• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 1995

In order to determine the optimum condition and timing for in vitro maturation of oocytes to metaphase of meiosis II (M II), the immatured follicular oocytes were recovered by puncturing the large(1.0~1.5 mm in diameter) and small(<1.0 mm in diameter) follicles in the ovaries of rabbits treated intramuscularly with a single dose of 100 TU PMSG 68 hours previously. The follicular oocytes were classified into three grades by the attachment of cumulus cells. The Grade I and II follicular oocytes from large follicles were cultured in BO-DM medium with 10% FCS, 35 $\mu$g /nl of FSH, 10 $\mu$g /ml of LH and 1 $\mu$g /ml of estradiol-17$\beta$ at 39t in a 5% $CO_2$ incubator for 11 to 23 hours. In 3 hours interval during the culture period, the oocytes were harvested and their cumulus cells were removed with hyaluronidase. The denuded oocytes were stained with Hoechst 33342 dye and their meiotic status and extrusion of the first polar body (PB) were examined under a fluorescence microscope. Also the fragmentation of the first PB and the distance between the first PB and nucleus were examined. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The mean recovery rate of follicular oocytes from the large and small follicles was 59. 9 and 31.3%, respectively. The mean number of oocytes recovered per rabbit and the Grade I percentage were 14.6 and 94.4% in large follicles, but 2.1 and 61.1% in small follicles, respectively. All the parameters examined were different significantly (p<0.05) between both the folliclular size. 2. Most of the follicular oocytes(86.8%) were matured in vitro to M II phase in 14 hours in Grade I oocytes, but the significantly(p<0.05) less oocytes(45.5%) were matured in Grade II oocytes. 3. The first PB was extruded in most of the oocytes(94.7%) in 14 hours of culture with the fragmentation rate of 29.6%, but the fragmentation rate of the first PB increased significantly (p<0.05) as the culture period for maturation was longer to 20 hours(63.5%). 4. The distance between the first PB and nucleus was increased linearly (p<0.05) as the maturation time passed from 14(7.1$\mu$rn) to 23 hours(58.4$\mu$m). 5. From the above results it was concluded that the optimum time for in vitro maturation culture might be 14 hours in the follicular oocytes from rabbit primed with PMSG for 68 hours, expecially when these follicular oocytes were used for recipient cytoplasms in embryo cloning.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.156-164
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this in vitro study was to assess changes in remineralization by stimulated human saliva over a short period of 48 hours with quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) technology. Materials and Methods: Bovine incisor surfaces were demineralized for 10 days. Two types of stimulated saliva were collected from 7 healthy persons. 24 hours after tooth brushing (Stimulated saliva group) and immediately after tooth brushing with 1,000 ppm NaF dentifrice (Dentifrice saliva group). The specimens were immersed in saliva and fluorescence images were obtained by QLF-digital (QLF-D $biluminator^{TM}$,) at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours fluorescence loss (${\Delta}F%$) of the lesions. A paired t-test was performed to assess fluorescence differences between before (${\Delta}F_{baseline}$) and after (${\Delta}F_{treatment\;time}$) the remineralization process. Results: Before the remineralization, the mean ${\Delta}F_{baseline}$ of the initial demineralized specimens was $-18.42{\pm}0.15$ (%). In both groups, the ${\Delta}F$ values obtained at baseline and after 2 hours were statistically significant (P < 0.001), indicating recovery of the lesions by approximately 40% after 2 hours. After 48 hours, remineralization rates were slightly higher (49%) for the stimulated saliva group than for the dentifrice saliva group (41%), but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: With QLF minute degrees of remineralization by saliva can be measured in periods as short as 2 hours. Additionally no significantly higher effects of remineralization were observed in the dentifrice saliva group when compared to the stimulated saliva group.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.44-47
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• 2006

