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화장품의 세계적인 개발동향과 21세기 아시아인을 위한 기능성 화장품 (Global Cosmetics Trends and Cosmceuticals for 21st Century Asia)

  • T.Joseph Lin
    • 대한화장품학회지
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    • 제23권1호
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    • pp.5-20
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    • 1997
  • 2차대전 이후에 미국, 유럽, 일본의 사례와 냉전 종식 후의 동구권 국가의 사례 등을 볼 때, 전쟁과 가난에 의하여 화장품 소비는 억제되며, 평화와 번영의 시기에는 그 소비가 증대된다. 그 외에도 화장품시장의 성장은 아시아권 국가에서 볼 수 있는 것처럼 경제성장, 대중매체의 발달에 의해서, 혹은, 중국본토에서 볼 수 있는 경제제도의 변화 및 정치 흐름에 의한 것일 수도 있다. 앞에서 본 전쟁, 경제, 정치흐름, 대중매체 등의 요소 이 외에도 생활방식, 종교, 윤리, 가치관 등도 화장품 시장의 성장에 영향을 줄 수 있다. 화장품은 사회의 산물이다. 사회와 그 구성원의 needs가 변하면 그에 따라 화장품도 내용물, 포장, 배송, marketing concepts, 소구사항 등도 변하게 된다. 많은 점에서 화장품은 우리사회의 거울이며, 사회변화를 반영한다. 1970년대 초반까지 미국에서의 화장품은 주로 백인 영성을 위하여 개발되었다. 그러나 60년대의 시민권운동 이후, 70, 80 년대에는 미국의 흑인 여성을 위한 제품(색조화장)시장이 급성장하였으며, 안전성이 제대로 검토되지 않은 원료의 사용으로 부작용이 증가하였다. 이에 따라 FEA 규제에 의하여 70년대부터는 제품에 사용원료를 명기하게 되었다. 기존 원료의 안전성이 다시 검토되었으며 안전성이 확인되지 않은 많은 원료, 특히 기존에 사용되던 많은 색소의 사용이 제한되었다. 결과적으로 안전을 중시하는 "hypoallergenic" 화장품이 유행하였고, 원료의 사용에서도 기능성 있는 복잡한 이름의 원료보다는 소비자에게 쉽게 인식되는 이름의 원료를 선택하게 되었다. 유럽에서도 신원료명기법이 제정되어 신제품 개발을 위한 개발자의 원료선택에영향을 미치게 되었다. 그러나 원료의 명기에 따라 경쟁사의 제품복제가 매우 쉬워졌다. 환경오염도 마찬가지로 화장품 흐름에 영향을 미친다. 예를 들어 성층권의 오존층이 얇아지면서 suncare 제품의 소비가 늘었다. Hair spray제품에 있어서는 propellant로 사용되는 CFC가 오존층 파괴의 주범임이 밝혀지고 나서는 propellant를 다른 것으로 대체한 제품들이 많이 나왔으나 예전에 hair spray가 끌었던 만큼의 인기는 회복할 수 없었다. 이외에도 천연화장품원료의 증가. 비 동물시험법의 개발, 포장의 간소화 등은 시대의 변화를 반영하는 것 들이다. 한편 70년대에 고조에 달했던 아무런 효과도 없는 화장품에 대한 비판에 대해서 80년대에는 효능 위주의 제품이 미국을 휩쓸었으며, FDA에 의하여 이에 제동이 걸렸다. 그러나 고기능성 화장품에 대한 소비자의 요구는 끊이질 않았다. 이때에 유명한 원료로는 AHA가 있으며 이를 사용한 화장품이 의약품이냐 화장품이냐 하는 논쟁이 있었다. 이와 같이 의약품과 화장품의 구분을 명확히 할 필요성이 제기되었으며, 기능성 화장품은 미국에서는 OTC, 일본에서는 quasi-drug 라고 구분하였다. Cosmeceuticals는 cosmetics와 pharmaceuticals의 합성어이며, 90년대 미국에서 관심을 끌었고, 세계적인 관심사가 되었다. 과거에 식품업계에서 nutraceuticals라는 단어가 사용되었으나 FDA에 의하여 의약품으로 분류될 위험성으로 인하여 이 단어를 전면으로 사용하진 않았으며, 무기물과 비타민을 사용한 경우에는 nutra-cosmeceuticals라는 단어를 사용할 수도 있었으나 이 또한 FDA와의 문제가 생길 소지가 있어 사용이 자제되었다. 법적규제에도 불구하고, 소비자의 요구와 새로운 기술에 의하여 계속 개발되고 있으며, 수많은 아시아의 소비자의 욕구를 충족시키기위한 새로운 종류의 cosmeceuticals가 21세기의 문턱에서 범람하고 있다. 아시아권의 화장품시장은 성장을 계속하고 있으며, cosmeticals중에서도 미백 제품이 가장 중요한 종류이다. 백인여성은 갈색의 피부를 갖길 원하는 반면 일본, 중국, 한국의 여성들은 하얀 피부를 갖고자 한다. 단순히 안료를 사용하는 방법이 아닌 피부자체가 하얗게 되길 바라는 것이다. 미국에서는 OTC로 구분된 hydeoquinone이 일본과 한국에서는 사용이 금지되고 있으며, 안전하고 새로운 미백원료의 개발을 위한 탐색이 계속되고 있다. 즉 미국과 유럽의 화장품 회사는 피부를 검게 하기 위하여 melanogenesis를 활성화시키는 방법을 찾고 있으며, 이와 반대로 아시아권의 화장품회사는 melanin합성을 억제하기 위한 방법을 찾고 있다. 각기 다른 소비자의 취향을 만족시키기 위해서 21세기의 화장품 과학자는 상당히 바쁠 것임에 틀림이 없다.임에 틀림이 없다.

