• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2022

We introduce the notion of a minimal synchronizing word; that is a synchronizing word whose proper subwords are not synchronized. This has been used to give a new shorter proof for a theorem in [6]. Also, the common synchronized components of a subshift and its derived set have been characterized.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.29 no.6A
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• pp.690-696
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• 2004

Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) -A/90, which is a standard for terrestrial data transmission in Korea, defines synchronized data that has a strong timing association with a separate Program Element. It is classified as synchronized streaming data that is carried in packetized elementary stream (PES) packets or a synchronized non-streaming data that shall be carried in digital storage media command and control (DSM-CC) section. In this paper, we study the design and verification of synchronized streaming data processing algorithm based on ATSC -A/90. We designed a parser and a player for the algorithm development. The received PES packet including synchronized streaming data is parsed in the parser. The parsed synchronized streaming data is synchronized and displayed by player. Finally, we ascertained that STB was working properly with MPEG-2 transport stream (TS) containing synchronized streaming data, as the proposed algorithm is implemented on a set-top box.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2002

Effect of secondary air injection (SAI) on hydrocarbon reduction has been investigated in a single cylinder Sl engine operating at cold-steady/cold-start conditions. The hydrocarbon emission and exhaust gas temperature with and without catalytic converter were compared with continuous and synchronized SAIs, which injected secondary air intermittently into exhaust port. Effects of SAI location, SAI pressure, SAI timing, and location of catalytic converter have been investigated and the results are compared for both SAls with base condition. At cold-steady condition, the rate of HC reduction increased as the location of SAI was closer to the exhaust valve for both synchronized and continuous SAls. The emission of HC decreased with increasing exhaust-A/F when it was rich, and was relatively insensitive when it was lean. The timing of SAI in synchronized SAI had significant effect on HC reduction and exhaust gas temperature and the synchronized SAI was found to be more effective in HC reduction and exhaust gas temperature compared to the continuous SAI . At cold-start condition, when the catalytic converter was located 20 cm downstream from the exhaust port exit, the catalytic converter warm-up period for both SAls decreased by about 50%, and the accumulated hydrocarbon emission during the first 120 s decreased about by 56% and 22% with the synchronized and continuous SAIs, respectively, compared to that of the base condition.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 2001

A synchronized secondaty air injection method has been developed to hydrocarbon emission by injecting secondary air intermittently into exhaust port. The method has been tested in a single cylinder spark-ignition engine operating at cold-steady / cold-start conditions. Effects of air injection timing, intake pressure and engine air-fuel ratio have been investigated at cold-steady condition. Also, hydrocarbon emission and exhaust gas temperature with catalytic conberter are compared with a continuous SAI method and base condition at cold-start condition. Resules show that hydrocarbon reduction rate and exhaust gas temperature are sensitive to the timing of synchronized SAI. At cold-steady condition, HC emission is minimum at engine air-fuel ratio of 10. At cold-start condition, the accumulated hydrocarbon emission during the first 120 s decreases about 56% and 22% with the synchronized and continuous SAI, respectively, compared to that of base condition.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.149-160
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• 2004

In this paper, we present an interactive data broadcasting system compliant with the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) standards. The proposed system provides users not only with various data broadcasting services but also remote interactive services. For various data broadcasting services, we have adopted a synchronized data injector that calculates the transmission time of synchronized data accurately and multiplexes synchronized data with the data of an MPEG-2 audio-visual program according to the calculated transmission time. To support remote interactive services, we designed and implemented a return channel server connected on a bi-directional interaction channel. Test results show that the proposed system provides both an asynchronous and synchronized data broadcasting service and remote interactive service appropriately.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.789-797
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• 2006

