• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.187-193
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• 2017

The Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus Hope, is a representative vector of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which causes wilting symptoms in pine trees. A control method using a net has been introduced, which is an alternative method to the fumigation for the control of dead pine trees by pine wilt disease. This study was carried out to investigate the factors that induce gnawing and escaping behaviors of M. alternatus. The behaviors were examined after M. alternatus adult was placed in a confined space at different temperatures. M. alternatus adults could escape through mesh net torn by gnawing when they were confined in a space of 30 mm or less in diameter. The success rate of escape was high at 20 to $30^{\circ}C$, and no adults escaped at $15^{\circ}C$. The enticement of M. alternatus adults by food didn't affect the success rate of escape. In the case of not being confined in a narrow space, the escaping hole could not be formed because the gnawing was not concentrated on one part. M. alternatus moved its body in a narrow space using the tarsus of middle and hind legs, and made an escape hole by concentrically gnawing the obstacle on the front side with mandible, and showed a behavior of getting out while supporting the body by supporting the front legs. The present results will be able to use as an important basic information for evaluating the performance of mesh net which confines M. alternatus adults and suggested by alternative method to fumigation technology.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.27-34
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• 2011

In this paper, it was presented a design on the dynamic multimedia fingerprinting code for anti-collusion code(ACC) in the protection of multimedia content. Multimedia fingerprinting code for the conventional ACC, is designed with a mathematical method to increase k to k+1 by transform from BIBD's an incidence matrix to a complement matrix. A codevector of the complement matrix is allowanced fingerprinting code to a user' authority and embedded into a content. In the proposed algorithm, the feature points were drawing from a content which user bought, with based on these to design the dynamical multimedia fingerprinting code. The candidate codes of ACC which satisfied BIBD's v and k+1 condition is registered in the codebook, and then a matrix is generated(Below that it calls "Rhee matrix") with ${\lambda}+1$ condition. In the experimental results, the codevector of Rhee matrix based on a feature point of the content is generated to exist k in the confidence interval at the significance level ($1-{\alpha}$). Euclidean distances between row and row and column and column each other of Rhee matrix is working out same k value as like the compliment matrices based on BIBD and Graph. Moreover, first row and column of Rhee matrix are an initial firing vector and to be a forensic mark of content protection. Because of the connection of the rest codevectors is reported in the codebook, when trace a colluded code, it isn't necessity to solve a correlation coefficient between original fingerprinting code and the colluded code but only search the codebook then a trace of the colluder is easy. Thus, the generated Rhee matrix in this paper has an excellent robustness and fidelity more than the mathematically generated matrix based on BIBD as ACC.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.1201-1212
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• 2016

Value at Risk (VaR) for market risk management is a favorite method used by financial companies; however, there are some problems that cannot be explained for the amount of loss when a specific investment fails. Conditional Tail Expectation (CTE) is an alternative risk measure defined as the conditional expectation exceeded VaR. Multivariate loss rates are transformed into a univariate distribution in real financial markets in order to obtain CTE for some portfolio as well as to estimate CTE. We propose multivariate CTEs using multivariate quantile vectors. A relationship among multivariate CTEs is also derived by extending univariate CTEs. Multivariate CTEs are obtained from bivariate and trivariate normal distributions; in addition, relationships among multivariate CTEs are also explored. We then discuss the extensibility to high dimension as well as illustrate some examples. Multivariate CTEs (using variance-covariance matrix and multivariate quantile vector) are found to have smaller values than CTEs transformed to univariate. Therefore, it can be concluded that the proposed multivariate CTEs provides smaller estimates that represent less risk than others and that a drastic investment using this CTE is also possible when a diversified investment strategy includes many companies in a portfolio.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.18-27
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• 2009

B. thuringiensis strain LY-99 belonging to subsp. alesti (H3a3c), was isolated from Chinese tobacco warehouse and showed significantly high toxicity to Plutella xylostella. For the identification of the cry1-type genes from B. thuringiensis LY-99, an extended multiplex PCRrestriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP) method was established by using two pairs of universal primers based on the conserved regions of the cry1-type genes to amplify around 2.4 kb cry1-type gene fragments. Then the DNA fragment was cloned into pGEM-T Easy vector and digested with EcoRI and EcoRV enzymes. Through this method, a known cry1-type gene was successfully identified from the reference strain, B. thuringiensis subsp. alesti. In addition, the RFLP patterns revealed that B. thuringiensis LY-99 included a novel cry1A-type gene in addition to cry1Aa, cry1Ac, cry1Be and cry1Ea genes. The novel cry1A-type gene was designated cry1Ah2 (Genbank accession No DQ269474). An inverse PCR method was used to amplify the flank regions of cry1Ah2 gene. Finally, 3143 bp HindIII fragment from B. thuringiensis LY-99 plasmid DNA including 5' region and partial ORF was amplified, and sequence analysis revealed that cry1Ah2 gene from LY-99 showed 89.31% of maximum sequence similarity with cry1Ac1 crystal protein gene. In addition, the deduced amino acid sequence of Cry1Ah2 protein shared 87.80% of maximum identity with that of Cry1Ac2. This protein therefore belongs to a new class of B. thuringiensis crystal proteins.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.187-195
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• 2003