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IT교육 서비스품질이 교육만족도, 현업적용의도 및 추천의도에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구: 학습자 직위 및 참여동기의 조절효과를 중심으로 (A Study on the Influence of IT Education Service Quality on Educational Satisfaction, Work Application Intention, and Recommendation Intention: Focusing on the Moderating Effects of Learner Position and Participation Motivation)

  • 강려은;양성병
    • 지능정보연구
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    • 제23권4호
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    • pp.169-196
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    • 2017
  • 제4차 산업혁명의 도래로 IT(information technology)를 활용한 다양한 융합기술에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있으며, 이에 따른 고품질의 IT관련 교육서비스 제공의 필요성 및 중요성 또한 점차 증대되고 있다. 한편, 일반적인 교육서비스 품질 및 만족도에 관한 연구는 그 동안 다양한 맥락에서 활발히 진행된 바 있으나, IT교육 참가자를 대상으로 한 IT교육 서비스품질의 역할을 살펴본 연구는 상대적으로 부족한 것으로 파악된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 SERVPERF 모형 및 관련 선행연구를 바탕으로 IT교육 맥락에서 IT교육 서비스품질의 다섯 가지 차원(유형성, 신뢰성, 반응성, 확신성 및 공감성)을 도출하고, 이러한 세부 IT교육 서비스품질 요인이 학습자의 교육만족도, 나아가 현업적용의도 및 추천의도에 미치는 영향을 검증하였다. 또한, 이러한 영향이 학습자 직위(실무자 집단/관리자 집단) 및 참여동기(자발적 참여집단/비자발적 참여집단)에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지에 대한 추가분석도 실시하였다. 서울 소재 'M'교육기관 203명의 IT교육 참가자 대상 설문을 활용한 구조방정식모형 분석 결과, IT교육 서비스품질의 다섯 가지 차원 가운데 유형성, 신뢰성 및 확신성이 교육만족도에 유의한 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 교육만족도는 현업적용의도와 추천의도에도 유의한 영향을 주는 것으로 조사되었다. 또한, IT교육 서비스품질이 교육만족도에 미치는 영향 관계에서 학습자 직위 및 참여동기가 유의한 조절효과를 가진다는 사실을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 SERVPERF 모형을 활용하여 IT교육 맥락에서 IT교육 서비스품질의 영향력을 실증한 최초의 연구라는 점에서 학술적 의의가 있다. 본 연구결과가 IT교육 서비스 제공기관의 교육만족도 제고 및 효율적인 서비스 운영을 위한 실질적인 지침을 제공해 줄 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

중국 프랜차이즈 시스템에서의 본부와 가맹점간 신뢰의 영향요인 (The Determination of Trust in Franchisor-Franchisee Relationships in China)

  • 신건철;마요곤
    • 마케팅과학연구
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    • 제18권2호
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    • pp.65-88
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    • 2008
  • 본 연구는 중국 프랜차이즈 시스템에 참여하는 본부와 가맹점 사이의 신뢰에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대해서 규명하고자 하였다. 중국의 외식 프랜차이즈 산업 가맹점을 조사대상으로 한 실증분석 결과, 프랜차이즈 시스템에서는 신뢰의 형성이 매우 중요하며, 이를 위하여 본부의 가맹점에 대한 지원의 강화, 양자 간의 원활한 커뮤니케이션, 가맹점의 과거결과에 대한 만족의 증진, 양자 간의 갈등 예방 및 해소가 필요하며, 이러한 본부의 가맹점에 대한 지원과 원활한 커뮤니케이션이 가맹점의 과거결과에 대한 만족을 증가시킬 수 있고, 원활한 커뮤니케이션이 양자 간의 갈등을 감소시킬 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

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도서관조직의 기술혁신 및 행정혁신에 관한 조직상황론적 연구 (A Study on the Technical and Administrative Innovation of Library Organization in the Perspective of the Contingency Theory)

