CNN 보조 손실을 이용한 차원 기반 감성 분석 (Target-Aspect-Sentiment Joint Detection with CNN Auxiliary Loss for Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis)
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- 지능정보연구
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- 제27권4호
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- pp.1-22
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- 2021
텍스트를 바탕으로 한 차원 기반 감성 분석(Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis)은 다양한 산업에서 유용성을 주목을 받고 있다. 기존의 차원 기반 감성 분석에서는 타깃(Target) 혹은 차원(Aspect)만을 고려하여 감성을 분석하는 연구가 대다수였다. 그러나 동일한 타깃 혹은 차원이더라도 감성이 나뉘는 경우, 또는 타깃이 없지만 감성은 존재하는 경우 분석 결과가 정확하지 않다는 한계가 존재한다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위한 방법으로 차원과 타깃을 모두 고려한 감성 분석(Target-Aspect-Sentiment Detection, 이하 TASD) 모델이 제안되었다. 그럼에도 불구하고, TASD 기존 모델의 경우 구(Phrase) 간의 관계인 지역적인 문맥을 잘 포착하지 못하고 초기 학습 속도가 느리다는 문제가 있었다. 본 연구는 TASD 분야 내 기존 모델의 한계를 보완하여 분석 성능을 높이고자 하였다. 이러한 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해 기존 모델에 합성곱(Convolution Neural Network) 계층을 더하여 차원-감성 분류 시 보조 손실(Auxiliary loss)을 추가로 사용하였다. 즉, 학습 시에는 합성곱 계층을 통해 지역적인 문맥을 좀 더 잘 포착하도록 하였으며, 학습 후에는 기존 방식대로 차원-감성 분석을 하도록 모델을 설계하였다. 본 모델의 성능을 평가하기 위해 공개 데이터 집합인 SemEval-2015, SemEval-2016을 사용하였으며, 기존 모델 대비 F1 점수가 최대 55% 증가했다. 특히 기존 모델보다 배치(Batch), 에폭(Epoch)이 적을 때 효과적으로 학습한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 제시된 모델로 더욱 더 세밀한 차원 기반 감성 분석이 가능하다는 점에서, 기업에서 상품 개발 및 마케팅 전략 수립 등에 다양하게 활용할 수 있으며 소비자의 효율적인 구매 의사결정을 도와줄 수 있을 것으로 보인다.
Personalized services directly and indirectly acquire personal data, in part, to provide customers with higher-value services that are specifically context-relevant (such as place and time). Information technologies continue to mature and develop, providing greatly improved performance. Sensory networks and intelligent software can now obtain context data, and that is the cornerstone for providing personalized, context-specific services. Yet, the danger of overflowing personal information is increasing because the data retrieved by the sensors usually contains privacy information. Various technical characteristics of context-aware applications have more troubling implications for information privacy. In parallel with increasing use of context for service personalization, information privacy concerns have also increased such as an unrestricted availability of context information. Those privacy concerns are consistently regarded as a critical issue facing context-aware personalized service success. The entire field of information privacy is growing as an important area of research, with many new definitions and terminologies, because of a need for a better understanding of information privacy concepts. Especially, it requires that the factors of information privacy should be revised according to the characteristics of new technologies. However, previous information privacy factors of context-aware applications have at least two shortcomings. First, there has been little overview of the technology characteristics of context-aware computing. Existing studies have only focused on a small subset of the technical characteristics of context-aware computing. Therefore, there has not been a mutually exclusive set of factors that uniquely and completely describe information privacy on context-aware applications. Second, user survey has been widely used to identify factors of information privacy in most studies despite the limitation of users' knowledge and experiences about context-aware computing technology. To date, since context-aware services have not been widely deployed on a commercial scale yet, only very few people have prior experiences with context-aware personalized services. It is difficult to build users' knowledge about context-aware technology even by increasing their understanding in various ways: scenarios, pictures, flash animation, etc. Nevertheless, conducting a survey, assuming that the participants have sufficient experience or understanding about the technologies shown in the survey, may not be absolutely valid. Moreover, some surveys are based solely on simplifying and hence unrealistic assumptions (e.g., they only consider location information as a context data). A better understanding of information privacy concern in context-aware personalized services is highly needed. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to identify a generic set of factors for elemental information privacy concern in context-aware personalized services and to develop a rank-order list of information privacy concern factors. We consider overall technology characteristics to establish a mutually exclusive set of factors. A Delphi survey, a rigorous data collection method, was deployed to obtain a reliable opinion from the experts and to produce a rank-order list. It, therefore, lends itself well to obtaining a set of universal factors of information privacy concern and its priority. An international panel of researchers and practitioners who have the expertise in privacy and context-aware system fields were involved in our research. Delphi rounds formatting will faithfully follow the procedure for the Delphi study proposed by Okoli and Pawlowski. This will involve three general rounds: (1) brainstorming for important factors; (2) narrowing down the original