• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.788-797
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• 2024

Objective: To investigate the potential association among preoperative breast MRI features, axillary nodal burden (ANB), and disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with early-stage breast cancer. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 297 patients with early-stage breast cancer (cT1-2N0M0) who underwent preoperative MRI between December 2016 and December 2018. Based on the number of positive axillary lymph nodes (LNs) determined by postoperative pathology, the patients were divided into high nodal burden (HNB; ≥3 positive LNs) and non-HNB (<3 positive LNs) groups. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors associated with ANB. Predictive efficacy was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC). Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to determine preoperative features associated with DFS. Results: We included 47 and 250 patients in the HNB and non-HNB groups, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that multifocality/multicentricity (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 3.905, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.685-9.051, P = 0.001) and peritumoral edema (adjusted OR = 3.734, 95% CI: 1.644-8.479, P = 0.002) were independent risk factors for HNB. Combined peritumoral edema and ultifocality/multicentricity achieved an AUC of 0.760 (95% CI: 0.707-0.807) for predicting HNB, with a sensitivity and specificity of 83.0% and 63.2%, respectively. During the median follow-up period of 45 months (range, 5-61 months), 26 cases (8.75%) of breast cancer recurrence were observed. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis indicated that younger age (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 3.166, 95% CI: 1.200-8.352, P = 0.021), larger tumor size (adjusted HR = 4.370, 95% CI: 1.671-11.428, P = 0.002), and multifocality/multicentricity (adjusted HR = 5.059, 95% CI: 2.166-11.818, P < 0.001) were independently associated with DFS. Conclusion: Preoperative breast MRI features may be associated with ANB and DFS in patients with early-stage breast cancer.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.131-144
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• 1993

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of different sources and level of dietary lipid on lecithin : cholesterol acyltrasferase activity and cholesterol metabolism in male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain. The effects of different lipid sources was compared with sardine oil($\omega$3 EPA and DHA), beef tallow(SFA), perilla oil($\omega$3 linolenic acid) and corn oil($\omega$6 linoleic acid). Diets were formulated in such a way that 10%, 20% and 40% dietary energy were supplied with each of four experimental lipid sources. Control diet contained only non-lipid energy. A total number of 78 rats, equally divided into 13 groups, were fed the experimental diets for a period of 6 weeks. In vitro cultures were also carried out to study the cholesterol synthetic activity in the liver prepared from rats used in feeding trials. The concentration of plasma total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-C/T/C(total cholesterol) ratio were significantly (p<0.001) influenced by dietary lipid sources. Higher HDL-cholesterol and lower LDL-cholesterol concentration in plasma were obtained in rats fed $\omega$3 fatty acid supplemented diets(sardine oil and perilla oil group) compared to diets containing $\omega$6 and saturated fatty acid(corn oil and beef tallow group). In total cholesterol concentration of plasma, beef tallow group was significantly (p<0.001) higher than other lipid groups, and non-lipid group was significantly(p<0.05) higher than the lipid supplemented groups. The activity of lecithin : cholesterol acyltransferase(LCAT) in plasma was greatly(p<0.001) affected by dietary lipid sources and levels. In LCAT acivity of plasma, lipid supplemented groups were significantly(p<0.05) higher than non-lipid group, vegetable oil groups were significantly (p<0.001) higher than animal fat groups, and sardine oil group were significalylty (p<0.001) higher than beef tallow group. Also perilla oil group was significanlty (p<0.05) higher than corn oil group, and sardine oil group was significantly (p<0.05) higher than perilla oil group. Low lipid group, compared with medium or high lipid group, showed higher activity of LCAT in plasma. In cholesterol synthetic activity of liver tissues culture, sardine oil group($\omega$3 EPA and DHA) was significantly(p<0.001) higher than other lipid groups, non-lipid group was significantly(p<0.001) higher than the lipid supplemented groups, and amimal fat group were significantly(p<0.001) higher than vegetable oil groups, but the synthetic activity was not affected by dietary lipid levels.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2003

