two countries and so we compare global characteristics of education system and curriculum between two countries, at first and then we dealt with the very core part of the content of New Zealand curriculum within the ranges of level 1, 2 and 3 and global characteristics of learning program simultaneously.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.202-213
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• 2004

Object : Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the anti-cancer effects of Mylabris phalerata (반모) in some kinds of cancer cells. Materials and Methods: Some kinds of cancer cells lines were treated. We used nine kinds of cancer cell lines, such as stomach cancer cells (Kato), lung cancer cells (Calu-1, NCI-H 1395), urinary bladder cancer cells (HS789T), bone cancer cells (Saos-2), brain cancer cells (SK-N-MC), liver cancer cells (Hep-G2), skin cancer cells (Mo-1) and prostate cancer cells (PC-3) with the water decoction of Mylabris phalerata. The histological changes of all cell lines in the media (RPMI-1640) containing the decoction of Mylabris phalerata were observed and we examined cell death assay by trypan blue exclusion testing was examined. Finally, the change of mitochondrial membrane potential was measurd and the inhibitory effect of Mylabris phalerata on cell increase was examined by analyzing the cell cycle. Results: In histologic change all cancer cell lines showed withdrawn and floating appearance that is typical in cellular impairment. Most of the cell lines showed over 50% death rate after 24 hours in trypan blue exclusion tests. Especially the stomach, urinary bladder. brain and liver cell lines showed over 30% death rate after 12 hours. All cell lines treated with Mylabris phalerata were less stained than the control group and the mitochondrial membrane potential in the Mylabris phalerata treated cell lines was markedly lower than that in the control group. The measurement of DNA quantity in all cell lines showed the disappearance of the peak and the thickened left axis, which suggests that all cellular DNA degraded. Conclusion: Mylabris phalerata had cytotoxicity on various kinds of cancer cell lines and the mechanism of that was the impairment of mitochondria by the breakdown of the mitochondrial cell membrane. We propose that this is in part attributable to the destruction of DNA in cancer cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.193-202
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to understand clothing condition of elderly men focusing on somatotype variation and satisfaction with ready-to-wear and to provide basic data in designing ready-to-wrar for the elderly men. The questionnaire method was used and one-to-one interviews were held for the elderly residents in Seoul, Deajon, Jonju, and Yeosu areas. The total of 275 questionnaires (from 148 elderly men in the 60's, 99 in the 70's and 28 in the 80's) were collected and used for statistics. SAS package was used for the statistics and the statistics were based on frequency, X2-test, ANOVA, Duncan's multifle range test. The results of the study were as follows; 1) Height (p< .05), weight (p< .001) and Rohrer index (p< .05) decreased significantly with ageing 2) The somatotypes of 75.6% were changed and the 70's 8t the 80's showed significantly (p< .05) higher changing rate compared to the 60's and more changes took place significantly (p< .001) with ageing. 3) The most preferred out wear was suit & tie and next was jumper or shirt. 4) For the mode of getting suit, the highest number 55.3%) purchased ready-to-wear, next (32.0%) was tailored and the least (12.7%) neither purchased nor tailored. The percentage of buying ready-to-wear significantly (p< .01) decreased with ageing. The main reason for getting tailor-made was not well fitting of ready-to-wear (20.7% out of 32.0%). And for the mode of getting suit, there was significant differance with income (p< .001) and pocket money (p< .01). 5) The most important factors in suit and shirt werefirst, size (fitness) and second, comfort in movement. 6) For the wearing feeling of suit, 55.3% showed discomfort. There was significant difference according to the age (p< .05) and pocket money (p< .05). The Discomfort increased with ageing and less pocket money. 7) 62.4% answered it uneasy to Pick out well fitting If comfortable suit. This showed their dissatisfaction with ready-to-wear. 8) As for the items of not well fitting, 64.4% answered in jacket, 60.8% in trousers, 46.0% in shirt. The above result shows that elderly men's somatotype changes as they age, suit is found uncomfortable and it's not easy for elders to pick out comfortable ready-to-wear. So, they seem to have a certain dissatisfaction in ready to wear. Therefore, there is a need for reorganization of size and developing pattern design according to measurement of elderly men.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.31-38
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• 1990