list to the most important ones; and (3) ranking the list of important factors. For this round only, experts were treated as individuals, not panels. Adapted from Okoli and Pawlowski, we outlined the process of administrating the study. We performed three rounds. In the first and second rounds of the Delphi questionnaire, we gathered a set of exclusive factors for information privacy concern in context-aware personalized services. The respondents were asked to provide at least five main factors for the most appropriate understanding of the information privacy concern in the first round. To do so, some of the main factors found in the literature were presented to the participants. The second round of the questionnaire discussed the main factor provided in the first round, fleshed out with relevant sub-factors. Respondents were then requested to evaluate each sub factor's suitability against the corresponding main factors to determine the final sub-factors from the candidate factors. The sub-factors were found from the literature survey. Final factors selected by over 50% of experts. In the third round, a list of factors with corresponding questions was provided, and the respondents were requested to assess the importance of each main factor and its corresponding sub factors. Finally, we calculated the mean rank of each item to make a final result. While analyzing the data, we focused on group consensus rather than individual insistence. To do so, a concordance analysis, which measures the consistency of the experts' responses over successive rounds of the Delphi, was adopted during the survey process. As a result, experts reported that context data collection and high identifiable level of identical data are the most important factor in the main factors and sub factors, respectively. Additional important sub-factors included diverse types of context data collected, tracking and recording functionalities, and embedded and disappeared sensor devices. The average score of each factor is very useful for future context-aware personalized service development in the view of the information privacy. The final factors have the following differences comparing to those proposed in other studies. First, the concern factors differ from existing studies, which are based on privacy issues that may occur during the lifecycle of acquired user information. However, our study helped to clarify these sometimes vague issues by determining which privacy concern issues are viable based on specific technical characteristics in context-aware personalized services. Since a context-aware service differs in its technical characteristics compared to other services, we selected specific characteristics that had a higher potential to increase user's privacy concerns. Secondly, this study considered privacy issues in terms of service delivery and display that were almost overlooked in existing studies by introducing IPOS as the factor division. Lastly, in each factor, it correlated the level of importance with professionals' opinions as to what extent users have privacy concerns. The reason that it did not select the traditional method questionnaire at that time is that context-aware personalized service considered the absolute lack in understanding and experience of users with new technology. For understanding users' privacy concerns, professionals in the Delphi questionnaire process selected context data collection, tracking and recording, and sensory network as the most important factors among technological characteristics of context-aware personalized services. In the creation of a context-aware personalized services, this study demonstrates the importance and relevance of determining an optimal methodology, and which technologies and in what sequence are needed, to acquire what types of users' context information. Most studies focus on which services and systems should be provided and developed by utilizing context information on the supposition, along with the development of context-aware technology. However, the results in this study show that, in terms of users' privacy, it is necessary to pay greater attention to the activities that acquire context information. To inspect the results in the evaluation of sub factor, additional studies would be necessary for approaches on reducing users' privacy concerns toward technological characteristics such as highly identifiable level of identical data, diverse types of context data collected, tracking and recording functionality, embedded and disappearing sensor devices. The factor ranked the next highest level of importance after input is a context-aware service delivery that is related to output. The results show that delivery and display showing services to users in a context-aware personalized services toward the anywhere-anytime-any device concept have been regarded as even more important than in previous computing environment. Considering the concern factors to develop context aware personalized services will help to increase service success rate and hopefully user acceptance for those services. Our future work will be to adopt these factors for qualifying context aware service development projects such as u-city development projects in terms of service quality and hence user acceptance.
