• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.135-140
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• 2003

Fluconazole is an orally active bis-triazole antifungal agent, which is used in the treatment of superficial and systemic candidiasis and in the treatment of cryptococcal infections in patients with the acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two fluconazole capsules, Diflucan (Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Korea Inc.) and Flucona (Korean Drug Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The fluconazole release from the two fluconazole capsules in vitro was tested using KP VII Apparatus II method at 0.1 M hydrochloride dissolution media. Twenty normal male volunteers, $23.60{\pm}1.88$ years in age and $63.57{\pm}6.17\;kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After three capsules containing 50 mg as fluconazole was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of fluconazole in serum were determined using HPLC method with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two fluconazole capsules were very similar at 0.1 M hydrochloride dissolution media. Besides, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between two capsules based on the Diflucan were 4.96%, 5.65% and -13.76%, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two capsules in these parameter. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log(0.8) to log(1.25) $(e.g.,\;log(1.01){\sim}log(1.08)\;and\;log(1.00){\sim}log(1.12)\;for\;AUC_t\;and\;C_{max},\;respectively)$, indicating that Flucona capsule is bioequivalent to Diflucan capsule.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.2937-2948
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• 2012

농업경영기록은 체계적인 경영 분석을 위한 출발점이라고 할 수 있다. 그러나 현실에서는 다양한 요인들로 인해 농가에서 농업경영기록이 제대로 이루어지지 않고 있다. 그 결과 경영 실태의 파악이 어려우며, 이를 기초로 경영진단과 장래의 경영 계획 또한 어렵게 된다. 경영 기록의 중요성이 이와 같이 명백한 반면 학계에서의 관련 연구는 거의 없는 실정이다. 그러므로 경영기록과 관련된 현재 농업인의 실태를 파악하고, 기록 관련 실태에 영향을 미치는 농업인의 특성을 규명하는 것은 매우 시급한 과제이다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 개별 농업인을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 농업경영 기록 실태를 파악하였으며, 빈도분석, 교차분석, 로짓(Logit) 분석, 순위프로빗(Ordered Probit) 분석 등 통계적 분석을 이용하여 기록 실태와 이에 영향을 미치는 농업인의 특성간의 관계를 규명하였다. 분석 결과 다수의 농업인들이 경영기록의 필요성을 느끼고 있으나 회계 지식이 다소부족하고 적절한 기록 매체가 부족하여 농업경영기록이 제대로 이루어지지 않고 있었으며, 관련 교육 또한 매우 부족하였다. 따라서 농업인들이 사용하기 쉬운 농업경영기록장을 개발하고 농업경영에 대한 적절한 교육이 시행될 필요가 있다. 마지막으로 도출된 결과를 바탕으로 몇 가지 농업경영기록의 개선방안을 제시하였다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.1357-1362
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• 2014

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a potentially modifiable risk factor that may be targeted for breast cancer (BC) prevention. It may also be related to prognosis after diagnosis and treatment. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency as measured by serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD) levels in patients with BC and to evaluate its correlations with life-style and treatments. Materials and Methods: This study included 186 patients with stage 0-III BC treated in our breast center between 2010-2013. The correlation between serum baseline 25-OHD levels and supplement usage, age, menopausal status, diabetes mellitus, usage of bisphosphonates, body-mass index (BMI), season, dressing style, administration of systemic treatments and radiotherapy were investigated. The distribution of serum 25-OHD levels was categorized as deficient (<10ng/ml), insufficient (10-24 ng/ml), and sufficient (25-80 ng/ml). Results: The median age of the patients was 51 years (range: 27-79 years) and 70% of them had deficient/insufficient 25-OHD levels. On univariate analysis, vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency was more common in patients with none or low dose vitamin D supplementation at the baseline, high BMI (${\geq}25$), no bisphosphonate usage, and a conservative dressing style. On multivariate analysis, none or low dose vitamin D supplementation, and decreased sun-exposure due to a conservative dressing style were found as independent factors increasing risk of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency 28.7 (p=0.002) and 13.4 (p=0.003) fold, respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of serum 25-OHD deficiency/insufficiency is high in our BC survivors. Vitamin D status should be routinely evaluated for all women, especially those with a conservative dressing style, as part of regular preventive care, and they should take supplemental vitamin D.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.27-50
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• 1998

