• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2017

A synergistic effect was observed in the combination of nitrite and ethanolamines. Ethanolamine is one of the representative organic corrosion inhibitors and can be categorized as adsorption type. However, nitrosamines can form when amines mix with sodium nitrite. Since nitrosamine is a carcinogen, the co-addition of nitrite and ethanolamine will be not practical, and thus, a non-toxic combination of inhibitors shall be needed. In order to maximize the effect of monoethanolamine, we focused on the addition of molybdate. Molybdate has been used to alternate the addition of chromate, but it showed insufficient oxidizing power relative to corrosion inhibitors. This work evaluated the synergistic effect of the co-addition of molybdate and monoethanolamine, and its corrosion mechanism was elucidated. A high concentration of molybdate or monoethanolamine was needed to inhibit the corrosion of ductile cast iron in tap water, but in the case of the co-addition of molybdate and monoethanolamine, a synergistic effect was observed. This synergistic effect could be attributed to the molybdate that partly oxidizes the metallic surface and the monoethanolamine that is simultaneously adsorbed on the graphite surface. This adsorbed layer then acts as the barrier layer that mitigates galvanic corrosion between the graphite and the matrix.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.586-592
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• 2005

역마이셀 미강유를 기질로 하여 rosemary, sage, oregano와 ginger의 메탄올과 헥산 추출물 500ppm에 카테킨 또는 아스코르브산 200 ppm을 각각 첨가하여 Rancimat으로 유도기간을 측정하여 항산화 상승효과를 조사하였다. Rosemary, sage, oregano와 ginger의 메탄을 추출물에 카테킨 첨가시 모두 상승효과를 나타내었으며, 아스코르브산을 첨가시 ginger를 제외하고는 항산화 상승효과를 보였다. 항산화 상승효과는 전반적으로 아스코르브산보다 카테킨이 높게 나타났다. 헥산 추출물의 경우, 카테킨 첨가시 oregano와 ginger에서 강한 상승효과를 보였으며, ascorbic acid 첨가시, rosemary와 sage에서 상승효과가 나타났다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.117-119
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• 1990

A combination of magnolol or honokiol with lysozyme isolated from the egg white of the Korean Ogol fowl (Korean natural monument No.265) exhibited synergistic effect of bactericidal activity against a typical cariogenic bacterium, Streptococcus mutans OMZ 176. The synergistic ratio increased with time dependence.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1605-1612
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• 2006

Interleukin (IL)-18, a member of the family of IL-l cytokine, is one of the principal inducers of $interferon-{\gamma}(IFN-{\gamma})$ in T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of IL-18 on the expression of chemokine IP-10 (CXCL-10) mRNA in mouse peritoneal macrophages. IL-18 had very weak direct effect or synergistic effect with IL-12 on the expression of IP-10 mRNA in C57BL/6 mouse peritoneal macrophages. However, IL-18 pretreatment was found to playa cooperative role in the expression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IP-10 mRNA. For the expression of LPS-induced IP-10 mRNA, the synergistic effect was detected after 16 h of IL-18 pretreatment prior to LPS stimulation. The expression level of CD14 in cells stimulated with LPS was not changed by IL-18 pretreatment, and the level of $IFN-{\gamma}$ production during IL-18 pretreatment plus LPS stimulation was barely discernible ($0.36{\pm}0.31pg/ml$). Namely, the synergistic effect of IL-18 pretreatment was not related to a change of LPS receptor, CD14 expression, and the production of $IFN-{\gamma}$ by the interaction between IL-18 and LPS. The synergistic effect of IL-18 pretreatment on the expression of LPS-induced IP-10 was related to not NF-kB but AP-1 activation, and associated with the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, one of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. These results provide useful information that may elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effect of IL-18 on the expression of IP-10 mRNA.

• 환경생물
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.336-343
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• 2021

Fumigation of fruits and vegetables during quarantine and pre-shipment(QPS) treatment should be effective with a shorter fumigation time to minimize phytotoxicity. In this research study, a shorter fumigation time, 2 hours exposure which is shorter than that of the current commercial fumigation procedures using a lower dose of ethyl formate (EF) mixed with phosphine (PH₃) on strawberry was investigated. The reciprocal effect between EF and PH₃ against nymphs and adult Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Tetranychus urticae (Koch) was evaluated. In addition, L(Ct)₅₀ and L(Ct)₉₉ of EF only and EF mixed with PH₃ were analyzed at 5℃ and 20℃. The synergistic ratio (SR) of L(Ct)₅₀ and L(Ct)₉₉ for the nymph and adult stages of M. persicae were >1.0, which indicated a synergistic effect between EF and PH₃. However, the SR values of L(Ct)₅₀ and L(Ct)₉₉ of the nymph and adult stages of T. urticae were ≤1.0 indicating that there was no synergistic effect between the two fumigants against T. urticae. Our results showed that the reciprocal effect between EF and PH₃ has different effects on M. persicae and T. urticae. This could be attributed to the biological and physical differences between the class Arachnida and Insecta. The synergistic effect between EF and PH₃ against M. persicae within a shorter exposure period and without phytotoxicity on fruits and vegetables will significantly benefit the horticultural industry.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.16-20
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• 1998