The power water flowed out from the multipurpose darn influences the ecosystem approximately because of the low water temperature. An appropriate counter measure to the rising water temperature is needed for growing crops especially when the temperature is below 18˚C in the source of the irrigation water This observational study is practiced in Yong-Doo water warming canal and pond in the down stream of Choong-Ju multipurpose dam and is practiced for analyse and compare the rising effects in actural water temperature by actual measurement with the rising effects of planned water temperatuer by the basic theoritical method and for the help to present the direction in plan establishment through investigate the results afterwards. The results are as follows. 1.The degree of the rise of the water temperature can be decided by $\theta$x=$\theta$o +K L--v.h (T-$\theta$˚)Then, K values of a factor representing the characteristics of the water warming canal were 0.00002043 for the type I. and 0.0000173 for the type II. respectively. 2.A variation of water temperature which produced by the difference effective temperature and water temperature in the water warming canal was $\theta$x1 = 16.5 + 15.9(1-e -0.00018x), $\theta$x2 =18.8 + 8.4( 1-e -0.000298x)for the type I. and $\theta$x, = 19.6 + 12.8 ( 1-e -0.00041x) for the type II. 3.It was shown that the effects of the rise of water temperature for the type I. water warming canal were greater than that of type II. as a resultes of broadening the surface of the canal compared with the depth of water, coloring the surface of water canal and installing the resistance block. 4.In case of the type I. water warming canal, the equation between the air temperature and the degree of the rise of water temprature could be made ;Y= 0.4134X + 7.728 In addition, in case of the type II. water warming canal, the correlation was very low. 5.A monthly variation of the water temperature in the water warming canal was the highest in August during the irrigation period and the water temperature rose with the air temperature until August. However, it was blunted after then. 6.A rising degree of water temperature of the practical value in the water warming pond was higher than that of the theoritical equation by 69% for the type I. and 57% for the type II. Accordingly, it was possible to acquire the result near the practical value.$\theta$w-$\theta$o=[1-exp{ -h(1+2$\psi$) . X($\theta$w-$\theta$0)XC Here, C values are 1.69 for the type I. and 1.57 for the type II. 7.It was shown that the effect of the rise of water temperature was favorable when the thermal absorption was to be good by coloring the surface of the water warming pond and removing the bottom osmosis. 8.By enlarging the surface of water in comparison with the depth, and by having dead area of water in the water warming pond, this structure in the water warming pond is helpful for the rise of water temperature.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.897-903
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• 1999

Many out patients of the rehabilitation center complaint a pain caused by suffering of MPS, and it brings many different kind of social and ecinomical problems such as medical expenses and the reduction in work efficiency. Therefore, we conducted a research to present a fast and effective treatment to the MPS patients. this research was conducted from November, 1996 to January 1998 with eighteen outpatients who agreed to be the subjects to our reserach. We applied the electric acupuncture on 28 different trigger point on the patients with mostly muscular-skeletal pain and some tender and radiating pain. After the treatment, VRS, VAS, PRI were used to measure the degree of the pain on the patients third and seventh visits, and following results were found. 1. To apply EAP treatment, we acupunctured 6em-Iong needles on Tps region, then the electrodes of pulse generater pg-306 E.S.T were connected on the top of the needles. the electric acupuncture therapy was conducted for 20 minutes with the intensity of 4hz - 60hz(auto wave). The treated electric intensity was the level at which the patients did not feel discomfort. 2. Thirteen out of the 18 participated patients were in their 30s and 40s(72.2%), showing highest frequency. There were more female than male with the ratio of 1 to 1:2. 3. six out of the participated patients (33.3%) had the pain for less then a week, and the average duration of the pain of the participated patients wear 0.8 years. 4. The pain occured mostly in the upper trapezius by 6 part (21.4%), then in the gluteus medius region by 4 part (14.3%). Many of the patients with the pain in the upper back area accompanied varios kind of the referred pains such as radiculopathy, HIVD and Frozen shoulder. 5. MPS occured more frequently on the right side than left side then left side and it seemed to be due to the frequent use of the right hand. 6. There was almost no difference in the measurement of the intensity of the pain right before and after the EAP treatment. Howerver, there was significant decrease in the numerical values of the VAS, and a little bit of decrease in the numerical values of the PRI after the EAP treatment. 7. Based on the results of this present research, it can be concluded that EAP can be used for the treating the myofascial pain syndrome with promptness and safety in most cases.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.92-100
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• 2002

The 16-port feed waveguide array with inductive walls analyzed by Galerkin's method of moments are proposed for the DBS reception system mounted on vehicle. First of all, in order to verify the validity of electromagnetic analysis and design for a $\pi$-junction feed waveguide, it is designed and fabricated at DBS band. The measurement results of a $\pi$-junction feed waveguide agree well with the theoretical ones. Based on this design method, an array design for WR-90 standard waveguide is conducted. Since the width of a $\pi$-junction feed WR-90 standard waveguide is larger than a guided wave length in an array design, the difference of amplitude and phase of 8-port array are calculated 2.3 dB and 62 degrees, respectively. The bandwidth with return loss of -20 dB below is about 220 MHz and it doesn't satisfy DBS band. To solve this problem, we propose a novel design that the width of a $\pi$-junction feed waveguide equals to a guided wave length. By the proposed novel design for 8-port feed waveguide array, the difference of amplitude and phase are decreased 1 dB and 13 degrees, respectively. The broad bandwidth of 700 MHz is also realized. The size of 16-port waveguide away compared with WR-90 array is reduced about 10 cm. The measured antenna gain for the fabricated 16-port feed waveguide array is observed 24 dBi above at DBS band.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.500-506
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• 1999

