• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.438-446
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among work-life balance, compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and burnout on grit and to identify the factors that have an influence on the grit of clinical nurses. The participants in this study were 150 nurses in the two general hospitals located in Y city. The data was collected from February 4, 2019 to February 22, 2019, and it was analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis using the SPSS Win. 22.0 program. The average score for work-life balance was 3.14±.68, it was 29.71±4.89 for compassion satisfaction, it was 28.88±4.83 for compassion fatigue, it was 31.22±5.32 for burnout, and it was 3.11±.40 for grit. Grit was significantly different according to educational level (t=2.370, p=.019). Grit in clinical nurses was significantly correlated with work-life balance (r=.239, p=.003) and compassion satisfaction (r=.371, p<.001), while grit was a negatively correlated with burnout (r=-.493, p<.001). The result of the multiple regression indicates that burnout and educational level predict 30.4% (F=15.80, p<.001) of grit. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a burnout treatment program to increase the grit in clinical nurses.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.165-182
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• 2016

This study examines the competitiveness and cooperativeness among the container ports in East Asia by analyzing their monthly dynamics in eight years (2008-2015). Time series data on container throughput divided into origin and destination (O/D), such as the top six Chinese ports and the transshipment (T/S) ports such as Hong Kong, Busan, and Singapore, are computed with two methods based on the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The first Granger causality test results show that Busan T/S has significant bilateral relations with three Chinese O/D ports; and significant unidirectional relations with three other O/D ports. Shenzhen port has significant bilateral relations with Singapore, and has a significant unidirectional relation with Hong Kong port. Co-integrating test results showed that Busan holds negative co-integration with all Chinese O/D ports. Impulse response function (IRF) results show an opposite direction between paired ports. The ratios of the impulse from T/S ports are significantly high to one another in the short-run, but its power declines as time passes. The ratio of the impulse from the Chinese ports to T/S ports is less significant in the short-run period, however, it becomes more significant as time passes. The significance of most shocks was high in the second period, but was diluted after the sixth period.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.505-512
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• 1998

In this study, two-layer thermal barrier coatings composed of plasma sprayed 0.3mm $ZrO_2(8wt% Y_2o_3)$ ceramic coating layer and O.lmm $NiCrAlCoY_20_3$ bond coating layer on AISI 316 were investigated microstructure of the coating, oxidation of the metallic bond coating and adhesive strength to evaluate the durability of coating layer after cyclic and isothermal test at 90$0^{\circ}C$. And quantitative phase analysis of $ZrO_2(8wt% Y_2o_3)$ ceramic coating was performed as a function of thermal exposure time using XRD technique. The results showed that the amount of m - 2rO, phase in the coating was slightly increased with increasing thermal exposure time at 90$0^{\circ}C$. The c/a ratio of t' - $ZrO_2$ in the as-sprayed coating was 1.0099 and slightly increased to 1.0115 after 100 hours heat treatment. It was believed that $Y_2O_3$ in high yttria tetragonaJ(t') was transformed to low yttria tetragonaJ(t) by $Y_2O_3$ diffusion with increasing thermal exposure time. The adhesive strength was gradually decreased as thermal exposure time increased. After the isothermal test, the failure predominantly occured in ceramic coating layer. On the other hand. the specimens after cyclic thermal test were mostly failed at bond coating/ceramic coating interface. The failure was oeeured by decreasing the bond strength between bond coating and oxide scale which were formed by oxidation of the metallic elements within bond coating and by thermal stress due to thermal expansion mismatches between the oxide scale and ceramic coating.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.328-332
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• 2006