Purpose : To evaluate the efficacy of radiotherapy, and the factors affecting survival in patients of extrahepatic bile duct cancer, by analyzing the results of postoperative radiotherapy Materials and Methods : Between October 1991 and July 2001, 21 patients with extrahepatic bile duct cancer, who received radiotherapy after a radical resection, were retrospectively reviewed. The patients' ages ranged from 39 to 75 years, with a median of 61 years, and a male to female ratio of 16 to 5. The numbers of patients with proximal and distal bile duct cancer were 14 and 7, respectively. From the postoperative pathological examination, 19 of the patients were found to have microscopic residues, and 7 to be lymph node positive. Patients with AJCC stages I, II and III were 10, 10 and 1, respectively. The total radiation dose administered was 4,500$\~$6,300 cGy, with a median dose of 5,040 cGy. The follow up period was 20$\~$81 months, with a median of 57.5 months. Results : The overall and disease free survival rates at 3 and 5 years were 41.0 and 29.3$\%$, and 41.6 and 29.7$\%$, respectively. The influences of age, sex, tumor location, differentiation, microscopic residue, neural invasion, 7 and N stage, the stage itself, the dose of radiation and chemotherapy, on survival were evaluated. The T stage and the stage itself were found to be significant from a univariate analysis (p<0.05), but the degree of significance was limited by the small number of patients. A recurrence occurred in 12 patients (57.1$\%$), 5 in locoregional sites, 4 in distant sites and 3 in a combination of locoregional and distant sites, and the sites of distant metastasis were the liver, 6, and the bone, 1 Grade 2 or 3 acute leucopenias occurred in 2 patients and grade 2 chronic peptic ulcers occurred in 4, who were all recovered by conservative management. Conclusion : Postoperative radiotherapy is feasigbls in extrah데atic bile duct cancer, with tolerable toxicity, but prospective studies, with a large patient enrollment, are needed for the evaluation of the effects of postoperative radiotherapy and the related prognostic factors.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.289-297
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• 1999

Purpose: Misonidazole is a radiosensitizer that binds in hypoxic cells. The purpose of this study was to find out the feasibility of I-131-Iodomisonidazole (IMISO) for imaging of tumor hypoxia. Materials and Methods: Tosyl precursor was dissolved in acetonitrile and I-131-NaI was added to synthesize IMISO. Balb/c mice inoculated with CT-26 adenocarcinoma were injected with IMISO. Mice were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4, 24 hr and % of injected dose per gram of tissue (%ID/g) was determined. For scintigraphy and MRI, mouse bearing CT-26 adenocarcinoma was administered with IMISO and imaging was performed 4 hr after. Then, mouse body was fixed and microtomized slice was placed on radiographic film for autoradiography Results: %ID/g of tumor was 1.64 (1h), 0.98 (2h), 0.85 (4h) and 0.20 (24h), respectively. At 24h, %ID/g of tumor was higher than that of all other tissues except thyroid. Tumor to muscle ratio increased with time and tumor to blood ratio also increased with time and reached 1.53 at 24 hr. On autoradiogram, tumor was well visualized as an increased activity in central hypoxic area of the tumor which corresponds to the area of high signal intensity on T2-weighted MR image. On scintigraphy, tumor uptake was visualized. Conclusion: This results suggest that IMISO may have a potential for tumor hypoxia imaging in mouse model. However, further study is needed to improve it's localization in tumor tissue and to achieve acceptable images of tumor hypoxia.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.1-26
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• 1981

