• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2005

This study was performed to evaluate the relation between the interval of supportive periodontal therapy and the prevalence of the subgingival microflora. The subgingival plaques from 108 patients were used in the study. Control group were the patients with no periodontal treatment and test groups were assigned into 3 groups according to the period of recall check: group 1; 1-2 months, group 2; 3-4 months, group 3; 6months or more. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) used for direct identification of periodontal pathogens (P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis, T. denticola) in subgingival plaque. The results of this study were as follows. 1. The prevalence of P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis, T. denticola in control group were 100%, 87%, 90%. 2. In clinical parameters such as plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, control group was not significant different with group 1 but Significant different with group 2, group 3. 3. In group 1, the majority of P. gingivalis had type II fimA. 4. When group 3 were compared with group 1, the prevalence of P. gingivalis increased. But the prevalence of P. gingivalis with type II fimA, which have the virulence factor, decreased. 5. We were unable to find the correlation between P. gingivalis with type IV fimA and periodontal disease. 6. The prevalence of T. forsythensis, T. denticola in test group were 85%, 93% or more. From the above results, we were able to find the relation between the interval of supportive periodontal therapy and the prevalence of the subgingival microflora and the need of the strict supportive periodontal therapy to prevent recurrence of periodontal disease, because there were high prevalence of periodontal pathogens.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.563-575
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• 2005

The aim of present study is to evaluate the influence of adjacent tooth to the microbiology of clinically healthy implant. Control group included patients who had clinically healthy implant and tooth with healthy $periodontium(PD{\leq}3mm)$, test group was composed of patients who had clinically healthy implant and tooth with periodontal pocket(PD>3mm). The criteria of clinically health implant are no pain or discomfort, the restorative suprastructure provide satisfactory fit and function, and the tissue around the fixtures were firm and probing with standard periodontal probe with a rounded tip 0.5mm in diameter resulted in penetration of no more than 5mm when using a force of 0.5N at any location. 38 patients, partially edentulous subjects with endosseous root-form implants were selected. All subjects were medically healthy and had not taken systemic antibiotics and professional plaque control 3 months before sampling. Number of control group is 25(mean age $52{\pm}13$, 26 teeth, 34 implants) and test group is 13(mean age $60{\pm}13$, 13 teeth, 17 implants). All teeth and implants of each patient were examined probing depth(PD), bleeding on probing(BOP), and plaque index(PI), and samples of subgingival plaque were obtained at each site with sterile curet or fine paper points, then the plaque transferred to PBS. Obtained samples were examined for the presence of P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis, and T. denticola by the polymerase chain reaction(PCR). The relationship among clinical parameters and the colonizations by the 3 bacterial species from natural teeth and implants region were analyzed by student t-test. The results of this study were as follows: 1. PD was different in teeth between 2 groups(p<0.05), but the other parameters were not. 2. Statistically significant difference was not found in clinical parameters of implants between 2 groups. 3. All bacterial prevalences of teeth were higher in test group than in control group, and prevalence of T. forsythensis had statistically significant difference between 2 groups(p<0.05). 4. Prevalences of P. gingivalis and T. forsythensis are higher in test group than control group, and that of T. denticola is higher in control group than in test group. But there were no statistically significant differences between 2 groups. In conclusion, there is no statistically significant difference in prevalence of implant microbiology between 2 groups. But if the number of samples increased, it will be possible to find out statistical significance in prevalence of P. gingivalis. It seems that pocket of adjacent tooth influences prevalence of P. gingivalis. These results mean that improvement of the periodontal condition before implantation is very important.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.211-221
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• 2006

The aim of present study was to evaluate the influence of periodontal status of adjacent tooth and loading time to the prevalence of red complex of implant sulcus. In 97 patients, partially edentulous subjects with endosseous root-form implants were selected. All subjects were medically healthy and had not taken systemic antibiotics and professional plaque control 3 months before sampling. The number was as follows: clinically healthy implants:161, clinically unhealthy implants:22, clinically healthy adjacent teeth:73, clinically unhealthy adjacent teeth:38. All teeth and implants of each patient were examined probing depth(PD), modified sulcus bleeding index(mSBI), and modified plaque index(mPI), and samples of subgingival plaque were obtained at each site with sterile curet or fine paper points, then the plaque transferred to PBS. Obtained samples were examined for the presence of P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis, and T. denticola by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The relationship among clinical parameters and the colonizations by the 3 bacterial species from adjacent teeth and implants region were analyzed by student t-test (p<0.05). The results of this study were as follows: 1. mPI and mSBI of implant increased with increasing of same indices of adjacent tooth(p=0.03,0.001), but not in the PD . 2. The mPI, mBI, PD of implants was higher when red complex exist. 3. The prevalence of red complex was higher when the periodontal condition is unhealthy. 4. The prevalence of red complex of implants has no significant relation to the probing depth of adjacent tooth. 5. Prevalence of P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis of implants increased with loading time. (p=0.02,0.018) These results shows the importance of oral hygiene and supportive periodontal therapy.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 2008