The bioequivalence and pharmacokinetics of alendronate sodium tablets were examined by determining the plasma concentration of alendronate. Two groups, consisting of 24 healthy volunteers, each received a 70 mg reference alendronate sodium tablet and a test tablet in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. There was a 6-day washout period between doses. The plasma alendronate concentration was monitored for 7 h after the dose, using HPLC-Fluorescence Detector (FD). The area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to the last sampling time at 7 h $(AUC_{0-7h})$ was calculated using the linear-log trapezoidal rule. The maximum plasma drug concentration $(C_{max})$ and the time to reach $C_{max}(T_{max})$ were derived from the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was performed using logarithmically transformed $AUC_{0-7h}\;and\;C_{max}$, and untransformed $T_{max}$. For the test medication versus the reference medication, the $AUC_{0-7h}\;were\;87.63{\pm}29.27\;vs.\;102.44{\pm}69.96ng\;h\;mL^{-1}$ and the $C_{max}$ values were $34.29{\pm}13.77\;vs.\;38.47{\pm}24.39ng\;mL^{-1}$ respectively. The $90\%$ confidence intervals of the mean differences of the logarithmic transformed $AUC_{0-7h}$ and $C_{max}$ values were log 0.8234-log 1.1597 and log 0.8222-log 1.1409, respectively, satisfying the bioequivalence criteria guidelines of both the US Food and Drug Administration and the Korea Food and Drug Administration. The other pharmacokinetic parameters for the test drug versus reference drug, respectively, were: $t_{1/2},\;1.87{\pm}0.62\;vs.\;1.77{\pm}0.54\;h;\;V/F,\;2061.30{\pm}986.49\;vs.\;2576.45{\pm}1826.05\;L;\;CL/F,\;835.32{\pm}357.35\;vs.\;889.48{\pm}485.87\;L\;h^{-1}; K_{el},\;0.42{\pm}0.14\;vs.\;0.40{\pm}0.18\;h^{-1};\;Ka,\;4.46{\pm}3.63\;vs.\;3.80{\pm}3.64\;h^{-1};\;and\;T_{lag},\;0.19{\pm}0.09\;vs.\;0.18{\pm}0.06\;h$. These results indicated that two alendronate formulations(70-mg alendronate sodium) were biologically equivalent and can be prescribed interchangeably.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.694-703
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• 2019

This study was to investigate the effect of therapeutic exercise with electrical stimulation on knee joint pain, range of motion and muscle strength in patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The subjects of this study were recruited who diagnosed with anterior cruciate ligament rupture and undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, total of 20 patients were randomly divided to the 10 control groups and 10 experimental groups. The therapeutic exercise was carried out for 3 weeks with three exercises made by referring to the previous study. The measurement tools used were knee joint pain measurements were made using the visual analogue scale, range of motion was measured using a goniometer, and the muscle strength was measured using a handheld dynamometer. In the statistical analysis, to compare about pre and post test the difference in each same groups was accomplished by using the paired t-test, and compare the difference between the different each groups was accomplished by using the independent t-test. The results of the study showed that the experimental group showed significantly enhanced results than the control group(p<.05). Based on these results, it is concluded that it is effective for the recovery of the patient if the therapeutic exercise with electrical stimulation in parallel with knee joint therapy are performed for the patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.179-187
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• 2021

In the past five years, form construction, which accounts for approximately 25% of the total construction period, has continued to occur without a significant decrease in the number of deaths, with the largest proportion of collapse accidents. Accordingly, this study analyzed the difference in perception between the manager and worker by a questionnaire survey on the degree of risk and safety management level regarding a mold collapse accident. The survey was conducted in three groups: safety manager, field worker, and field manager. The results of the survey were analyzed by an independent sample T-Test using the SPSS program. As a result, there was almost no difference in recognition between managers, but a significant difference in recognition between managers and workers. In addition, there was a difference in management perception between the administrator and worker, which clearly shows the difference in the position between the administrator who manages and supervises hazardous disaster factors and the worker who works directly in the field. Such differences in perception can be a factor that cannot be mitigated. Based on this study, more developed research can narrow the perception gap between managers and workers and be used as a basic material for disaster research.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.912-922
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of supportive nursing on stress reaction of breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. The nonequivalent control group pre-test/post-test design was used for this experimental study. The subjects were 32 patients who were receiving chemotherapy after mastectomies at K hospital in Taegu from June, 1994 to June 1995. Among 32 subjects, 16 were placed in the experimental group and 16 in the control group. The experimental and control groups were tested for general characteristics, trait anxiety, health locus of control, family support, state anxiety, hopelessness, physical stress, and anxiety behavior. Collected data was analized by means of a chisquare test and a t-test for the comparative analysis of the general characteristics and homogeneity of subjects. ANOVA, and MANOVA were used for testing the hypothesis. Reliability of the tools were analyzed using the Pearson Correlation coefficient. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The hypothesis : The stress reaction of the experimental group which took supportive nursing was lower than the stress reaction of the control group : this was supported statistically. The main variable influenced in stress reaction was hopelessness. Supportive nursing for breast cancer patients, who are receiving chemotherapy, was especially effective in the reduction of hopelessness compared to state anxiety, physical stress, and anxiety behavior. 2. An analysis of the difference on stress reaction, according to the frequency of supportive nursing between the control and experimental group, showed the level of hopelessness of the experimental group was lower than the control group after four supportive meeting sessions. But there was no statistical difference in state anxiety, physical stress, and anxiety behavior. In conclusion, this study supported utilization of supportive care as well as demonstrating the effectiveness of the System-Developmental Stress Model developed by Chrisman and Riehl-Sisca.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.99-113
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• 2015