1. Aiming at supply of basic informations on tree species siting and forest fertilization by understanding of soil properties that are demanded by each tree species through studies of forest soil's morphological, physical and chemical properties in relation to tree growth in our country, the necessary data have been collected in the last 10 years, are quantified according to quantification theory and are analyzed in sccordance with multi-variate analysis. 2. Test species, japanese larch (Larix leptolepis Gord) and the Korean white pine, (pinus koraiensis S et Z.) are plantable in extensive areas from mid to north in the temperate forest zone and are the two most recommended reforestation tree species in Korea. However, their respective site demands are little known and they have been in confusion or considered demanding the same site during reforestation. When the Korean white pine is planted in larch sites, it has shown relatively good growth, but, when Japanese larch is planted in Korean white pine site it can be hardly said that the Japanese Larch growth is good. To understand on such a difference soil factors have been studied so as to see how th soil's morphological, physical and chemical factors affect tree growth helped with the electronic computer. 3. All the stands examined are man-made mature forests. From 294 Japanese larch plots and 259 Korean white pine plots dominant trees are cut as samples and through stem analysis site index is determined. For each site index soil profiles are made in the related forest-land for analysis. Soil samples are taken from each profile horizon and forest-land productivity classification tables are worked out through physical and chemical analyses of the soil samples for each tree species for the study of relationships between physical, chemical and the combined physical/properties of soil and tree growth. 4. In the study of relationships between physical properties of soil and tree growth it is found out that Japanese larch growth is influenced by the following factors in the decreasing order of weight deposit form, soil depth, soil moisture, altitude, relief, soil type, depth a A-horizon, soil consistency, content of organic matter, soil texture, bed rock, gravel content, aspect and slope. For the Korean white pine the influencing factors' order is soil type, soil consistency, bed rock, aspect, depth of A-horizon, soil moisture, altitude, relief, deposit form, soil depth, soil texture, gravel content and slope. 5. In the study of relationships between chemical properties of soil and tree growth it is found out that Japanese larch growth is influenced by the following factors in the order of base saturation, organic matter, CaO, C/N ratio, effective $P_2O_5$, PH, exchangeable, $K_2O$, T-N, MgO, CEC, Total Base and Na. For the Korean white pine the influencing factors' order is effective $P_2O_5$, Total Base, T-N, Na, C/N ratio, PH, CaO, base saturation, organic matter, exchangeable $K_2O$, CEC and MgO. 6. In the study of relationships between the combined physical and chemical properties of soil and tree growth it is found out that Japanese larch growth is influenced by the following factors in the order of soil depth, deposit form, soil moisture, PH, relief, soil type altitude, T-N, soil consistency, effective $P_2O_5$, soil texture, depth of A-horizon, Total Base, exchangeable $K_2O$ and base saturation. For the Korean white pine the influencing factors' order is soil type, soil consistency, aspect, effective $P_2O_5$, depth of A-horizon, exchangeable $K_2O$, soil moisture, Total Base, altitude, soil depth, base saturation, relief, T-N, C/N ratio and deposit form. 7. In the multiple correlation of forest soil's physical properties larch's correlation coefficient for Japanese Larch is 0.9272 and for Korean white pine, 0.8996. With chemical properties larch has 0.7474 and Korean white pine has 0.7365. So, the soil's physical properties are found out more closely related with tree growth than chemical properties. However, this seems due to inadequate expression of soil's chemical factors and it is proved that the chemical properities are not less important than the physical properties. In the multiple correlation of the combined physical and chemical properties consisting of important morphological and physical factors as well as chemical factors of forest soils larch's multiple correlation coefficient is found out to be 0.9434 and for Korean white pine it is 0.9103 leading to the highest correlation. 8. As shown in the partial correlation coefficients Japanese larch needs deeper soil depth than Korean white pine and in the deposit form of colluvial and creeping soils are demanded by the larch. Moderately moist to not moist should be soil moisture and PH should be from 5.5 to 6.1 for the larch. Demands of T-N, soil texture and soil nutrients are higher for the larch than the Korean white pine. Thus, soil depth, deposit form, relief, soil moisture, PH, N, altitude and soil texture are good indicators for species sitings with larch and the Korean white pine while soil type and soil consistency are indicative only limitedly of species sitings due to their wide variations as plantation environments. For the larch siting soil depth, deposit form, relief, soil moisture, pH, soil type, N and soil texture are indicators of good growth and for the Korean white pine they are soil type, soil consistency, effective $P_2O_5$ and exchangeable $K_2O$. In soil nutrients larch has been found out demanding more than the Korean white pine except $K_2O$, which is demanded more by the Korean white pine than Japanese larch generally. 9. Physical properties of soil has been known as affecting tree growth to the greatest extent so far. However, as a result of this study it is proved through computer analysis that chemical properties of soil are not less important factors for tree growth than chemical properties and site demands for the Japanese larch and the Korean white pine that have been uncertain so far could be clarified.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.30-35
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• 2013