본실험(本實驗)은 1968년(年)에 농림(農林)6호(號)를 공시품종(供試品種)으로 하여 관개수(灌漑水)를 절약(節約)하고 또 그의 조절방법(調節方法)으로써 한해(旱害)를 극복(克服)하는 동시(同時)에 증수(增收)를 보자는 취지(趣旨)에서 윤환관개(輪換灌漑)의 방법(方法)과 그 도정시설(道正施設)로서 관배수로시설(灌排水路施設)과 취입구(取入口) 배수구(排水口) 밑다짐 논두렁 지수벽등(止水壁等)을 만들어서 수도(水稻)의 생육(生育) 및 수량(收量)에 미치는 효과(效果)와 용수량관개(用水量關係)를 조사(調査) 시험(試驗)하였는바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 밑다짐두께의 차이(差異)는 천립중(千粒重) 유의성(有意性)을 보였는데 그 순서(順序)는 밑다짐90cm 구(區)가 23.5g이고 밑다짐3cm 구(區) 6cm 구(區) 보통구(普通區) 밀집구(區)의 순서(順序)로서 그림와 같다. 2. 수량(收量)에 있어서는 밑다짐두께의 차이(差異)에서나 관개회수(灌漑回數)의 차이(差異)에 있어서나 고도(高度)의 유의성(有意性)을 보였는데 표(表) 5, 6, 7과 같다. 3. 토양(土壤)의 이화학적(理化學的) 성질(性質)에는 별차이(別差異)가 없었으며 관개수질(灌漑水質) 기타(其他) 기온(氣溫) 강우량등(降雨量等) 모든 값이 각처리구간(各處理區間)에 동질(同質)이었다. 4. 윤환관개(輪換灌漑)의 방법(方法)의 차이(差異)가 분벽수(分蘗數)에 미치는 효과(效果)는 유의성(有意性)을 보였으며 7일(日) 관개구(灌漑區)가 주당(株當) 0.74 8일(日) 관개구(灌漑區)가 17.2, 5일(日) 관개구(灌漑區)가 16.7, 6일(日) 관개구(灌漑區)가 15.3등(等) 윤환일수(輪換日數)가 많은 것이 표준구(標準區)에 비(比)하여 유의성(有意性)을 나타냈다. 5. 비닐처리구(處理區)는 수량(收量)이나 구성요소(構成要素)에 있어서 다같이 구멍
이 논문은 한국의 세계기록유산에 대하여 먼저 그 의미와 가치를 재확인하고, 이들 세계기록유산에 대한 보존 관리 및 그 현황을 조사하며, 한국의 기록유산을 디지털화 하는데 있어서의 문제점과 해결책을 모색하고, 추후 한국의 기록유산 중 세계기록유산으로 등록되기를 희망하는 4종의 기록물들에 대한 가치와 의의를 고찰한 연구이다. 본 연구의 상세 사항은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 제2장에서는 한국의 세계기록유산에 대한 가치와 의의를 고찰하였다. 먼저 세계기록유산의 선정기준과 절차 등을 먼저 파악하고, 한국의 세계기록유산인 "훈민정음" "조선왕조실록" "승정원일기" "직지(백운화상초록불조직지심체요절(白雲和尙抄錄佛祖直指心體要節))"에 대하여 각각 그 가치와 의미를 분석하였다. 둘째, 제3장에서는 '한국의 세계기록유산 보존 관리 현황'에서는 세계기록유산을 보존하고 있는 <서울대학교 규장각> <국가기록원 부산기록정보센터> <간송미술관>의 기관별로 그 보존 관리 현황을 고찰하였다. 그 결과, 이 3기관 모두 세계기록유산 보존 관리 현황은 '매우 우수하다'고 평가할 수 있었다. 즉, 1)그 세부적인 보안대책이 완벽하다. 2)그 보존방법에 있어서도 항온 항습의 특별한 서고를 별도로 마련하고, 이 서고 내에서 다시 '오동나무 상자 서장(書欌)'을 설치한 후, 이들 상자와 서장 속에 세계기록유산을 납입하여 보존하고 있다. 3)방화장치와 서고조명 및 소독 등에도 철저를 기하고 있음 등을 파악하였다. 셋째, 제4장에서는 '한국의 기록유산 디지털화 과제'에 대하여 개괄적으로 고찰하였다. 그 결과, 한국 기록유산의 디지털작업 및 DB구축에서 '디지털화 표준'이 가장 중요한 문제이며, 이 문제의 해결을 위해서는 디지털화(Digitization)에 대한 총체적이고 표준적인 시스템의 개발이 시급함을 지적하였다. 그리고 국가기록관리시스템을 개발한 경험이 있는 <국가기록원>과 한국학 고기록물의 디지털화에 많은 관심을 가진 <문화재청>이 공동으로 노력하여, 한국학 관련 기록유산의 디지타이제이션(Digitization)에 대한 총체적이고 표준적인 시스템의 개발이 요구됨을 파악하였다. 넷째, 제5장 '세계기록유산 등록을 추후 희망하는 한국의 기록유산'에서는 한민족의 기록유산 중에서 차후 세계기록유산으로 등재되기를 희망하는 4종 즉, 1)<해인사 고려대장경 경판>, 2)"동의보감", 3)"삼국유사", 4)"무구정광대다라니경"의 기록물에 국한하여, 그 어떤 의미에서 세계적인 가치와 의의가 있는가를 고찰하였다.
Today most developed countries provide modern medical care for most of the population. The rural area is the more neglected area in the medical and health field. In public health, the philosophy is that medical care for in maintenance of health is a basic right of man; it should not be discriminated against racial, environmental or financial situations. The deficiency of the medical care system, cultural bias, economic development, and ignorance of the residents about health care brought about the shortage of medical personnel and facilities on the rural areas. Moreover, medical students and physicians have been taught less about rural health care than about urban health care. Medical care, therefore, is insufficient in terms of health care personnel/and facilities in rural areas. Under such a situation, there is growing concern about the health problems among the rural population. The findings presented in this report are useful measures of the major health problems and even more important, as a guide to planning for improved medical care systems. It is hoped that findings from this study will be useful to those responsible for improving the delivery of health service for the rural population. Objectives: -to determine the health status of the residents in the rural areas. -to assess the rural population's needs