  • 홍현진
    • 한국문헌정보학회지
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    • 제25권
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    • pp.343-388
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    • 1993
  • The ability of any organization to innovate itself in a rapid change of environment means the existence of the organization. Innovative activity is achieved in different ways according to the objectives of organization. the characteristics of external environmental factors. and various attributes in organization. In the present study. all the existing approaches to the innovative nature of organization were synthetically compared to each other and evaluated: then. for a more rational approach. a research model was built and suggested by establishing the inclusive variables of the innovative nature of library organization and categorizing the types of such nature. Additionally. an empirical. analytical study on such a model was done. That is. paying regard to the fact that innovation has basically a close relation with the circumstantial factors of organization. synthetic, circumstantial relations were clarified. considering the external environmental factors and internal characteristics of organization. In the study. the innovation of library organization was seen in two parts i.e .. the feasible degree of technical innovation and the feasible degree of administrative innovation. Regarding the types of innovative implementation. according to the feasible degree of innovation, four types such as a stationary type. technic-oriented type, organization-oriented type. and technical-socio systematic type were classified. There were nine independent variables-i.e., the scale of organization. available resources of the organization, formalization, differentiation, specialization. decentralization, recognizant degree of the technical attribute. degree of response to the change of technical environment, and professional activities. There were three subordinate variables - i.e., technical innovation, administrative innovation. and the performance of organization. Through establishment of such variables, the factors which might influence the innovation of library organization were understood, and with the types of the innovative implementation of library organization being classified according to the feasible degree of innovation. the characteristics of library organization were reviewed in the light of each type. Also. the performance of library organization according to the types of the innovative implementation of library organization was analyzed. and the relations between the types of innovative implementation according to circumstantial variables and the performance of library organization were clarified. In order to clarify the adequacy of the research model in the methodology of empirical study, data were collected from 72 university libraries and 38 special libraries. and for a hypothetical test of the research model. an analysis of correlations, a stepwise regression analysis. and One Way ANOVA were utilized. The following are the major results or findings from the study 1) It appeared there is a trend that the bigger the scale of organization and available resources are, the more active the professional activity of the managerial class is, and the higher the recognizant degree of technical environment (recognizant degree of technical attributes and the degree of response t9 the change of technical environment) is, the higher the feasible degree of innovation becomes. 2) It appeared that among the variables influencing the feasible degree of technical innovation, the order from the variable influencing most was first, the recognizant degree of technical innovation: second, the available resources of organization: and third, professional activity. Regarding the variables influencing the feasible degree of administrative innovation from the most influential variable, it appeared they were the available resources of organization, the differentiation of organization. and the degree of response to the change of technical environment. 3) It appeared that the higher the educational level of the managerial class is, the more active the professional activity becomes. It seemed there is a trend that the group of library managers whose experience as a librarian was at the middle level(three years to six years of experience) was more active in research activity than the group of library managers whose experience as a librarian was at a higher level(more than ten years). Also, it appeared there is a trend that the lower the age of library managers is, the higher the recognizant degree of technical attributes becomes. and the group of library managers whose experience as a librarian was at the middle level (three years to six years of experience) recognized more affirmatively the technical aspect than the group of library managers whose experience as a librarian was at a higher level(more than 10 years). Also, it appeared that, when the activity of the professional association and research activity are active, the recognizant degree of technology becomes higher, and as a result. it influences the innovative nature of organization(the feasible degree of technical innovation and the feasible degree of administrative innovation). 4) As a result of the comparison and analysis of the characteristics of library organization according to the types of innovative implementation of library organization. it was indicated there is a trend that the larger the available resources of library organization, the higher the organic nature of organization such as differentiation. decentralization, etc., and the higher the level of the operation of system development, the more the type of the innovative implementation of library organization becomes the technical-socio systematic type which is higher both in the practical degrees of technical innovation and administrative innovation. 5) As a result of the comparison and analysis of the relations between the types of innovative implementation and the performance of organization, it appeared that the order from the highest performance of organization is the technical-socio systematic type, then the technic-oriented type, the organization­oriented type, and finally the stationary type which is lowest in such performance. That is, it demonstrated that, since the performance of library organization is highest in the library of the technical-socio systematic type while it is lowest in the library whose practical degrees in both technical innovation and administrative innovation are low, the performance of library organization differs significantly according to the types of innovative implementation of library organization. The present study has extracted the factors influencing innovation, classified systematically the types of innovative implementation, and inferred the synthetical, circumstantial correlations between the types and the performance of organization, and empirically inspected those factors. However, due to the present study's restrictive matters and the limit of the research design, results from the study should be more prudently interpreted. Also, the present study, as an investigative study of the types of innovative implementation, with few preceding studies, requires more complete hypothetical inference based on the results of the present study. In other words, if more systematical studies are given to understanding the relations, it will devote the suggestion and demonstration of a more useful theory.

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디자인의 형태와 기능에 관한 연구 (Essay on Form and Function Design)