The purpose of the study was to explore differences in perceived importance among factors of motives for participating in outdoor sports, product selection criteria of outdoor sportswear and store selection criteria, and in buying frequencies among store types and store locations. Another purpose was to find differences in importance of product selection criteria of outdoor sportswear and store selection criteria and in buying frequencies according to store types and store locations among groups according to motives for participation in outdoor sports. The questionnaire was developed by the researcher and was collected by 221 women aged between 40 and 59. The questionnaire was composed of four parts including participation motives, store selection criteria, and product selection criteria measured by Likert type scale, and demographic characteristics measured by nominal scale. Data were analyzed by frequency test, factor analysis, repeated measure ANOVA, Bonferroni adjusted t-test, cluster analysis by Ward method, ANOVA and Tukey's test as a post-hoc test. The results of the study showed that middle-aged women rated health improvement motive as the most important factor for participating in outdoor sports. Among product selection criteria, comfort was the most important, and among store selection, personal selling was the most important. Among store types, buying frequency in off-price store was the highest and among store locations, buying frequency in stores in a residential area was the highest. Moreover, three groups were classified according to motives for participation in outdoor sports: the health improvement motive group, the conspicuous/sociable motive group, the lower motive group The health improvement motive group rated comfort as the most important factor for product selection criteria, and showed the highest buying frequency in downtown stores. Conspicuous/sociable motive groups valued design and utilization for an everyday wear and shopped more frequently in specialty store and/or in downtown stores.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.59-68
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• 1994

This paper describes the performance assessment test and analysis of test results on a Korean speech recognizer which recognizes Lombard effect received speech in noisy environment, as a basic performance assessment research. In the assessement test, standard speech data were first manipulated close to speech uttered in a noisy environment, and then performance assessment tests were carried out along with the assessment items (the type of noise, SNR) in two ways-one with Lombard effect received speech(LES), the other with not received(NLES). As a result, when 90% of recognition rate is set to be a recognition limit, it was achieved at 10dB SNR point with LES, while at 30dB with NLES. This 20dB of SNR difference indicates Lombard effect should be considered in real world assessment test. The type of noises didn't affect performance of recognizers in out tests. ANOVA analysis, in evaluating several kinds of recognizers, showed every assessment item affecting the recognition performance could be quantified.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.1-22
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mother's characteristics, mediated by disciplinary methods and young children's emotional regulation, on young children's aggression. Subjects of this study consisted of 342 young children drawn from seven preschools in Cheongju city. The pilot study was used to examine the applicability of survey instrument. Data were analyzed by the method of frequency, percentage, Cronbach' ${\alpha}$, factor analysis, T-test. F-test, and Duncan post-hoc test using SPSSWIN program. The test of model was done with analysis of correlational matrix in LISREL VII package using a maximum likehood estimation. The results of this research were as follows: First, there were statistically significant differences in mother's characteristics consisting of neurosis symptom and extroversions, disciplinary methods consisting of coercive-punishment and indifferent-irresponsibility, young children's emotional regulation, and young children's aggression consisting of relation and overtness according to some socio-demographic variables. Girls had the higher emotional regulation than boys. Second, the direct effects of disciplinary methods and emotional regulation on boys' aggression were different in between relational and overt aggression. Third, the variables predicting boys' emotional regulation directly were the same in both relational and overt aggression. Forth, the direct effect of mother's characteristics on disciplinary methods was different in between coercive-punishment and indifferent-irresponsibility. Fifth, the indirect effects of mother's characteristics, mediated by disciplinary methods and young children's emotional regulation, on young children's aggression were partly supported in this study. Sixth, the theoretical model of the impact of mother's characteristics, disciplinary methods, and young children's emotional regulation on young children's aggression was different according to gender.