A new method for the GPS repeater based indoor positioning is proposed and its feasibility is verified by experiments in previous paper. But the problems how can identify switching GPS repeater's ID and when switching will be occurred are remained. To solve the problem faced with, we propose the time synchronized switching GPS repeater and the methods of the detection of switching time and the estimation of TDOA. First, switching GPS repeater retransmits the signals synchronized on GPS time, sequentially. Always, first switching time is synchronized with 1 PPS. Second, we formulate the detection of switching time and the estimation of TDOA and propose the various methods. No method is existed absolutely superior to others in any conditions but the method is existed superior to others in specific condition. Finally, feasibility of indoor positioning using time-synchronized switching GPS repeater is evaluated through experiments in anechoic chamber and general environment with multipath.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.106-110
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• 2019

The interaural level difference (ILD) used for the sound localization using stereo signals is to find the difference in energy that the sound source reaches both ears. The conventional ILD does not consider the time difference of the stereo signals, which is a factor of lowering the accuracy. In this paper, we propose a synchronized ILD that obtains the ILD after synchronizing these time differences. This method uses the cross-correlation function (CCF) to calculate the time difference to reach both ears and use it to obtain synchronized ILD. In order to prove the performance of the proposed method, we conducted two sound localization experiments. In each experiment, the synchronized ILD and CCF or only the synchronized ILD were given as inputs of the deep neural networks (DNN), respectively. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of sound localization with mean error and accuracy of sound localization. Experimental results show that the proposed method has better performance than the conventional methods.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.48-54
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• 2022

Objectives: Among adolescent development tasks, being independent of parents is an essential process for emotional and physical separation. There are many conflicts of separation and individuation between parents and adolescents; however, most clinicians explore the process of separation and individuation only from adolescents' perspective. Whether simultaneously or sequentially, separation-individuation occurs between adolescents and parents, respectively. The authors have already introduced the theory of synchronized individuation in a clinical case to explain the concept of this intersubjective phenomena. This study also attempts to prove the synchronized individuation theory through the interaction of characters in a movie and a fairy tale. Methods: The authors present the basis for the theory of synchronized individuation of adolescence through the growing process of Mason Junior, the main character of the movie "Boyhood," and from the process of the separation of a hen, Sprout, and an orphaned duckling in "The hen who dreamed she could fly." Results: Synchronized individuation was developed and observed from Mason, the son's perspective in "Boyhood," and Sprout, the mother's subjective perspective in the story of the hen. Conclusion: Increasing conflict and mutual impact in the relationship between adolescents and parents, ambivalent feelings for separation, selective identification of each other, mutual respect through mutual recognition, and role changes in relationship position were confirmed. Sons and mothers were individualized with synchronization.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.74-82
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• 2004

In digital broadcasting, applications are computer programs executed by the set-top box(TV receiver) , and synchronized applications are those that perform tasks at the specified moments in the underlying video. This paper describes important concepts, standards, and skills needed to implement synchronized applications and explains how to integrate them to implement these applications. This Paper assumes the European data broadcasting standard, DVB-MHP. In DVB-MHP, scheduled stream events are recommended as a means of synchronizing applications with video streams. In this method, the application receives each stream event, and executes the action associated with the stream event at the time specified in the stream event. Commercially available stream generators, i.e., multiplexers, do not generate transport streams that support scheduled stream events. So we used a stream generator implemented in our lab. We implemented a synchronized application where the actions triggered by stream events are to display graphic images. We found that our synchronized application processes scheduled stream events successfully. In our experimentation, the stream events were synchronized with the video and the deviation from the intended time was within 240 ㎳, which is a tolerance for synchronization skew between graphic images and video.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.930-940
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• 2008

This paper proposes a prototype realization of multi-view HD video transport system with synchronized multiplexing over IP networks. The proposed synchronized multiplexing considers the synchronization during video acquisition and the multiplexing for the interactive view-selection during transport. For the synchronized acquisition from multiple HDV camcorders through IEEE 1394 interface, we estimate the timeline differences among MPEG-2 compressed video streams by using global time of network between the cameras and a server and correct timelines of video streams by changing the time stamp of the MPEG-2 system stream. Also, we multiplex a selected number of acquired HD views at the MPEG-2 TS (transport stream) level for the interactive view-selection during transport. Thus, with the proposed synchronized multiplexing scheme, we can display synchronized HD view.