  • 이재국
    • 디자인학연구
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    • 제2권1호
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    • pp.63-97
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    • 1989
  • There is nothing more important than the form and function in design, because every design product can be done on the basis of them. Form and Function are already existed before the word of design has been appeared and all the natural and man-made things' basic organization is based on their organic relations. The organic relations is the source of vitality which identifies the subsistance of all the objects and the evolution of living creatures has been changed their appearances by the natural law and order. Design is no exception. Design is a man-made organic thing which is developed its own way according to the purposed aim and given situations. If so, what is the ultimate goal of design. It is without saying that the goal is to make every effort to contribute to the -human beings most desirable life by the designer who is devoting himself to their convenience and well-being. Therefore, the designer can be called the man of rich life practitioner. This word implies a lot of meanings since the essence of design is improving the guality of life by the man-made things which are created by the designer. Also, the things are existed through the relations between form and function, and the things can keep their value when they are answered to the right purpose. In design, thus, it is to be a main concern how to create valuable things and to use them in the right way, and the subject of study is focused on the designer's outlook of value and uk relations between form and function. Christopher Alexander mentioned the importance of form as follows. The ultimate object of design is form. Every design problem begins with an effort to achieve fittness between the form and its context. The form is the solution to the problem: the context defmes the problem. In other words, when we speak of design, the real object of discussion is not form alone, but the ensemble comprising the form and its context. Good fit is a desirable property of this ensemble which relates to some particular division of the ensemble into form and context. Max Bill mainatined how important form is in design. Form represents a self-contained concept, and its embodiment in an object results in that object becoming a work of art. Futhermore, this explains why we use form so freguently in a comparative sense for determining whether one thing is less or more beautiful than another, and why the ideal of absolute beauty is always the standard by which we appraise form, and through form, art itself. Hence form has became synonymous with beauty. On the other hand, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy stated the importance of function as follows. Function means the task an object is designed to fulfill the task instrument is shaping the form. Unfortunately, this principle was not appreciated at the same time but through the endeavors of Frank Lloyd Wright and of the Bauhaus group and its many collegues in Europe, the idea of functionalism became the keynote of the twenites. Functionalism soon became a cheap slogan, however, and its original meaning blurred. It is neccessary to reexamine it in the light of present circumstances. Charles William Eliot expressed his idea on the relations between function and beauty. Beauty often results chiefly from fittness: indeed it is easy to manitain that nothing is fair except what is fit its uses or functions. If the function of the product of a machine be useful and valuable, an the machine be eminently fit for its function, it conspicuously has the beauty of fittness. A locomotive or a steamship has the same sort of beauty, derived from the supreme fittness for its function. As functions vary, so will those beauty..vary. However, it is impossible to study form and function in separate beings. Function can't be existed without form, and without function, form is nothing. In other words, form is a function's container, and function is content in form. It can be said that, therefore, the form and function are indispensable and commensal individuals which have coetemal relations. From the different point of view, sometimes, one is more emphasized than the other, but in this case, the logic is only accepted on the assumption of recognizing the importance of the other's entity. The fact can be proved what Frank Hoyd wright said that form and function are one. In spite of that, the form and function should be considered as independent indivisuals, because they are too important to be treated just as the simple single one. Form and function have flexible properties to the context. In other words, the context plays a role as the barometer to define the form and function, also which implies every meaning of surroun'||'&'||'not;dings. Thus, design is formed under the influence of situations. Situations are dynamic, like the design process itself, in which fixed focus can be cripping. Moreover, situations control over making the good design. Judging from the respect, I defined the good design in my thesis An Analytic Research on Desigh Ethic, "good design is to solve the problem by the most proper way in the situations." Situations are changeable, and so is design. There is no progress without change, but change is not neccessarily progress. It is highly desirable that there changes be beneficial to mankind. Our main problem is to be able to discriminate between that which should be discarded and that which should be kept, built upon, and improved. Form and Function are no exception. The practical function gives birth to the inevitable form and the $$\mu$ti-classified function is delivered to the varieties of form. All of these are depended upon changeable situations. That is precisely the situations of "situation de'||'&'||'not;sign", the concept of moving from the design of things to the design of the circumstances in which things are used. From this point of view, the core of form and function is depended upon how the designer can manage it efficiently in given situations. That is to say that the creativity designer plays an important role to fulfill the purpose. Generally speaking, creativity is the organization of a concept in response to a human need-a solution that is both satisfying and innovative. In order to meet human needs, creative design activities require a special intuitive insight which is set into motion by purposeful imagination. Therefore, creativity is the most essential quality of every designer. In addition, designers share with other creative people a compulsive ingenuity and a passion for imaginative solutions which will meet their criteria for excellence. Ultimately, it is said that the form and function is the matter which belongs to the desire of creative designers who constantly try to bring new thing into being to create new things. In accordance with that the main puppose of this thesis is to catch every meaning of the form and function and to close analyze their relations for the promotion of understanding and devising practical application to gradual progression in design. The thesis is composed of four parts: Introduction, Form, Function and Conclusion. Introduction, the purpose and background of the research are presented. In Chapter I, orgin of form, perception of form, and classification of form are studied. In Chapter II, generation of function, development of function, and diversification of function are considered. Conclusion, some concluding words are mentioned.ioned.

