• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2014

Recently, ultrasound therapy has become a new and effective treatment for many brain diseases. Therefore, skull-mimicking phantoms have been developed to simulate the skull and brain tissue of a human and allow further research into ultrasound therapy. In this study, the suitability of various skull-mimicking materials(HDPE, POM C, Acrylic) for studies of brain-tumor treatments was evaluated using focused ultrasound. The acoustic properties of three synthetic resins were measured. The skull-mimicking materials were then combined with an egg white phantom to observe the differences in the ultrasound beam distortion according to the type of material. High-intensity polyethylene was found to be suitable as a skull-mimicking phantom because it had acoustic properties and a denatured-area shape that was close to those of the skull,. In this study, a skull-mimicking phantom with a multi-layer structure was produced after evaluating several skull-mimicking materials. This made it possible to predict the denaturation in a skull in relation to focused ultrasound. The development of a therapeutic protocol for a range of brain diseases will be useful in the future.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2009

Medicinal herbs are significant source of synthetic and herbal drugs. In the commercial market, medicinal herbs are used as raw drugs, extracts or tinctures. Isolated active constituents are used for applied research. For the last few decades, phytochemistry (study of plants) has been making rapid progress and herbal products are becoming popular. According to Ayurveda, the ancient healing system of India, the classical texts of Ayurveda, Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita were written around 1000 B.C. The Ayurvedic Materia Medica includes 600 medicinal plants along with therapeutics. Herbs like turmeric, fenugreek, ginger, garlic and holy basil are integral part of Ayurvedic formulations. The formulations incorporate single herb or more than two herbs (poly-herbal formulations). Medicinal herb contains multitude of chemical compounds like alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, resins, oleoresins, sesquiterpene, lactones and oils (essential and fixed). Today there is growing interest in chemical composition of plant based medicines. Several bioactive constituents have been isolated and studied for pharmacological activity. R. cordifolia is an important medicinal plant commonly used in the traditional and Ayurvedic system of medicine for treatment of different ailments. This review illustrates its major constituents, pharmacological actions substantiating the claims made about this plant in the traditional system of medicine and its clinical applications.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.27-33
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• 2008

Polyethylene terephtahalate has been used in several areas such as fiber, film, bottle, and disposable products. Production of PET has been rapidly increasing these days. Since PET is a semi-permanent material, it has a non-biodegradable character in itself. Wasted PET products can cause serious environmental problems. Many countries around the world impose environmental legal restrictions over their abandonments. Many researches on the enviromental influence factors and treatment techniques of the wasted PET have been carried out. The main objective of this study is to develop a new sizing agent using recycling PET and improve its internal sizing effect. Dried powder of PET was used to make the modified PET. After extracting water-dispersible PET by subcritical hydrolysis, polyester resins have been extracted and triphenyl phosphate(TPP) has been added to obtain optimal internal sizing agent. It was found that the optimum dosage of TPP was 2% (per PET weight) and the hydrolysis temperature was independent on making the modified PET.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.439-449
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• 2015

Carbolic Acid which is called phenol is one of the important starting and/or intermediate materials in various industrial processes. However, its excessive release into environment poses a threat to living organisms, as it is a highly carcinogens and hazardous pollutant even at the very low concentration. Thus removal of phenol from polluted environments is very crucial for sustainable remediation process. We developed a low cost adsorption method for separating phenol from a model aqueous solution. The phenol adsorption was studied using two adsorbents i.e., Amber lite XAD-16 and Amber lite XAD-7 HP with a constant amount of resin 0.1 g at varying aqueous phenol concentrations ($50-200mgL^{-1}$) at room temperature. We compared the efficacy of two phenol adsorbents for removing higher phenol concentrations from the media. We investigated equilibrium and kinetics studies of phenol adsorption employing Freundlich, Temkin and Langmuir isotherms. Amberlite XAD-16 performed better than Amberlite XAD-7 HP in terms of phenol removal efficiency that amounted to 95.52%. Pseudo second order model was highly fitted for both of the adsorption systems. The coefficient of determination ($R^2$) with Langmuir isotherm was found to be 0.98 for Amberlite XAD-7 HP. However, Freundlich isotherm showed $R^2$ value of 0.95 for Amberlite XAD-16, indicating that both isotherms could be described for the isotherms on XAD-7 HP and Amberlite XAD-16, respectively.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2011

N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) is globally used as an organic solvent in the production of synthetic leather and resins because of its low volatility, making it an attractive industrial material. Despite its excellent property as a chemical solvent, utilization of DMF is somewhat controversial nowadays due to its hazardous effects on exposed workers in work places. Many toxification cases are being reported globally and the number of cases of liver damage is still increasing in developing countries. On account of this, a series of epidemiologic surveys are being conducted to understand the degrees of liver damage caused by DMF exposure. Furthermore, many investigations have been performed to clarify the mechanism of DMF-induced liver toxicity using both human and experimental animal models. This review summarizes the current occupational cases reported on liver damage from workers exposed to DMF in industrial work places and the research results that account for DMF-induced liver failure and possible carcinogenesis. The findings reviewed here show the synergistic toxicity of DMF exposure with other toxicants, which might occur through complicated but distinct mechanisms, which may extend our knowledge for establishing risk assessments of DMF exposure in industrial work places.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.15-21
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• 2007