Symptoms of aspirin overdose may vary from acid-base disturbance, electrolyte abnormality, non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, chemical hepatitis, seizure to cardiac toxicity. Cardiac adverse effects from aspirin are uncommon but there are reports of arrhythmia, cardiopulmonary arrest, and myocardial infarction. We report 2 cases of young women with aspirin overdose who exhibited ischemic changes on their ECGs a few hours after the ingestion with spontaneous recovery in a few days. First case, a 29 year old woman, presented to the emergency department 6 hours after ingesting 250 tablets of aspirin (325 mg/T). On examination, the temperature was $36.3^{\circ}C$: blood pressure, 105/72mmHg; Pulse, 111/min and respiratory rate, 24/min. Second case, a 27 year old woman, an hour after ingesting 60 tablets (325mg/T). On examination, the temperature was $36.0^{\circ}C$: blood pressure, 102/72 mmHg; pulse, 89/min and respiratory rate, 25/min. In both cases, ECG after 6 hours of ingestion had sinus tachycardia and developed T wave inversion on the anterior leads in the following ECGs. Their initial serum salicylate levels after 6 hours of ingestion were 71.2 mg/dL and 28.4 mg/dL respectively. These salicylate levels were resolving when these ECGs were observed. The ECG changes resolved in the following days and they were discharged without any further symptoms. Further studies are needed, but for the time being, when dealing with salicylate overdose, transient cardiac depression should be kept in mind to avoid adverse ischemic cardiac events.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.55-68
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• 2004

This study investigated differences or similarities of infant rearing practices in Korea, Hong Kong and the United States and in young mothers and grandmothers generations. The silbjects were young mothers(YM) with babies from 2 to 2.5 years and their mothers or mothers-in-law(GM) in Korea(YM=118, GM=118), Hong Kong(YM= 126, GM=78) and the United States(YM= 105, GM= 105). The subjects answered questionnaires on infant rearing practices that were constructed by child study specialists in Korea, Hong Kong and the United States. Statistical analyses were by frequencies, percentages, and $\chi$$^2$ The results of this study were as follows. 1. Kum-Jut was used to announce giving birth to relatives and neighbors only in Korea. Mothers in Korea were more helped in their recovery by their mother or mother-in-law than their husband, but the opposite was the case in Hong Kong and the United States. Most Korean mothers ate special foods after giving birth, but mothers in Hong Kong and the United Slates didn't. Mothers in Korea were more likely to avoid contact with strangers for a given period of time than mothers in Hong Kong and the United States. The babies in Korea were more often named by grandparents than by parents, but most of the babies in Hong Kong and the United States were named by parents. The greater part of babies in Korea didn't have childhood names or nick names, but most babies in Hong Kong and the United States did. 2. Mothers in Korea were more likely to give a banquet, exercise Dol Jab le, share foods with neighbors, and take souvenir pictures on the baby's first birthday than mothers did in Hong Kong and the United States. Most mothers in Korea tended to think that their baby's fiyst birthday was more meaningful than the other birihdays, but most mothers in Hong Kong and the United States didn't. 3. Some differences between young mothers and grandmothers generations in infant rearing practices were found in each culture.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.216-219
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• 2014

Purpose: We presented with a patient with traumatic brain injury who showed a transcallosal ipsilateral motor pathway from unaffected motor cortex to affected extremities, as evaluated by diffusion tensor tractography (DTT). Methods: One patient and six age-matched normal subjects were enrolled. A 42-year-old left hemiparetic male who suffered from brain injury by motor vehicle accident 9 years ago showed a leukomalactic lesion in the right corona radiata and parieto-temporal lobe. His left extremities were completely paralyzed initially, but recovered slowly over 2 years. At the time of the evaluation, he was able to grasp and release an object, and to walk with spastic gait pattern. DTT was performed using 1.5 T with a Synergy-L Sensitivity Encoding head coil. DTT was obtained with termination criteria of FA <0.2 and an angle change > $45^{\circ}c$. Results: The motor tracts of the unaffected (left) hemisphere of the patient and control subjects originated from the motor cortex and descended along the known corticospinal tract without any transcallosal tract. By contrast, the tract of the affected (right) hemisphere originated from the left premotor cortex, descended through the left corona radiata, and then crossed the mid-portion of the corpus callosum. The tract then descended through the known corticospinal tract pathway to the right medulla. Conclusion: We conclude that the transcallosal ipsilateral motor pathway from the unaffected hemisphere appeared to contribute to the motor recovery in this patient.