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of the black soldier fly (bsf) larvae on growth performance, carcass rate, and fatty acid profile of chicken meat in broiler chicks. Four hundred eighty 1-d-old broilers (Ross 308) were distributed into 3 treatments with 4 pens at 30 birds per replicate. Treatments were corn-soybean meal based broiler diet (control) and the basal diet replaced with bsf at the level of 3 and 6% respectively. Viability was not different significantly. Body weight gain was higher in control than other treatments. Feed intake was not statistically different of treatments. Feed conversion ratio was lower in control than other treatments. Relative weight of breast meat was significantly increased in all treated groups than in control. But, another relative weights of chicken meat cuts (thigh, wing, neck, back) were not significantly different among the groups. In conclusion, it could be suggested that dietary supplementation of black soldier flylarvae could beneficially improved the performance on broiler.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1988.11a
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• pp.372-375
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• 1988

The III-V ternary alloy semiconductor $In_{l-x}Ga_{x}As$ were grown by the temperature Gradient of $0.60{\leq}x{\leq}0.98$. The electrical properties were investigated by the Hall effect measurement with the Van der Pauw method in the temperature range of $90{\sim}300K$. $In_{l-x}Ga_{x}As$ were revealed n-type and the carrier concentration at 300K were in the range of $9.69{\times}10^{16}cm^{-3}{\sim}7.49{\times}10^{17}cm^{-3}$. The resistivity was increased and the carrier mobility was decreased with increasing the composition ratio. The optical energy gap determined by optical transmission were $20{\sim}30meV$ lower than theoretical valves on the basis of absorption in the conduction band tail and it was decreased with increasing the temperature by the Varshni rule. In the photoluminescence of undoped $In_{l-x}Ga_{x}As$ at 20K, the main emission was revealed by the radiative recombination of shallow donor(Si) to acceptor(Zn) and the peak energy was increased with increasing the composition, X. The diffusion depth of Zn increases proportionally with the square root of diffusion time, and the activation energy for the Zn diffusion into $In_{0.10}Ga_{0.90}As$ was 2.174eV and temperatures dependence of diffusion coefficient was D = 87.29 exp(-2.174/$K_{B}T$). The Zn diffusion p-n $In_{x}Ga_{x}As$ diode revealed the good rectfying characteristics and the diode factor $\beta{\approx}2$. The electroluminescence spectrum for the Zn-diffusion p-n $In_{0.10}Ga_{0.90}As$ diode was due to radiative recombation between the selectron trap level(${\sim}140meV$) and Zn acceptor level(${\sim}30meV$). The peak energy and FWHM of electroluminescence spectrum at 77K were 1.262eV and 81.0meV, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.31-42
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• 2000