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『황제내경소문(黃帝內經素問)·칠편대론(七篇大論)』 왕빙 주본(注本)을 통(通)한 운기학설(運氣學說) 관(關)한 연구(硏究)

  • 김기욱;박현국
    • 동국한의학연구소논문집
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    • 제4권
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    • pp.109-140
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    • 1995
  • As we considered in the main subjects, investigations on the theory of 'Doctrine on five elements' motion and six kinds of natural factors(運氣學說)' through 'Wang Bing's Commentary(王氷 注本)' of 'The seven great chapters in The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic Su Wen' ("黃帝內經素問 七篇大論") are as follows. (1) In The seven great chapters("七篇大論")' Wang Bing supplement theory and in the academic aspects as a interpreter, judging from 'forget(亡)' character. expressed in the 'The missing chapters("素問遺篇")', 'Bonbyung-ron("本病論")' and 'Jabeob-ron(刺法論)', 'The seven great chapters("七篇大論")' must be supplementary work by Wang Bing. Besides, he quoted such forty books as medical books, taoist books, confucianist books, miscellaneous books, etc in the commentary and the contents quoted in the 'Su Wen(素問)' and 'Ling Shu("靈樞")' scripture nearly occupy in the book. As a method of interpreting scripiure as scripture, he edited the order of 'Internal Classic("內經")' ascended from the ancient time and when he compensated for commentary, with exhaustive scholarly mind and by observing the natural phenomena practically and writing the pathology and the methods of treatment. We knew that the book is combined with the study of 'Doctrine on five elements motion and six kinds of natural factors(運氣學說)' (2) When we compare, analyze the similar phrase of 'The seven great chapters in The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic Su Wen'("黃帝內經素問ㆍ七篇大論") through 'Wang Bing's Commentary(王氷 注本)', he tells abouts organized 'five elements(五行)' and 'heaven's regularly movement(天道運行)' rather than 'Emyangengsangdae-ron("陰陽應象大論")' in 'The seven great chapters("七篇大論")'. Also the 'Ohanunhangdae-ron("五運行大論")' because the repeated sentences with 'Emyangengsangdae-ron("陰陽應象大論")' is long they are omitted. And in the 'Youkmijidae-ron("六微旨大論")', 'Cheonjin ideology(天眞四象)' based on the 'Sanggocheonjin- ron("上古天眞論")', 'Sagijosindae-ron("四氣調神大論")' is written and in the 'Gigoupyondae-ron("氣交變大論")', the syndrome and symptom are explained in detail rather than 'Janggibeobsi-ron("藏氣法時論")', 'Okgijinjang-ron ("玉機眞藏論")' and in the 'Osangieongdae-ron("五常政大論")', the concept of 'five element(五行)' of the 'Gemgwejineon-ron("金櫃眞言論")' is expanded to 'the five elements' motion concept(五運槪念)' and in the 'Youkwonjeonggidae-ron("六元正紀大論")', explanations of 'The five elements' motion and six kinds of natural factors(運氣)' function are mentioned mainly and instead systematic pathology is not revealed rather than 'Emyangengsangdae-ron("陰陽應象大論")'. And in the 'Jijinyodae-ron("至眞要大論")', explanations of the change of atmosphere which correspond to treatment principle by 'The three Yin and Yang(三陰三陽)' as a progressed concepts are revealed. Therefore there are much similarity between the phrase of 'Emyangengsangdae-ron("陰陽應象大論")' and 'chapters of addition(補缺之篇)'. Generally, the doctrine which 'The seven great chapters("七篇大論")' are added by Wang Bing(王氷) is supported because there are more profound concepts rather than the other chapter in 'The seven great chapters("七篇大論")'. (3) When we study Wang Bing's(王氷) 'Pattern on five elements motion and six kinds of natural factors(運氣格局)' in 'The seven great chapter("七篇大論")', in the 'Cheonwongi-dae-ron("天元紀大論")', With 'Cheonjin ideology(天眞思想)' and the concepts of 'Owang(旺)'${\cdot}$'Sang(相)'${\cdot}$'Sa(死)'${\cdot}$'Su(囚)'${\cdot}$'Hu(休)' and 'Cheonbu(天符)'${\cdot}$'Sehwoi(歲會)' are measured time-spacially to the concept of 'Three Sum(三合)' the concept of 'Taeulcheonbu(太乙天符)' is explained. In the 'Ounhangdae-ron("五運行大論")', 'The calender Signs five Sum(天干五合)' is compared to the concepts of 'couples(夫婦)', 'weak-strong(柔强)' and in the 'Youkmijidae-ron("六微旨大論")', 'the relationship of obedience and disobedience(順逆關係)' which conform to the 'energy status(氣位)' change and 'monarch-minister(君相)' position is mentioned. In the 'Gikyobyeondae-ron("氣交變大論")', the concept of 'Sang-duk(相得)', 'Pyungsang(平常)' is emphasized but concrete measurement is mentioned. In the 'Osangieongdae-ron("五常政大論")', the detailed explanation with twenty three 'systemic of the five elements' motion(五運體系)' form and 'rountine-contrary treatment(正治. 反治)' with 'chill-fever-warm-cold(寒${\cdot}$${\cdot}$${\cdot}$凉)' are mentioned according to the 'analyse and differentiate pathological conditions in accordance with the eight principal syndromes(八綱辨證)'. In the 'Youkwonjeonggidae-ron("六元正紀大論")', Wang Bing of doesn't mention the concepts of 'Jungwun(中運)' that is seen in the original classic. In the new corrective edition, as the concepts of 'Jungwun, Dongcheonbu, Dongsehae and Taeulcheonbu(中運, 同天符, 同歲會, 太乙天符)' is appeared, Wang Bing seems to only use the concepts of 'Daewun, Juwun, and Gaekwun(大運, 主運, 客運)'. In the 'Jijinyodaeron("至眞要大論")', Wang Bing added detailed commentary to pathology and treatment doctrine by explaining the numerous appearances of 'Sebo, sufficiency, deficiency(歲步, 有餘, 不足)' and in the relation of 'victory-defeat(勝復)', he argued clearly that it is not mechanical estimation. (4) When we observe the Wang Bing's originality on the study of 'the theory of Doctrine on five elements' motion and six kinds of natural factors(運氣學說)', he emphasized 'The idea of Jeongindogi and Health preserving(全眞導氣${\cdot}$養生思想)' by adding 'Wang Bing's Commentary(王氷 注本)' of 'The seven great chapters("七篇大論")' and explained clearly 'The theory of Doctrine on five elements' motion and six kinds of natural factors(運氣學說)' and simpled and expanded the meaning of 'man, as a microcosm, is connected with the macrocosm(天人相應)' and with 'Atmosphere theory(大氣論)' also explained the meaning of 'rising and falling mechanism(升降氣機)'. In the sentence of 'By examining the pathology, take care of your health(審察病機 無失氣宜)'. he explained the meaning of pathology of 'heart-kidney-water-fire(心腎水火)' and suggested the doctrine and management of prescription. In the estimation and treatment, by suggesting 'asthenia and sthenia(虛實)' two method's estimation, 'contrary treatment(反治)' and treatment principals of 'falling heart fire tonifyng kidney water(降心火益腎水)', 'two class of chill and fever(寒熱二綱)' were demonstrated. There are 'inside and outside in the illness and so inner and outer in the treatment(病有中外 治有表囊)'. This sentence suggests concertedly. 'two class of superfies and interior(表囊二綱)' conforming to the position of disease. Therefore Wang Bing as an excellent theorist and introduced 'Cheoniin ideology(天眞思想)' as a clinician and realized the medical science. With these accomplishes mainly written in 'The theory of Doctrine on five elements' motion and six kinds of natural factors(運氣學說)' of 'The seven great chapters("七篇大論")', he interpreted the ancient medical scriptures and expanded the meaning of scriptures and conclusively contributed to the development of the study 'Korean Oriental Medicine(韓醫學)'.

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금원사대가의학(金元四大家醫學)이 조선조의학(朝鮮朝醫學) 형성(形成)에 미친 영향(影響) (The influence of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era on the completion of the medicine in the Chosun dynasty)