Adolescent health is considered to contribute to health promotion in the home and community in the near future as well as individual health. However, adolescent health has been neglected from education field because of competitive school education focused on the university entrance examination That's why I suggest in this study that we should pay much more attention to adolescent health condition and try to make It better, in terms of man-power development and life-health promotion for nation development The purposes of this study are as follows First, to look into a variety of adolescent health problems Second, to find out the situation and problems of current adolescent health promotion and school health education Third, to make an effort to find, based on the current situation, various developments of adolescent health promotion and school health education in terms of practical, political and environmental change There are used study methods as adolescent-related, school heath-related literature review and anlysis of statistical data The results and suggestions are as follows Teenagers have a great variey of health problems including most Important physical, mental and social developments Recently, chronic diseases, emotional problems, health-risk behaviors linked With adolescents are on increase The complicated disorders of physical, mental, social health rather than paricular aspects of health or health-behavior problems influence adolescent health problems adolescence is regarded as the period when most health-related behaviors are formed. Therefore, adolescent health promotion would he assured by developing the ability of controlling multi-dimensional health determinants in the early stage. Health promotion is a positive concept that each individual, family and community makes real efforts to improve their health To achive this, we need health educational, organizational, political and environmental supports. Adolescent health promotion in Korea has been systematically treated in the category of school health Current school health services have had lots of systemic, constitutional, administrative and educational flaws Accordingly, I'm concerned that we can afford to accept a variety of adolescent health needs However, I would say that if were not to make those flaws better, it's certain that Korean national competitive power and the quality of the lives of most Koreans Will he threatened someday We have to develop Comprehensive School Health Crriculum(CSHC) and set up its standards to Improve adolescent health. CSHC is an organizational and costant process. CSHC means an Important part of overall curriculums. In addition, I could say that it's an Important school health education acivity including current school health services-health care service and school health environment. In conclusion, in order to develop CSHC, we require school nurse's role changes, establishment and management of intergrated subject of health education, striking revision of school health law(or legislation of school health promotion law), reorganization of administration system, big changes in curriculum for school health educators.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.152-158
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• 2000

목 적 : 초기 증상이 발열과 경부림프절종대인 Kawasaki병 환아와 경부 림프절염의 임상적 특징을 비교 관찰함으로써 Kawasaki병의 조기 진단과 치료에 도움을 주고자 하였다. 방 법 : 초기 진단이 임상적으로 경부 림프절염, 경부 농양, 비정형성 Kawasaki병 의증 등으로 치료받다 후에 임상적 진단 기준에 의해 Kawasaki병으로 최종 진단된 환아와 경부 림프절염 환아의 후향적 의무기록 조사를 하였다. 결 과 : 발열과 경부 림프절염이 주증상인 Kawasaki병은 일반적 Kawasaki병 보다 좀 더 나이든 환아에서 발생하였으며, 전신적 염증을 시사하는 소견이 더 높게 나타났다. 경부 림프절염 환아들과 비교하였을 시도 전신적 염증을 시사하는 소견이 의미있게 높았다. 경부 림프절염 환아는 항생제 치료 후 0~3.5일(평균 1.4일)내에 임상적 호전을 보였으나, Kawasaki병의 환아들은 항생제에 반응하지 않거나 다른 소견들이 나타나 입원 1~5일(평균 2.9일)에 감마 글로부린을 사용하였으며, 감마 글로부린 사용 후 평균 11.7시간 내에 발열이 소실되었다. Kawasaki병에서 심장에 나타나는 변화는 3례(20%)였으며, 림프절종대 유무와 관계가 없었다. 결 론 : 발열과 경부 림프절종대를 주소로 경부 림프절염 진단 하에 항생제 치료를 받는 환아 중 항생제에 반응하지 않는 경우, Kawasaki병의 검사실적 소견을 보일 때 다른 감염성 질환 외에 Kawasaki병을 꼭 고려해야 한다. Kawasaki병의 다른 임상적 소견들이 나타나는지 주의 깊게 관찰하여, 신속한 진단과 치료를 통해 심장 합병증을 방지하도록 해야 한다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.353-362
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• 2007

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common food borne mycotoxin and occurs predominantly in grains such as wheat, barley, oats, etc. DON induces systemic health problems such as loss of appetite, emesis and diarrhea in both human and farm animals. Reliable diagnostic parameters for DON intoxication are needed to prevent deep health impact. In order to establish useful diagnostic parameters, we investigated clinical signs, hematological values, serum biochemical values, gross-, histo- and toxico-pathological findings in B6C3F1 male mice after oral administration of DON (0.83, 2.5 and 7.5 mg/kg) for 8 days. Body weight gain was significantly decreased at the highest dose of DON. Anorexia, ataxia, for crudness and lack of vigor were observed at the highest dose DON group. In hematological values, the numbers of WBC and platelets and hemoglobin content were reduced with decreased neutrophil and monocytes by 7.5 mg/kg DON. Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were prolonged in a dose-dependent manner and the content of fibrinogen was elevated at high dose of DON. Of serum biochemical values, total protein, globulin, BUN, cholesterol and test-osterone were reduced but total bilirubin and albumin/globulin ratio increased. The enzyme activity of alkaline phosphatase was decreased while that of alanine aminotransferase was elevated. Relative organ weights of thymus, seminal vesicle/prostate and testes were dose-dependently reduced but those of liver and left adrenal gland increased with dose dependency. As for pathological findings, atrophy of thymus, seminal vesicle/prostate and testes and submucosal edema and ulceration in stomach and depletion of lymphocytes in thymus cortex were observed. In conclusion, these clinical, hematological, blood biochemical and patholgical parameters obtained in the present studies can be used for diagnosis of DON-mycotoxicosis, especially, low WBC, platelets, protein, BUN and testosterone and delayed prothrombin time can be available as for reliable diagnostic parameters.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.124-135
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• 2010