in terms of health and medical care. -to make recommendations concerning improvement in the delivery of health and medical care for the rural population. Procedures: For the sampling design, the ideal would be to sample according to the proportion of the composition age-groups. As the health problems would be different by group, the sample was divided into 10 different age-groups. If the sample were allocated by proportion of composition of each age group, some age groups would be too small to estimate the health problem. The sample size of each age-group population was 100 people/age-groups. Personal interviews were conducted by specially trained medical students. The interviews dealt at length with current health status, medical care problems, utilization of medical services, medical cost paid for medical care and attitudes toward health. In addition, more information was gained from the public health field, including environmental sanitation, maternal and child health, family planning, tuberculosis control, and dental health. The sample Sample size was one fourth of total population: 1,438 The aged 10-14 years showed the largest number of 254 and the aged under one year was the smallest number of 81. Participation in examination Examination sessions usually were held in the morning every Tuesday, Wenesday, and Thursday for 3 hours at each session at the Namchun Health station. In general, the rate of participation in medical examination was low especially in ages between 10-19 years old. The highest rate of participation among are groups was the under one year age-group by 100 percent. The lowest use rate as low as 3% of those in the age-groups 10-19 years who are attending junior and senior high school in Taegu city so the time was not convenient for them to recieve examinations. Among the over 20 years old group, the rate of participation of female was higher than that of males. The results are as follows: A. Publie health problems Population: The number of pre-school age group who required child health was 724, among them infants numbered 96. Number of eligible women aged 15-44 years was 1,279, and women with husband who need maternal health numbered 700. The age-group of 65 years or older was 201 needed more health care and 65 of them had disabilities. (Table 2). Environmental sanitation: Seventy-nine percent of the residents relied upon well water as a primary source of dringking water. Ninety-three percent of the drinking water supply was rated as unfited quality for drinking. More than 90% of latrines were unhygienic, in structure design and sanitation (Table 15). Maternal and child health: Maternal health Average number of pregnancies of eligible women was 4 times. There was almost no pre- and post-natal care. Pregnancy wastage Still births was 33 per 1,000 live births. Spontaneous abortion was 156 per 1,000 live births. Induced abortion was 137 per 1,000 live births. Delivery condition More than 90 percent of deliveries were conducted at home. Attendants at last delivery were laymen by 76% and delivery without attendants was 14%. The rate of non-sterilized scissors as an instrument used to cut the umbilical cord was as high as 54% and of sickles was 14%. The rate of difficult delivery counted for 3%. Maternal death rate estimates about 35 per 10,000 live births. Child health Consultation rate for child health was almost non existant. In general, vaccination rate of children was low; vaccination rates for children aged 0-5 years with BCG and small pox were 34 and 28 percent