This case study which is to make 2-Dimension earth's crust structures clearly is about the great boring-hole blasting to provide ground vibration source of the reflected wave research on the Korean Peninsula earth's crust structures research. For this study we've done blasting twice-500 ㎏/charge per delay, 1,000 ㎏/charge per delay, and the specifications of blasting are the following - dia.: 300 ㎜, boring-depth : 100m, besides, we used the explosives and electric detonators which have sufficient detonating velocity and very excellent safety, capacity of detonating, accurate delay time. We charged explosives into steel pipe with bulk type to avoid dead pressure by ground water. And then we tested about pipe airtight and blasting to certificate which has no problem by using on this study. In the results, we succeeded each blasting in Seosan, Youngdong. For the Peak Sum Vector(PSV) around the blasting at the main points, its real measured PSV is higher 180 % than estimated PSV with USBM. In this study we can't to be analysis of vibration velocity, but to be key providing vibration source.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2006

To develop a new variety of orchardgrass with improved digestibility, caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (Dgcomt), which is a methylation enzyme involved in the early stages of lignin biosynthesis, was isolated and characterized. Dgcomt was expressed not only in leaves but also in stems and roots. The expression levels of transcripts were high in stems and roots which are the most lignified tissues, and only moderate levels of transcripts were expressed in leaves. To develop transgenic orchardgrass plants by down-regulating the Dgcomt gene, an RNAi suppression vector with partial Dgcomt DNA fragment was constructed and transferred into the genome of orchardgrass via Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer method. PCR and Southern blot analyses with genomic DNAs from putative transgenic plants revealed that the T-DNA region containing RNAi construct was successfully integrated into the genome of orchardgrass. Northern blot analysis revealed that the majority of the down-regulated transgenic lines showed significant reduction in Dgcomt gene expression. These RNAi transgenic orchardgrass will be useful for molecular breeding of new variety with improved digestibility by down-regulating lignin biosynthetic enzyme.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2006

With the use of Agrobacterium and gene-gun, cold regulated gene (BN115) has been injected in Chrysanthemum leaf disc and transgenic plants have been produced successfully on the selection media containing phytohormone. To determine the presence of the transferred cold regulated gene (BN115) in the transgenic Chrysanthemum, PCR-amplification indicated the presence of that gene. Real-Time PCR for confirmation of the putative transgenic plants was established. The copy number of cold regulated gene (BN115) is extrapolated on the basis of a standard curve. Serial dilutions of known number of gene copies were in triplicates. In this diagram, PCR cycles are plotted against the fluorescence intensity. The cycle at which the fluorescence reaches a threshold cycle is inversely proportional to the starting amount of target DNA.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.473-481
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• 2005

In this paper, we propose an image segmentation method preserving object's boundaries by using the number of quantized colors and merging regions using adaptive threshold values. First of all, the proposed method quantizes an original image by a vector quantization and the number of quantized colors is determined differently using PSNR each image. We obtain initial regions from the quantized image, merge initial regions in CIE Lab color space and RGB color space step by step and segment the image into semantic regions. In each merging step, we use color distance between adjacent regions as similarity-measure. Threshold values for region-merging are determined adaptively according to the global mean of the color difference between the original image and its split-regions and the mean of those variations. Also, if the segmented image of RGB color space doesn't split into semantic objects, we merge the image again in the CIE Lab color space as post-processing. Whether the post-processing is done is determined by using the color distance between initial regions of the image and the segmented image of RGB color space. Experiment results show that the proposed method splits an original image into main objects and boundaries of the segmented image are preserved. Also, the proposed method provides better results for objective measure than the conventional method.

• BMB Reports
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.253-262
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• 2006

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Although many studies showed that the aggregation of $\alpha$-synuclein might be involved in the pathogenesis of PD, its protective properties against oxidative stress remain to be elucidated. In this study, human wild type and mutant $\alpha$-synuclein genes were fused with a gene fragment encoding the nine amino acid trans activator of transcription (Tat) protein transduction domain of HIV-l in a bacterial expression vector to produce a genetic in-frame WT Tat-$\alpha$-synuclein (wild type) and mutant Tat-a-synucleins (mutants; A30P and A53T), respectively, and we investigated the protective effects of wild type and mutant Tat-$\alpha$-synucleins in vitro and in vivo. WT Tat-$\alpha$-synuclein rapidly transduced into an astrocyte cells and protected the cells against paraquat induced cell death. However, mutant Tat-$\alpha$-synucleins did not protect at all. In the mice models exposed to the herbicide paraquat, the WT Tat-$\alpha$-synuclein completely protected against dopaminergic neuronal cell death, whereas mutants failed in protecting against oxidative stress. We found that these protective effects were characterized by increasing the expression level of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in the neuronal cells and this expression level was dependent on the concentration of transduced WT Tat-$\alpha$-synuclein. These results suggest that transduced Tat-$\alpha$-synuclein might protect cell death from oxidative stress by increasing the expression level of HSP70 in vitro and in vivo and this may be of potential therapeutic benefit in the pathogenesis of PD.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.293-298
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• 2004

Microinjection of DNA is a general method for generating transgenic animals, but the rate of transgenesis in chickens is very low. So it was carried out to investigate the efficiency of liposome-mediated gene transfer in stage one cell of chicken embryo with GFP expression vector. In order to determine efficiency and duration of the introduced foreign gene, it was microinjected DNA with liposome or naked DNA into the germinal disc of stage one cell or stage-X chicken embryo. Analysis of reporter gene expression in day-4 embryos showed that GFP expression was observed only in the liposome-mediate embryo groups and detectable up to day-8 embryos. The results suggest that stable integration of the introduced gene using liposome is a rare event. Nevertheless the liposome-mediated gene transfer may be a useful method to transfer a foreign gene into the stage one cell of chicken embryos.