Background and Objective: Atherosclerosis is a diffuse, systemic disease that affects the coronary, cerebral, and peripheral arterial trees. Clopidogrel is widely used antiplatelet agent and its efficacy has been proven in cardiac and extracardiac vascular diseases, but it has several side effects. Therefore we investigated whether Sopunghwalhyeoltang, which is widely used for treating the blood stasis syndrome in traditional medicine, could decrease the side effect of antiplatelets and have a synergic effect. Methods & Materials: Male $ApoE^{(-/-)}$ mice were randomly divided into three different experimental groups, non-treated group (Control group), clopidogrel-treated group (CP group) and clopidogrel with Sopunghwalhyeol-tang treated group (CPS group). The control group was fed with only an atherogenic diet, the CP group an atherogenic diet plus clopidogrel 25mg/kg and the CPS group an atherogenic diet plus clopidogrel 25mg/kg with Sopunghwalhyeol-tang 100 mg/kg. We investigated plasma lipids with liver function test, and performed a histological investigation of liver and abdominal aorta. Results: 1. Photomicrographs of liver and abdominal aorta tissue showed lower histological injury and lipid accumulation in the CP and CPS groups than those in the Control group. 2. In the CPS group, plasma triglyceride level was significantly lower than in the Control and CP groups. 3. In the CPS group, the plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level was significantly lower than in the CP group. Conclusions: The above results shows that a combined treatment of Sopunghwalhyeol-tang and clopidogrel have a synergic effect through inhibiting vessel injury and decrease the side effects of clopidogrel alone.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.1401-1407
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• 2009

Many Lactobacillus strains have been promoted as good probiotics for the prevention and treatment of diseases. We engineered recombinant Lactobacillus casei, producing biologically active canine granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (cGM-CSF), and investigated its possibility as a good probiotic agent for dogs. Expression of the cGM-CSF protein in the recombinant Lactobacillus was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting methods. For the in vivo study, 18 Beagle puppies of 7 weeks of age were divided into three groups; the control group was fed only on a regular diet and the two treatment groups were fed on a diet supplemented with either $1\times10^9$ colony forming units (CFU)/day of L. casei or L. casei expressing cGM-CSF protein for 7 weeks. Body weight was measured, and fecal and blood samples were collected from the dogs during the experiment for the measurement of hematology, fecal immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgG, circulating IgA and IgG, and canine corona virus (CCV)-specific IgG. There were no differences in body weights among the groups, but monocyte counts in hematology and serum IgA were higher in the group receiving L. casei expressing cGM-CSF than in the other two groups. After the administration of CCV vaccine, CCV-specific IgG in serum increased more in the group supplemented with L. casei expressing cGM-CSF than the other two groups. This study shows that a dietary L. casei expressing cGM-CSF enhances specific immune functions at both the mucosal and systemic levels in puppies.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.31-35
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate of dental plaque, calculus and gingival inflammation in Beagle dogs. Forty adults Beagle dogs (28 male and 12 female) were used in this study. The dogs weighed 9.5 kg and were in good oral and systemic health as determined by physical examination, and all dogs had full and normal dentition. The dogs were given a commercial pellet feed during 2 years period. For all examination procedures, the dogs were premedicated with a subcutaneous injection of atropine sulfate (0.04 mg/kg). Anesthesia was induced and maintained by intravenous administration of ketamine (8 mg/kg) and xylazine (2 mg/kg). Dental plaque, calculus and gingival inflammation were assessed by Logan and Boyce clinical plaque index. Calculi covering the maxillary carnassial and first molar teeth were extensive and were accompanied by severe gingival inflammation and pocket formation. Calculi, accompanied by gingival inflammation, were clearly evident on buccal surfaces of other teeth. Calculi didn't showed on the lingual surfaces, but linguogingival inflammation formed in premolar teeth. Although the general pattern was clear, there was considerable variation among dogs in the rate of deposition of calculus and extend of gingival inflammation. This investigation suggest that feeding of the commercial dry food without dental hygiene increase plaque accumulation and may be a contributing factor in calculi formation and periodontal disease.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.88-92
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• 2008

막성 신병증은 성인에 비해 소아에서는 드문 신병증으로 감염, 자가면역, 종양에 의한 이차성 신병증이 알려져 있다. 그 중에서도 엡스타인-바 바이러스 감염과의 관련은 잘 알려지지 않아, 최근 1개 보고에서 면역기능이 저하된 2례를 소개한 바 있을 뿐이다. 이에 저자들은 면역기능이 정상으로 보이는 소아에서 엡스타인-바 바이러스 감염과 관련한 막성 신병증 1례를 경험하였기에 보고하는 바이다.