respectively. The rate of vaccination with DPT and Polio were 23 and 25% respectively but the rate of the complete three injections were as low as 5 and 3% respectively. The number of dead children was 280 per 1,000 living children. Infants death rate was 45 per 1,000 live births (Table 16), Family planning: Approval rate of married women for family planning was as high as 86%. The rate of experiences of contraception in the past was 51%. The current rate of contraception was 37%. Willingness to use contraception in the future was as high as 86% (Table 17). Tuberculosis control: Number of registration patients at the health center currently was 25. The number indicates one eighth of estimate number of tuberculosis in the area. Number of discharged cases in the past accounted for 79 which showed 50% of active cases when discharged time. Rate of complete treatment among reasons of discharge in the past as low as 28%. There needs to be a follow up observation of the discharged cases (Table 18). Dental problems: More than 50% of the total population have at least one or more dental problems. (Table 19) B. Medical care problems Incidence rate: 1. In one month Incidence rate of medical care problems during one month was 19.6 percent. Among these health problems which required rest at home were 11.8 percent. The estimated number of patients in the total population is 1,206. The health problems reported most frequently in interviews during one month are: GI trouble, respiratory disease, neuralgia, skin disease, and communicable disease-in that order, The rate of health problems by age groups was highest in the 1-4 age group and in the 60 years or over age group, the lowest rate was the 10-14 year age group. In general, 0-29 year age group except the 1-4 year age group was low incidence rate. After 30 years old the rate of health problems increases gradually with aging. Eighty-three percent of health problems that occured during one month were solved by primary medical care procedures. Seventeen percent of health problems needed secondary care. Days rested at home because of illness during one month were 0.7 days per interviewee and 8days per patient and it accounts for 2,161 days for the total productive population in the area. (Table 20) 2. In a year The incidence rate of medical care problems during a year was 74.8%, among them health problems which required rest at home was 37 percent. Estimated number of patients in the total population during a year was 4,600. The health problems that occured most frequently among the interviewees during a year were: Cold (30%), GI trouble (18), respiratory disease (11), anemia (10), diarrhea (10), neuralgia (10), parasite disease (9), ENT (7), skin (7), headache (7), trauma (4), communicable disease (3), and circulatory disease (3) -in that order. The rate of health problems by age groups was highest in the infants group, thereafter the rate decreased gradually until the age 15-19 year age group which showed the lowest, and then the rate increased gradually with aging. Eighty-seven percent of health problems during a year were solved by primary medical care. Thirteen percent of them needed secondary medical care procedures. Days rested at home because of illness during a year were 16 days per interviewee and 44 days per patient and it accounted for 57,335 days lost among productive age group in the area (Table 21). Among those given medical examination, the conditions observed most frequently were respiratory disease, GI trouble, parasite disease, neuralgia, skin