Consolidation and permeability are major engineering properties of soil. In clay, coefficient of permeability and consolidation can be calculated by incremental loading consolidation test. However, it is known that the incremental loading test has several deficiencies including long testing time, non-uniform stress state, very soft clay and problem of back pressure saturation. Specially, it is not performed with horizontal consolidation test. Several methods have been proposed for obtaining reliable values of $C_v$. Among these, the square root of time-fitting method proposed by Taylor(1948) and logarithm of time-fitting method, also called Casagrande's method, are used extensively in soil engineering practice. But these methods are not amenable for the absence of initial linear portion and have the difficulties involved in distinguishing secondary compression from primary compression. Rowecell consolidation tests were carried out in this study with different trimming axis and sample size. The results were compared with those of other methods; Casagrande,$Taylor,\; Casagrande,\; Hyperbolic,\; \delta/t-logt$. From the results, we explained a relationship between horizontal coefficient of permeability and void ratio was obtained. Finally, the directly measured horizontal coefficient of permeability obtained by using the Rowecell was compared with the permeability derived indirectly from the consolidation test result.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.17
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• pp.7337-7341
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• 2014

Background: The physiological role of vitamin D extends beyond bone health and calcium-phosphate homeostasis to effects on cancer risk, mainly for colorectal cancer. Vitamin D may have an anticancer effect in colorectal cancer mediated by binding of the active form $1,25(OH)_2D$ to the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The Taq1 VDR gene polymorphism, a C-to-T base substitution (rs731236) in exon 9 may influence its expression and function. The aim of this study wass to determine the 25(OH)D vitamin D level and to investigate the association between circulating vitamin D level and Taq1VDR gene polymorphism among Jordanian colorectal cancer patients. Materials and Methods: This case control study enrolled ninety-three patients and one hundred and two healthy Jordanian volunteers from AL-Basheer Hospital/Amman (2012-2013). Ethical approval and signed consent forms were obtained from all participants before sample collection. 25(OH)D levels were determined by competitive immunoassay Elecsys (Roche Diagnostic, France). DNA was extracted (Promega, USA) and amplified by PCR followed by VDR Taq1 restriction enzyme digestion. The genotype distribution was evaluated by paired t-test and chi-square. Comparison between vitamin D levels among CRC and control were assessed by odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. Results: The vitamin D serum level was significantly lower among colorectal cancer patients (8.34 ng/ml) compared to the healthy control group (21.02ng/ml). Patients deficient in vitamin D (less than 10.0 ng/ml) had increased colorectal cancer risk 19.2 fold compared to control. Only 2.2% of CRC patients had optimal vitamin D compared to 23.5% among healthy control. TT, Tt and tt Taq1 genotype frequencies among CRC cases was 35.5%, 50.5% and 14% compared to 43.1%, 41.2% and 15.7% among healthy control; respectively. CRC patients had lower mean vitamin D level among TT ($8.91{\pm}4.31$) and Tt ($9.15{\pm}5.25$) genotypes compared to control ($21.3{\pm}8.31$) and ($19.3{\pm}7.68$); respectively. Conclusions: There is significant association between low 25(OH)D serum level and colorectal cancer risk. The VDRTaq1 polymorphism was associated with increased colorectal cancer risk among patient with VDRTaq1 TT and Tt genotypes. Understanding the functional mechanism of VDRTaq1 TT and Tt may provide a strategy for colorectal cancer prevention and treatment.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.173-182
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• 2012

The study was carried out to investigate the effect of lighting regimes on performance and meat quality of broiler. A total of 912 chicks was divided into 2 groups with male (3 replications/group, 34 heads/replication) and female (3 replications/group, 42 heads/replication). Treatments were control (C, natural lighting), T1 treatment (24L), and T2 treatment (1~2d, 24L; 2~4d, 23L+1D; 4~16d, 16L+8D; 16~21d, 18L+6D; 21~42d, 23L+1D) by lighting regimes. There was no significantly different on body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio of male and female of broilers among treatments. There was no significantly different on cooking loss and water hold capacity of all broiler's meats among treatments. Share force of lighting regimes was higher compared to control (P<0.05). There was no significantly different on common ingredients (moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and ash) of broiler's meat. Finally, lighting regimes may decrease the stress as well as improve the growth performance and meat quality of broilers