  • 정면;홍원식
    • 대한한의학원전학회지
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    • 제9권
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    • pp.432-552
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    • 1996
  • The influence of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era(金元代) on the completion of the medicine in the Chosun dynasty(朝鮮朝) can be summarized as follows. 1. The four noted physicians of Geum-Won era were Yoo-Wan-So(劉完素), Jang-Jong-Jung(張從正), Lee-Go(李杲), Ju-Jin-Heung(朱震亨). 2. Yoo-Wan-So(劉完索) made his theory on the basic of Nae-Kyung("內經") and Sane-Han-Lon("傷寒論"), his idea of medicine was characterized in his books, for exemple, application of O-Oon-Yuk-Ki(五運六氣), Ju-Wha theory(主火論) and hang-hae-seng-je theory(亢害承制論). from his theory and method of study, many deviations of oriental medicine occurred. He made an effort for study of Nae-Kyung, which had been depressed for many years, on the contrary of the way old study that Nae-Kyung had been only explained or revised, he applied the theory of Nae-Kyung to clinical care. The theory of Yuk-Gi-Byung-Gi(六氣病機) and On-Yeul-Byung(溫熱病) had much influenced on his students and posterities, not to mention Jang-Ja-Wha and Ju-Jin-Heung, who were among the four noted physicians therefore he became the father of Yuk-Gi(六氣) and On-Yeul(溫熱) schools. 3. Jang-Jong-Jung(張從正) emulated Yoo-Wan-So as a model, and followed his Yuk-Gi-Chi-Byung(六氣致病) theory, but he insisted on the use of the chiaphoretic, the emetic and the paregoric to get rid of the causes, specially he insisted on the use of the paregoric, so they called him Gong-Ha-Pa(攻下派). He insisted on the theory that if we would strenthen ourselves we should use food, id get rid of cause, should use the paregoric, emetic and diaphoretic. Jang-Jong-Jung'S Gang-Sim-Wha(降心火) theory, which he improved Yoo-Wan-So's Han-Ryang(寒凉) theory influenced to originate Ju-Jin-Heung'S Ja-Eum-Gang-Wha(滋陰降火) theory. 4. Lee-Go(李杲) insisted on the theory that Bi-Wi(脾胃) played a loading role in the physiological function and pathological change, and that the internal disease was originated by the need of Gi(氣) came from the disorder of digestive organs, and that the causes of internal disease were the irregular meal, the overwork, and mental shock. Lee-Go made an effort for study about the struggle of Jung-Sa(正邪) and in the theory of the prescription he asserted the method of Seung-Yang-Bo-Gi(升陽補氣), but he also used the method of Go-Han-Gang-Wha(苦寒降火). 5. The authors of Eui-Hak-Jung-Jun("醫學正傳"), Eui-Hak-Ib-Moon("醫學入門"), and Man-Byung-Whoi-Choon("萬病回春") analyzed the medical theory of the four noted physicians and added their own experiences. They helped organizing existing complicated theories of the four noted physicians imported in our country, and affected the formation of medical science in the Choson dynasty largely. Eui-Hak-Jung-Jun("醫學正傳") was written by Woo-Dan(虞槫), in this book, he quoted the theories of Yoo-Wan-So, Jang-Jong-Jung, Lee-Go, Ju-Jin-Heung, especially, Ju-Jin-Heung was respected by him, it affected the writing of Eui-Lim-Choal-Yo("醫林撮要"). Eui-Hak-ib-Moon("醫學入門"), written by Lee-Chun(李杲), followed the medical science of Lee-Go and ju-jin-heung from the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era. Its characteristics of Taoism, idea of caring of health, and organization affected Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham("東醫寶鑑"). Gong-Jung-Hyun(龔延賢) wrote Man-Byung-Whoi-Choon("萬病回春") using the best part of the theories of Yoo-Wan-So, Jang-Jong-Jung, Lee-Go, Ju-Jin-Heung, this book affected Dong-Eui-Soo-Se-Bo-Won("東醫壽世保元") partly. 6. our medical science was developed from the experience of the treatment of disease obtained from human life, these medical knowledge was arranged and organized in Hyang-Yak-Jib-Sung-Bang("鄕藥集成方"), medical books imported from China was organized in Eui-Bang-Yoo-Chwi("醫方類聚"), which formed the base of medical development in the Chosun dynasty. 7. Eui-Lim-Choal-Yo("醫林撮要") was written by Jung-Kyung-Sun(鄭敬先) and revised by Yang-Yui-Soo(楊禮壽). It was written on the base of Woo-Dan's Eui-Jung-Jun, which compiled the medical science of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era. It contained confusing theories of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era and organized medical books of Myung era, therefore it completed the basic form of Byun-Geung-Non-Chi (辨證論治) influenced the writing of Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham("東醫寶鑑"). 8. Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham("東醫寶鑑") was written on the base of basic theory of Eum-Yang-O-Haeng(陰陽五行) and the theory of respondence of heaven and man(天人相應說) in Nae-Kyung. It contained several theories and knowledge, such as the theory of Essence(精), vitalforce(氣), and spirit(神) of Taoism, medical science of geum-won era, our original medical knowledge and experience. It had established the basic organization of our medical science and completed the Byun-Geung-Non-Chi (辨證論治). Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham developed medical science from simple medical treatment to protective medical science by caring of health. And it also discussed human cultivation and Huh-Joon's(許浚) own view of human life through the book. Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham adopted most part of Lee-Go(李杲) and Ju-Jin-Heung's(朱震亨) theory and new theory of "The kidney is the basis of apriority. The spleen is the basis of posterior", so it emphasized the role of spleen and kidney(脾腎) for Jang-Boo-Byung-Gi(臟腑病機). It contained Ju-Jin-Heung's theory of the cause and treatment of disease by colour or fatness of man(black or white, fat or thin). It also contained Ju-Jin-Heung's theory of "phlegm break out fever, fever break out palsy"(痰生熱 熱生風) and the theory of Sang-Wha(相火論). Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham contained Lee-Go's theory of Wha-Yu-Won-Bool-Yang-Lib (火與元氣不兩立論) quoted the theory of Bi-Wi(脾胃論) and the theory of Nae-Oi-Sang-Byun(內外傷辨). For the use of medicine, it followed the theory by Lee-Go. lt used Yoo-Wan-So'S theory of Oh-Gi-Kwa-Keug-Gae-Wi-Yul-Byung(五志過極皆爲熱病) for the treatment of hurt-spirit(傷神) because fever was considered as the cause of disease. It also used Jang-Jons-Jung's theory of Saeng-Keug-Je-Seung(生克制勝) for the treatment of mental disease. 9. Lee-je-ma's Dong-Eui-Soo-Se-Bo-Won("東醫壽世保元") adopted medical theories of Song-Won-Myung era and analyzed these theories using the physical constitutional theory of Sa-Sang-In(四象人). It added Dong-Mu's main idea to complete the theory and clinics of Sa-Sang-Eui-Hak(四象醫學). Lee-Je-Ma didn't quote the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era to discuss that the physical constitutional theory of disease and medicine from Tae-Eum-In(太陰人), So-Yang-In(少陽人), So-Eum-In(少陰人), and Tae-Yang-In(太陽人) was invented from their theories.