disease, trauma, tuberculosis, anemia, chronic obstructive lung disease, eye disorders-in that order (Table 22). The main health problems required secondary medical care are as fellows: (previous page). Utilization of medical care (treatment) The rate of treatment by various medical facilities for all health problems during one month was 73 percent. The rate of receiving of medical care of those who have health problems which required rest at home was 52% while the rate of those who have health problems which did not required rest was 61 percent (Table 23). The rate of receiving of medical care for all health problems during a year was 67 percent. The rate of receiving of medical care of those who have health problems which required rest at home was 82 percent while the rate of those who have health problems which did not required rest was as low as 53 percent (Table 24). Types of medical facilitied used were as follows: Hospital and clinics: 32-35% Herb clinics: 9-10% Drugstore: 53-58% Hospitalization Rate of hospitalization was 1.7% and the estimate number of hospitalizations among the total population during a year will be 107 persons (Table 25). Medical cost: Average medical cost per person during one month and a year were 171 and 2,800 won respectively. Average medical cost per patient during one month and a year were 1,109 and 3,740 won respectively. Average cost per household during a year was 15,800 won (Table 26, 27). Solution measures for health and medical care problems in rural area: A. Health problems which could be solved by paramedical workers such as nurses, midwives and aid nurses etc. are as follows: 1. Improvement of environmental sanitation 2. MCH except medical care problems 3. Family planning except surgical intervention 4. Tuberculosis control except diagnosis and prescription 5. Dental care except operational intervention 6. Health education for residents for improvement of utilization of medical facilities and early diagnosis etc. B. Medical care problems 1. Eighty-five percent of health problems could be solved by primary care procedures by general practitioners. 2. Fifteen percent of health problems need secondary medical procedures by a specialist. C. Medical cost Concidering the economic situation in rural area the amount of 2,062 won per residents during a year will be burdensome, so financial assistance is needed gorvernment to solve health and medical care problems for rural people.
국유림경영(國有林經營)은 어느 나라를 막론(莫論)하고 그 사명(使命)과 경영목적(經營目的)으로 봐서 중요시(重要視)되고 있다. 한국(韓國)의 국유림(國有林)도 또한 한국경제(韓國經濟)의 비약적(飛躍的)인 발전(發展)에 따라 목림수요(木林需要)의 계속적(繼續的)인 증가(增加)로 국가적(國家的)인 사명(使命)과 산업경제적(產業經濟的)으로 더욱 중요(重要)한 위치(位置)에 놓이게 되었다. 그러나 지금(只今)까지 한국임정(韓國林政)의 주요목표(主要目標)가 산림자원(山林資源)의 보존(保存)과 국토보전기능(國土保全機能)의 회복(回復)에만 급급(汲汲)한 나머지 임업(林業)의 경제생산성(經濟生產性)을 높이는 산업정책적의의(產業政策的意義)가 적었음을 우리는 부인(否認)할 수 없다. 그리하여 한국(韓國)의 임업(林業)도 한국경제구조중(韓國經濟構造中)의 일환(一環)으로서 산업적(產業的)으로 발전(發展)시킬 필요(必要)에 직면(直面)하게 되어 국유림(國有林)도 합리적(合理的)인 산림시업(山林施業)에 기초(基礎)를 둔 산림생산력(山林生產力)의 증강(增强)이 절실(切實)하게 되었고, 그렇게 하므로써 결과적(結果的)으로 우수(優秀)한 산림(山林)이 조성(造成)되어 자연(自然), 산림(山林)의 국토보전기능(國土保全機能) 기타(其他)의 공익적기능(公益的機能)도 발휘(發揮)될 수 있을 것으로 본다. 한국(韓國)의 국유림(國有林)은 1908년(年) 임적계출시(林籍屆出時)의 역사적(歷史的) 소산(所產)으로서 그 후(後) 국토보존(國土保存)과 산림경영(山林經營) 학술연구(學術硏究) 기타(其他) 공익상(公益上) 국유(國有)로 보존(保存)할 필요(必要)가 있는 요존림(要存林)과 이에 속(屬)하지 않는 부요존림(不要存林)으로 구분(區分)하고 요존국유림중(要存國有林中) 국가(國家)가 직접(直接) 임업경영(林業經營)을 목적(目的)으로 하는 산림(山林)은 3개영림서(個營林署)에서 관리(管理)하고 있으며 기타(其他)는 각시도(各市道) 및 타부처소관(他部處所管)으로 되어있는데 국유림(國有林)은 1971년말현재(年末現在) 전국산림면적(全國山林面積)의 19.5%(1,297,708 ha)를 점(占)하고 있으나 임목축적(林木蓄積)은 전국산림총축적량(全國山林總蓄積量)의 50.1%(