Purpose: Specific bacteria are believed to play an important role in chronic periodontitis. Although extensive microbial analyses have been performed from subgingival plaque samples of periodontitis patients, systemic analysis of subingival microbiota has not been carried out in a Korean population so far. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of 29 putative periodontal pathogens in Korean chronic periodontitis patients and evaluate which pathogens are more associated with Korean chronic periodontitis. Material and Methods: A total of 86 subgingival plaque samples were taken from 15 chronic periodontits(CP) patients and 13 periodontally healthy subjects in Korea. CP samples were obtained from the deepest periodontal pocket (>3 mm probing depth[PD]) and the most shallow periodontal probing site ($\leq$3 mm PD) in anterior tooth and posterior tooth, respectively, of each patient. Samples in healthy subjects were obtained from 1 anterior tooth and 1 posterior tooth. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of subgingival plaque bacteria was performed. Detection frequencies(% prevalence) of 29 putative periodontal pathogens were investigated as bacterium-positive sites/total sites. Results: With the exception of Olsenella profuse and Prevotella nigrescens, the sites of diseased patients generally showed higher prevalence than the healthy sites of healthy subjects for all bacteria analyzed. Tanerella forsythensis (B.forsythus), Campylobacter rectus, Filifactor alocis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas endodontalis and Porphyromonas gingivalis were detected in more than 80% of sites with deep probing depths in CP patients. In comparison between the sites (deep or shallow PD) of CP patients and the healthy sites of healthy subjects, there was statistically significant difference(P<0.05) of prevalence in T.forsythensis (B.forsythus), C.rectus, Dialister invisus, F.alocis, P.gingivalis and Treponema denticola. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that the four putative periodontal pathogens, T.forsythensis (B.forsythus), C.rectus, P.gingivalis and F.alocis are closely related with CP patients in the Korean population.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.46 no.12
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• pp.742-754
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• 2008

이 연구의 목적은 초기 및 중등도 치주염 환자에서 전동칫솔을 사용할 경우 임상 지수의 향상 정도와 치주원인균의 정량적 감소 효과를 12주의 연구 기간 동안 평가하는 것이다. $25{\sim}55$세의 환자 80명을 대상으로 12주 동안 진행하였으며, 치태지수 0.5 이상, 치은지수 0.5 이상을 나타내는 대상에서 일반 칫솔 혹은 전동칫솔 ($Sonicare^{(R)}$ Elite, Philips Oral Healthcare Inc., Snoqualmie, Washington, USA) 사용 군을 임의로 선정하였다. 하루 2회, 매 회 2분 간 사용하고, 각 군의 칫솔 사용을 교육하였다. 임상지수는 치태지수 (PI; Silness & $L{\ddot{o}}e$), 치은지수 (GI; $L{\ddot{o}}e$ & Silness), 탐침 후 출혈 부위 (%), 치주낭 깊이 부착소실을 초진 1, 4, 12주에 측정하였다. Interleukin-1 (IL-1), MMP-8과 치은연하치태샘플에서 채취한 4 종류의 치주원인균 (Actinomyces visco년, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus sanguis, Tannerella forsythensis)에 대한 16S rRNA test는 초진, 1주, 12주에 측정하였다. 측정 결과 전동칫솔과 일반 칫솔 모두 임상지수의 유의한 감소가 나타났으며, 치은지수는 일반칫솔에 비해 전동칫솔에서 감소효과가 통계적으로 더 우수하게 나타났다 (p<0.001). 탐침 후 출혈의 감소는 전동칫솔에서 76.73%, 일반칫솔에서 44.57% 정도로 전동칫솔 군이 더 우수하게 나타났다. 치주낭 깊이 감소는 초진에 비해 전동칫솔 군에서 18.55%, 일반칫솔 군에서 14.81% 정도로 나타났으며, 초진과 비교하였을 때 부착수준의 향상 정도는 전동칫솔 25.24%, 일반 칫솔 16.94% 정도로 두 군 모두 통계적으로 유의하게 개선되었다 (p < 0.001). 두 군 모두 IL-1 beta, MMP-8 농도의 감소가 있었으며, 치주원인균 중 A.viscosus, P.gingivalis, T.forsythensis 역시 두 군 모두에서 초진에 비해 12주에 유의한 감소를 나타내었으나, S.sanguis는 전동칫솔 군에서만 12주에 유의한 감소가 있었다. 이상의 결과에서 12주 간의 연구 기간 동안 초기 및 중등도 치주염 환자에서 소니케어 전동칫솔의 사용은 임상지수 및 치주 원인균 감소에 통계적으로 유의한 개선 효과를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.155-168
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this research is to examine oral pathogen distribution among elderly with dementia in a care facility to understand the importance of preventively managing oral diseases in terms of preventively managing senile diseases. Methods: From 11th August 2015 to 11th October 2015, gingival crevicular fluid was collected from 130 subjects consisting of demented/non-demented elderly people aged above 65 in care facilities located in the regions of Busan/Gyeonggnam. Based on collected data, real-time PCR analysis on oral pathogen was conducted. Results: The demented elderly group consisting of female patients aged from 0 to 79 indicated higher ratios of T. denticola in comparison to the non-demented elderly group, and the demented elderly group consisting of female patients aged above 80 indicated a high ratio of S. mutans. It was confirmed that P. gingivalis and T. forsythensis categorized under the red complex are correlated, and that bacterial species categorized under the orange complex and bacterial species categorized under the red complex are correlated. Conclusions: Because eldery people with demntia are exposed to periodontal disease and dental caries, their oral environments are more vulnerable. In order to improve such environments, it is necessary to provide care facility personnel with an opportunity to receive education to become aware of the importance of oral health, and it is also necessary to compulsorily assign dental hygienists to care facilities so that they can serve as personnel specializing in oral health management.