We designed and fabricated a bidirectional optical transceiver module for low cost access network. An integrated chip forming a pin-PD on an 1.3 urn FP-LD was assembled by flip-chip bonding on a Si optical bench, a single mode fiber with an angled end facet was aligned passively with the integrated chip on V-groove of Si-optical bench. Gaussian beam theory was applied to evaluate the coupling coefficients as a function of some parameters such as alignment distance, angle of fiber end facet, vertical alignment error. The theory is also used to search the bottle-neck between transmittance and receiving coupling efficiency in the bi-directional optical system. Tn this paper, we confirmed that reduction of coupling efficiency by the vertical alignment error between laser beam and fiber core axis can be compensated by controlling the fiber facet angle. In the fabrication of sub-module, a'||'&'||' we made such that the fiber facet have a corn shape with an angled facet only core part, the reflection of transmitted laser beam from the fiber facet could be minimized below -35 dE in alignment distance of 2: 30 /J.m. In the same condition, transmitted output power of -12.1 dEm and responsivity of 0.2. AIW were obtained.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.287-302
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• 2000

The purpose of the study are to examine the perception of the importance and performance of patient education of the clinical nurse and find out the interfering factors in practicing patient education. The data were collected from convenient sample of 256 clinical nurses working in the nursing units of adult patients except the psychiatric unit, obstetric unit, dental surgical unit and intensive care unit of one University Hospital in Seoul from September 29 to October 2, 1998. Three measurement tools of self-report- questionnaires developed by researcher used. For the content validity of the questionnaires, two sessions of panel discussion and a pilot test were done and finally factor analysis was done with Varimax method. Analysis of data was done with SAS program using frequency, percentage, means, standard deviation, Pearson's Correlation Coefficients, t-test and ANOVA. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The surveyed nurses perceived the importance of patient education at higher level with mean score of 4.08 among 5 point than their perception of practice( mean score : 3.42). 2. There was positive significant correlation(r=.29, p=0.0001)between nurses' perception of the importance of patient education and it's practice 3. Among the teaching contents for patients, 'information of diagnostic procedure and operation' and 'orientation of hospitalization' were perceived most important. And 'preparation for discharge' and 'understanding of disease and health promotion' were perceived least important 4. Among the teaching contents for patients, 'orientation of hospitalization' and 'information of diagnostic procedure and operation' were perceived highly performable. And 'understanding of disease and health promotion' and 'preparation for discharge' were perceived least performable. 5. Three types of interfering factors were identified as patient-factor, situational factor, nurse-factor. The mean degree of impediment with the interfering factors was at average level(3.09 among 5). The patient and situational factors of impediments were more interfering than nurse- factor for teaching patients. 6. In older age(p<.05), married state (p<.05), higher educational status (p<.01), higher clinical experience (p<.01) and higher position(p<.01), the score of perceived importance of patients education was more high. 7. In older age(p<.01), higher clinical experience(p<.001) and surgical unit (p<.01), the score of perceived performance of patients education was more high. In conclusion, in order to activate patient education practice in the clinical setting, the continuing education for patients education should be more emphasized and the effective teaching methods and materials should be developed to help patient teaching. And an organizational support such as budgeting for patient education and reimbursement system should be administrated.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.81-86
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• 2014

Objectives Total intracranial volume (TIV) is a major nuisance of neuroimaging research for interindividual differences of brain structure and function. Authors intended to prove the reliability of the atlas scaling factor (ASF) method for TIV estimation in FreeSurfer by comparing it with the results of manual tracing as reference method. Methods The TIVs of 26 normal children and 26 children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were obtained by using FreeSurfer reconstruction and manual tracing with T1-weighted images. Manual tracing performed in every 10th slice of MRI dataset from midline of sagittal plane by one researcher who was blinded from clinical data. Another reseacher performed manual tracing independently for randomly selected 20 dataset to verify interrater reliability. Results The interrater reliability was excellent (intraclass coefficient = 0.91, p < 7.1e-07). There were no significant differences of age and gender distribution between normal and ADHD groups. No significant differences were found between TIVs from ASF method and manual tracing. Strong correlation between TIVs from 2 different methods were shown (r = 0.90, p < 2.2e-16). Conclusions The ASF method for TIV estimation by using FreeSurfer showed good agreement with the reference method. We can use the TIV from ASF method for correction in analysis of structural and functional neuroimaging studies with not only elderly subjects but also children, even with ADHD.