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벼멸구 발생의 장기예찰을 위한 기초적 연구 (Study on the Long-term Forecasting of Brown Planthopper Outbreaks)

  • 백운하;백현준
    • 한국응용곤충학회지
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    • 제16권3호
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    • pp.171-179
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    • 1977
  • 1975년의 벼멸구 대발생에 의한 극심한 피해에 감하여 그 발생을 예찰할 수 있다면 정부의 이에 대한 방제대책 및 살충제의 약종$\cdot$제제형태를 결정해야 할 농약수급계획 수립에 도움이 될 것이다. 현재 예찰방법은 전국 47개소의 예찰소에서 채집된 벼멸구를 유일한 자료로 삼고 있다. 벼멸구 발생의 신빙할만한 기록은 수원에 권업모범장이 설립된 1905년부터 볼 수 있고 그 이전의 해충기록은 삼국사기, 고려사, 문헌비고 등에 "황", "황충", "비황", "충" 등으로 기록되어 있지만 그 정체를 알 수 없었다. 이들 해충에 대해 일본인 학자를 사이에 상반되는 견해가 발표되었는데 Muramatsu, S.(촌송 무)는 고문헌에 나타난 "황"은 풀무치(비황, Locusta migratoria)라고 주장하였고 Okamoto, H.(강본반차랑)는 멸구류라고 단정하였다. 그러나 그들의 주장은 주로 문헌비고에 근거를 둔 것 같다. 설사 삼국사기, 고려사 등을 참고했다 하더라도 이들 문헌은 문헌비고나 다름없이 해충에 대한 기술이 극히 간략하다. 예를 들면 "7월 황", "추구월황해곡", "오월유항충"등으로 기재되어 있다. 따라서 이것만으로 해당해충의 정확한 이름을 알아내기는 어려운 일이다. 필자는 1967년에 벼멸구의 대발생이 태양흑점 활동최소기와 상관이 있다고 발표한 바 있다. 그러나 양자간의 상관관계를 논하기에는 자료의 량이 충분치 못한 감도 있어 이를 보충하기 위해 벼멸구의 발생기록을 조선왕조실록에서 찾기로 하고 아울러 삼국사기, 고려사, 문헌비고 등에 나타난 해충기록들을 분석해 보았다. 고기록의 해충명을 정확하게 파악하는 일이 선결문제가 되기 때문이다. 분석의 결과 밝혀진 해충은 1. 솔나방(Dendrolimus spectabils) 2. 멸강나방(Mythimna separata) 3. 벼멸구(Nilapavata lugens) 4. 흰등멸구(Sogatella furcifera) 5. 풀무치(Locusta migratoria) 6. 이화명나방(Chilo suppressalis) 7. 땅강아지(Cryllotalpa africana) 8. 벼뿌리바구미(Echinocnemus squameus) 9. 거세미나방(뗘탬 segetum) 10. 뽕나무명나방(Margaronia pyloalis)의 10종이었고, 종명 미군종이 19건이었다. 그런데 문제의 벼멸구가 조선와조실록중에 기록된건수는 놀랍게도 겨우 5건에 불과하며 그 발생년도 또한 서기 1458년, 1468년, 1489년, 1536년, 1587년로서 태양흑점의 관측이 근대적 방법으로 이루어지기 시작한 1719년대 이전의 사실이었다. 따라서 양자간의 상관관계를 밝히는데 도움이 되지는 못하였다. 그러나 본 연구기간 중 필자의 주장을 뒷받침 해 주는 중요한 새로운 정보를 입수할 수 있었다. 즉 1946년에 흰둥멸구의 대발생으로 충남, 전남지방에 피해가 심했으며 그중 피해액이 밝혀진 곳은 라주군에서 16만석, 서산군에서 19만석이었다. (당시 농사시험장 곤충담당관 이봉우씨 담, 현재선 교수 전) 1910년 이후의 우리나라에서의 벼멸구 생기록을 보면 항상 흰등멸구와 함께 발생하고 있으며 최근의 예찰등성적을 보아도 함께 나타나 있고, 해에 따라 1975년도와 같이 벼멸구가 대발생하는 수도 있고 1977년도와 같이 흰등멸구가 대발생하는 경우가 있다. 벼멸구와 흰등멸구는 모두 우리나라 재래의 해충이 아니며 해마다 중국본사에서 비래하는 곤충이다. 한편 태양흑점이 실측되기 시작한 1710년대부터 현재까지는 그 활동이 11.2년의 주기성을 보여주지만 그 이전에 있어서는 그 활동이 극히 약화되었을 뿐만 아니라 매우 불규칙하다는 것이 Schneider와 Mass(1975)에 의해 밝혀졌다. 결국 1710년대부터 현재까지 우리나라에 있어서 벼멸구와 흰등멸구의 대발생 연도는 1910년, 1921-23년, 1946, 1967-8년, 1975-7년의 5회가 되며 이들 대발생 연도는 모두 태양흑점 활동최소기와 일치되어 필자의 주장의 신빙성이 더해졌다. 따라서 앞으로 태양흑점의 활동이 현재와 같은 주기로 계속되는 동안은 그 활동최소기에 임해서는 벼멸구와 흰등멸구에 대해 특별한 경계가 필요하며 만전의 방제체제를 갖추어야 할 것이다.