To prepare a natural rubber-based pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) for protection film of opto- functionalized sheet, natural rubber (NR) was blended with a DCPD type tackifier and three types of aliphatic hydrocarbon resins, respectively. Also, to supply low cohesion strength of NR, in the fixed ratio of tackifier, synthetic rubber, styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) block copolymer was blended with NR as a function of SIS contents. PSA performance of prepared PSAs was evaluated using probe tack and peel strength. Probe tack of NR/tackifier blends was increased with increasing tackifier contents, and showed maximum peak. In addition, probe tack of NR/tackifier blends slightly increased with increasing softening point of aliphatic hydrocarbon resins. Their peel strength increased up to 50 wt% of tackifier contents, but in the over contents of tackifier, they showed stick-slip failure mode. Finally, probe tack of NR/SIS/tackifier blends showed the maximum values at 20~40 wt% of tackifier contents, but at 20 wt% of tackifier contents, they showed fibrillation. For this reason, peel strength showed maximum values at 40 wt% of tackifier contents.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.81-92
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• 2013

In the past, European material and method were applied to conservation of Buddhist mural paintings in Korea. At that time, there were inadequate to selection of materials in consideration of porosity and hydrophilicity, therefore insufficiency to assessing their suitability for materials. The treatment result of mural painting are dissatisfied with consolidation of painting layer using synthetic resin. Therefore, it has experimented on applying fixative for reinforcement of painting layer on Buddhist mural painting in order to establish the effects of conservation. In relationship of binder's viscosity, adhesion and penetrating depth, adhesion increased in high-viscosity specimen whereas it decreased in low-viscosity specimen. While the binder's penetrating depths show similar patterns, the surface's response and combination adjacent to painting layer have differences. Animal glue and methyl cellulose (MC) shows excellent performance in their reaction with soil and painting layer. It is estimated that the fixative penetrates deep into soil to produce a stable fixing effect. The viscosity of polyvinyl acetate resin (PVAc) and acrylic resins are low, and thus penetrates well into soil, but they adhere poorly to soil.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.379-385
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• 2018

This study examined the condition of degraded plastic artifacts and conducted materials assessments for conservation treatment. The properties and bond characteristics of five types of adhesives(EVA, PVAc, Cyanoacrylate) were evaluated to select the adhesive most suitable for conservation treatment. The degradation of plastic artifacts caused cracks, peelings, and surface warping. According to the FT-IR analysis, the synthetic resin used in the artifact was estimated to EVA type. The properties of the adhesives were evaluated through acidity, and hardness measurements. The results showed that acidity varies with the type of adhesive, and that the hardness of PVAc was higher than those of EVA. On comparing the bond characteristics of the samples after artificial degradation, it was found that PVAc and Cyanoacrylate increased the chromaticity and hardness of the samples, while EVA was the most stable with relatively little change. Thus, EVA was confirmed to be the most suitable materials for conservation treatment of degraded plastic artifacts. In this study, as the experiment of treatment materials based on actual artifact, it is expected that it could be used a basis research for conservation treatment of plastic artifacts.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2015

The carton for liquid products are divided into 'gable top carton' and 'aseptic carton'. Currently, these packages are being recycled in the toilet tissue manufacturing process. The recycling of the carton aluminium laminate is the most important problem facing the recycling procedure of the carton packages due to the reduction in quality of recycled materials. The polymer structure with synthetic resins being used mainly in beverage packaging is also one of the important factors for the procedure for its recycling. The objective of this study was to investigate the package material and structure of the carton for liquid products through marketing research and suggest the supplementation in the work processes of production, use, and recycling. The results represent to improve the recycling profit and the quality of recycled materials when a laminated aluminium of carton for liquid products is replaced to the transparent polymer film. The improvement of the sorting and recycling process may help their recycling efficiencies. In addition, the limited use of synthetic resin molded packaging and increase of wood-pulp collection rate will provide the improvement of the recycling profit and the quality of recycled materials.

• Clean Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.223-228
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• 2002

The biodegradable Properties of various polyester resins with different chemical structures have been studied by applying the controlled compost test and soil burial test. Celluose was taken as a fully biodegradable reference resin while PVC and PE were empolyed as non-biodegradable reference chains or ester group were rather easily degraded by hydrolase, meanwhile copolymer type polyesters which contain aromatic rings showed relatively low biodegradability. According to the results from controlled compost test, cellulose(the positive reference) showed 70.6% degradation after 45 days, whereas synthetic poly(butylene adipate-co-succinate), poly(butylene succinate), poly(butylene adipate-co-succinate-co-terephthalate) showed 44.0%, 32.0% and 23.4% degradation respectively. In this regard, it was concluded that biodegradable properties of polymers are largely dependant on the chemical structures constituting the polymers.