• Journal of forensic and investigative science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.50-59
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to figure out clinical characteristics in young and adult acute myocardial infarction patients come to emergency room. One hundred fifty four acute myocardial infarction cases were collected and analized from January 2003 to April 2006, especially focused on below the age 50. The results of the study were summarized as follows. The results were proportion up disease occur to women disease rate as men after 50 age and acute myocardial infarction occur to spring and winter most of all. Research for this patients coronary artery condition in cardiac angiography room and coronary artery condition is left anterior descending portion was obstruction and stenosis most of all at that time in emergency room. HDL-cholesterol was not normal range of this patients. About 57.9% patients downward normal range but total cholesterol was very variant condition. Investigated chest X-ray of this patients and result in upward 75% patients was C-T ratio 50% upward condition. And it was shown result from this patients 94. 7% was obesity condition and family history showed mother or father got hypertension or diabete mellitus patients but 42. 7% patients not family history. This patients not going to direct emergency room after via local medical center result in badly condition up. Have got outcomes of youth and adults age patient of acute myocardial infarction come to emergency room. Government and administration have to support advertising this results about acute myocardial infarction condition of nation people. We need to preservation and preventing this disease but if this disease occurrence, to the utmost directly and speedly emergency room for fast therapy.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.101-111
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• 1985

Transient inward current (TI) was studied by the two micro-electrode voltage clamp technique in the sinoatrial node of the rabbit. The author confirmed that in $10^{-6}$ M ouabain TI was found in the SA node and investigated the effects of ions, $(Na^+,\;K^+,\;Ca^{2+})$, $\beta-agonist$ (isoprenaline), local anesthetics (quinidine, lidocaine) and Ca-blockers ($Co^{2+}$, verapamil, diltiazem) on the TI recorded during depolarizing voltage clamp pulses to -40 and -20 mV. The results obtained were as follows ; 1) $10^{-6}M$ ouabain increased the frequency of sinus action potential and decreased the amplitude, especially overshoot of action potential. TI was induced by the depolarizing voltage clamp Pulses and the magnitude of the slow inward current (isi) decreased and the time course was slowed by the same depolarizing pulses. 2) 30% $Na^{+}$ and 24mM $K^+$ decreased by $10^{-6}M$ ouabain and 6 mM $Ca^{2+}$ and $10^{-7}M$ isoprenaline increased TI, $i_{si}$ and current oscillations. 3) Quinidine $(5\times10^{-7}M)$ reduced TI and $i_{si}$ but lidocaine $(10^6\;-10^5M)$ didn't reduced or increase TI. Current oscillations increased and isi decreased by lidocaine. 4) Ca-blockers decreased the amplitude and the frequency of sinus action potential. TI and $i_{si}$ decreased significantly but were not abolished completely at the concentrations used in this experiment. Verapamil and diltiazem had inhibitory action on TI in $2\times10^{-7}M$ concentration and showed very slow recovery after wasting out with normal Tyrode solution.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.893-902
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of wearing a weightlifting belt, which is an auxiliary equipment used during squat, by measuring and analyzing biomechanical difference in lower limb and proposing safer and to suggest a more effective exercise method for general population. Selected 8 male participants in their 20s who have not performed regular resistance exercise for at least a year, but have experience of performing squat. The comprehensive method of study is as follows: subjects were notified of the purpose of the study and were told to practice warm-up and the squat motion for the experiment for 20 minutes. When the participant believed they were ready to begin, the experiment was started. At controlled points, foot pressure distribution sensor has been installed. Then left and right feet have been placed on the pressure distribution sensor, from which data for successful squat position that does not satisfy the criteria for failure have been collected and computed with Kwon3D XP program and TPScan program. For data processing of this study, SPSS 21.0 was used to calculated mean (M) and standard deviation (SD) of the analyzed values, and paired t-test has been conducted to investigate the difference before and after wearing the weightlifting belt, with p-value of ${\alpha}<.05$. As for time consumed depending on usage of weightlifting belt in squat, statistically significant difference has been found in P2, which is recovery movement. Lower limb angle depending on usage of weightlifting belt in squat has shown statistically significant difference in E1 foot joint(p<. 001). There has been statistically significant difference in E2 knee joint. Foot pressure percentage depending on usage of weightlifting belt in squat were found to be statistically significant (p<. 01) in both regions of anterior and posterior foot.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.54-61
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• 2003