The antioxidant and synergistic effect of methanol extracts of onion skin were investigated by measuring peroxide value. The inhibitory effects of the extracts against metal catalyzed oxidation were also studied. The antioxidant activity of methanol extract (0.02%) of onion skin was stronger than that of mixed tocopherol or ascorbic acid (0.02%), but weaker than that of BHT (0.02%). However, the methanol extract at the concentration of 0.04% exhibited strong antioxidant effect, comparable to that of BHT (0.02%). The methanol extract showed very strong synergistic effect with the mixed tocopherol. The methanol extracts at the concentration of 0.03% and 0.04% acted as metal deactivator in the presence of FeC1$_3$. As a metal deactivator, methanol extract of onion skin appeared to be more effective than citric acid.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.93-99
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and synergistic effects upon different concentrations(0.02, 0.1, l%) of histidine and alanine in soybean oil during incubation at 6$0^{\circ}C$. Acid value(AV), peroxide value (POV) and thiobarbituric acid(TBA) value of each oil was monitored. Histidine and alanine showed antioxidative effects in all concentrations. In the case of the incubating antioxidative effect of histidine was lower than that of TBHQ. That of alanine was considerably higher than that of $\alpha$-tocopherol, but was lower than that of histidine. Synergistic effects among histidine, alanine and some food antioxidants were shown to exist available in all substrates and the best effect was shown in substrate added compound of histidine and $\alpha$-tocopherol.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.784-787
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• 2008

Antifungal activity of ChiCW and synergistic interactions between ChiCW with fungicides were investigated. Conidial germinations of phytopathogenic fungi, Alternaria brassicicola, Botrytis elliptica, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, were inhibited by ChiCW but A. longipes was not. In addition, ChiCW showed synergistic effect with fungicides Switch (cyprodinil+fludioxonil) and tebuconazole to inhibit fungal conidial germinations. The level of synergism of ChiCW with tebuconazole was higher than that with Switch. The results indicate that ChiCW may exhibit a higher level of synergism with fungicides that have a primary effect upon membranes.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2022

Objectives : This study is to investigate whether Carthami flos exhibits a synergistic effect on the apoptotic effect of doxorubicin on human gastric cancer cells. Methods : We used AGS, a human gastric cancer cell line. To investigate the apoptotic efficacy of doxorubicin and Carthami flos, MTT and CCK-8 methods were used. To confirm apoptosis, cell cycle and mitochondrial membrane potential changes were confirmed. To investigate the mechanism of apoptosis, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) experiment was performed. Results : 1. Doxorubicin or Carthami flos induced cell death in the human gastric cancer cell line AGS. 2. Carthami flos showed a synergistic effect of cell death by doxorubicin. 3. The cell cycle and mitochondrial membrane potential changes revealed that cell death was apoptosis. 4. Apoptosis was related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Conclusions : This result shows the anticancer synergistic effect of Carthami flos in gastric cancer cells, and is considered to be an important basis for the development of anticancer drugs for Carthami flos.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.414-432
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• 1995

In order to prove the antitumer effect of Bupleuri Radix(BR) and Artemisiae capillaris Herba(ACH) experimently, studies were done. The antitumer effect against hepatic cancer such as Hep G2, PLC & Hep 313, and also th synergastic action was evaulatcd in the combined treatment with anticancer drugs using chiefly for liver cancer, such as mitomycin(MMC), cisplatin(CPT) and 5-fluorouracil(5-FU). The results were obtained as follows: 1. IC50 against Hep G2, Hep 3B and PLC was 15.5ug/ml, 25.4ug/ml, 31.25ug/ml in Mitomycin (MMC), 92.5ug/ml, 50.2ug/ml, 62.5ug/ml in cisplatin(CPT) and 125ug/ml in 5-fluouracil(5- FU) respectively. 2. The antitumor effect was shown in the all concentrations of ACH, BR and below 55%-Cytotoxic effect against Hep G2 as compared with the date of control was shown in the concentration of $10^{-4}g/ml$ above of BR but not in ACH and also BR and ACHI revealed the synergistic effect with MMC. 3. The antitumor effect was shown in the concentration of $10^{-5}g/ml$ above of ACH, BR and below 55%-Cytotoxic effect against Hep 3B as compared with the data of control was shown in the concentration of $10^{-5}g/ml$ above of ACH but not in BH and also BR & ACH revealed the svnergistic effect with MMC. 4. The antitumor effect was shown in the all concentrations of ACH, BR and 55%-Cytotoxic effect against PLC as compared with the data of control was shown in the concentration of $10^{-5}g/ml$ above of ACH but not in BR and also ACH revealed the synergistic effect with MMC. From the above results it was concluded that Artemisiae capillaris had antitumor effect against PLC, Hep 3B, Bupleuri Radix against Hep G2 and also MMC showed the most synergistic effect in the anticancer drugs.