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보리 엽록체의 전자전달과 광인산화 활성에 미치는 ${Zn}^{2+}$의 영향 (Effects of ${Zn}^{2+}$ on the Activities of Electron Transport and Photophosphorylation of Barley Chloroplasts)

  • 김지숙;홍영남;권영명
    • Journal of Plant Biology
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    • 제28권1호
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    • pp.69-77
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    • 1985
  • ${Zn}^{2+}$이 엽록체의 광합성계에 미치는 영향을 구명코져 보리 엽록체를 사용하여 전자전달, 광인산화반응의 활성측정 및 전기영동에 의한 CP복합체의 안정성을 조사하였다. ${Zn}^{2+}$은 추출된 분리엽록체 조건에서 뿐아니라, 생육시 반응용액 조건에서도 전자전달, 특히, PS II의 활성을 저해하였으며, 이보다 광인산화활성을 더욱 더 크게 저해하였다. 전자전달능의 저해는 ${Mn}^{2+}$에 의하여 회복될 수 있었으며, 광인산화반응에서 ${Mg}^{2+}$${Zn}^{2+}$는 서로 기능상의 경쟁을 나타냈다. 한편 전기영동에서 CP I은 ${Zn}^{2+}$과 mercaptoethanol이 존재하면 쉽게 파괴됨을 볼 수 있었다.

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'고체중' 출하돈의 성장효율, 도체 품질 특성 및 수익성 (Growth Efficiency, Carcass Quality Characteristics and Profitability of 'High'-Market Weight Pigs)

  • 박만종;하덕민;신호원;이상훈;김원기;하승호;양한술;정진연;주선태;이철영
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • 제49권4호
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    • pp.459-470
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    • 2007
  • 비육돈의 출하체중은 육질은 물론 양돈업의 수익성에도 크게 영향을 미치는 요인이다(이 등, 2006). 출하체중은 품종 및 사양프로그램 등과 같은 내적인 요인과 소비자 집단의 문화, 전통 및 기호 성향은 물론 도축․가공업자의 요구 등 다양한 외적 요인에 따라 결정된다(Kim 등, 2005). 세계적으로 지난 20~30년 동안 비육돈의 출하체중은 5~20kg 증가하였는데 이는 무엇보다도 종돈 자체가 적육 생산을 극대화하는 방향으로 육종되어 재래의 돼지에 비해 현대의 비육돈은 체중 증가에 따른 지방침적의 증가 정도가 저하되어 일정 한도까지는 출하체중이 증가할수록 돈육의 생산원가가 저하되기 때문이다. 현재 세계적으로 비육돈의 출하체중은 주로 국가에 따라 90~140kg 범위의 수치를 나타내고 있고, 미국의 경우는 주에 따라 92~137kg의 분포를 보이고 있다(NASS, 2006). 국내에서 사용되고 있는 대부분의 종돈은 구미 지역에서 도입된 적육형일 뿐만 아니라 국내 돈육 소비자는 구미의 소비자에 비해 삼겹살과 같이 지방 함량이 높은 부위를 선호하는 등 돼지지방에 대해 관대하여 출하체중을 높게 유지할 수 있는 잠재력이 크다. 그러나 국내 비육돈의 출하체중은 2003년 이후 110kg 수준에 정체되어 구미 지역보다 5~20kg 낮은 수치를 나타내고 있어 앞으로 국내 비육돈의 출하체중을 높일 수 있는 여지가 많다. 이러한 점에 착안하여 본 연구진은 선행연구(이 등, 2006)에서 경남지역에서 가장 일반적으로 사육되고 있는 계통의 비육돈을 110kg 대비 130kg까지 비육․도축하여 도체특성 및 경제성을 분석하여 다음과 같은 주요결과를 얻었다. 본 지역의 대표적인 비육돈은 적육형이기 때문에 생체중 110kg 대비 130kg 출하돈은 사료섭취량과 등지방두께는 다소 증가하고 사료효율은 다소 감소하였으나 일당증체량은 저하되지 않았고, 암퇘지와 거세돼지의 등지방두께는 각각 다소 얇게 & 다소 두껍게 평가되었으며, 도체품질의 척도가 되는 근육의 이화학적 특성에는 차이가 없었다. 수익성 면에 있어서는 110kg 출하돈 대비 130kg 출하돈은 두당 약 20,000원의 손실이 발생하는데 이는 도체품질과는 관계없이 거의 전적으로 A & B 등급의 한계도체중 초과로 인한 도체등급 저하 때문에 발생한 손실로서 만일 이들 등급의 도체중 상한선이 철폐되기만 한다면 130kg 출하돈이 110kg 출하돈보다 훨씬 더 경제성이 높을 것으로 예측되었다. 또한 이와 같은 결과를 토대로 본 연구진은 현행 도체등급 판정 기준을 무시한 암퇘지와 거세돼지의 적정 출하체중은 각각 135 & 125kg 수준이고 이때 암퇘지와 거세돼지의 등지방두께 예측치는 각각 22.5 & 24.0mm라는 결론을 내린 바 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 선행연구의 결론과 같이 암퇘지와 거세돼지를 각각 135 & 125kg까지 비육․도축했을 때 성장효율, 도체의 품질 관련 이화학적 특성과 관능적 수용성 및 경제성을 분석하여 기 발표된 결론의 타당성을 확인․검증하고자 수행되었다.