$SnO_2$ gas sensor for the detection DMMP, simulant of nerve gas was fabricated and its characteristics were examined. Sensing materials were $SnO_2$ added by TEX>$\alpha$-$Al_{2}O_{3}$ with 0∼20wt.% and $In_{2}O_{3}$ with 0∼3wt.% and were physically mixed each material. They were deposited by screen printing method on alumina substrate. The sensor was consisted of sensing electrode with interdigit(IDT) type in front and a heater in back side. Its dimension was 7$\times$10$\times$0.6$\textrm{mm}^2$. Crystallite size 8t phase identification, specific surface area and morphology of fabricated $SnO_2$ powders were analyzed by X-ray diffraction(XRD), surface area analyzer(BET) and by a scanning electron microscope(SEM), respectively. Sensor was measured as flow type and sensor resistance change was monitored as real time using LabVIEW program. The best sensitivities were 75% at adding 4wt.% TEX>$\alpha$-$Al_{2}O_{3}$, operating temperature $300^{\circ}C$ and 87% at adding 2wt.% $In_{2}O_{3}$, operating temperature $350^{\circ}C$ to DMMP 0.5ppm. Response and recovery times were about 1 and 3 min., respectively. Repetition measurement was very good with $\pm$3% in full scale. As a result, operating temperature was lower TEX>$\alpha$-$Al_{2}O_{3}$ than $In_{2}O_{3}$, but sensitivity was higher $In_{2}O_{3}$ than $\alpha$-$Al_{2}O_{3}$.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.382-396
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• 1999

This study was attempted to prove the effect of emotional stability and vital signs applying music therapy program to the children admitted in the PICU. Data were collected from July to September, 1997. The subjects were 30 patients admitted in the PICU of 'S' University Hospital which were divided into two groups of experimental and control. Each group had 15 subjects. Method was nonequivalent control group pretest-postteset repeated design, observing vital signs and activity of subjects prior, during, and after the music intervention. The study tools were cassette tapes of 'Mother's music whose babies want to listen' and Space-lab patient monitor. Data were analyzed using the $SPSS/PC+;x^2$ test and t-test to analyze of the general characteristics ; paired t-test to prove hypotheses. Result were as follows; 1. Infants lower than seven months showed changing into stable vital signs from applying the music therapy, however infants from eight months to three-year old showed no change in vital signs. 2. Vital signs changed to stabilized condition in infants lower than seven months were heart rate and respiration rate. 3. The stability of vital signs during music therapy turned back to the previous state while terminating music therapy. 4. The effect of music therapy in the state of activity had on both infants group of lower than seven months and from eight months to three-year old, particularly more effective in the later group. I recommend follows on the base of above results ; 1. As above results shows, listening to music is effective on infants and toddler, intervention with music therapy appropriate to chidlren's age is hot recommended. 2. Comparative study with noise blocking effect and music therapy effect within the ICU environment be recommended. 3. The repeated study on when the exact time is and how many repeat the music therapy to show the above mentioned effect be recommended. 4. We recommend this music therapy to be done in the recovery room, isolating room, operating room as well as ICU.