• Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.555-574
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• 2002

This study concerns the constraints of English Poetic Meter. In English poems, the metrical pattern doesn't always match the linguistic stress on the lines. These mismatches are found differently among the poets. For the lexical stress mismatched with the weak metrical position, W⇒ Strength is established by the concept of the strong syllable. The peaks of monosyllabic words mismatched with the weak metrical position are divided according to which side of the boundary of a phonological domain they are adjacent to. Adjacency Constraint I is suggested for the mismatched peak which is adjacent to the left boundary of a phonological domain; /sup */Peak] and Adjacency ConstraintⅡ for the mismatched peak which is adjacent to the right boundary of a phonological domain. These constraints are various according to the poets (Pope, Milton and Shakespeare) : /sup */[Peak [-stress], /sup */W⇒ Strength and /sup */Peak] in Pope; /sup */[+stress][Peak[-stress] and /sup */Peak] in Milton; /sup */[ +stress][Peak[-stress], /sup */W⇒Strength and Adjacency ConstraintⅡ in Shakespeare.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.121-132
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• 2006

In Hangeul, the graphemes of syllables are organized in horizontal, vertical and mixed (both horizontal & vertical) orientations, and the graphemic position of consonant(s) and vowel(s) within a each syllable needs to be maintained within a square pattern. We investigated the characteristics of writing errors of 9 stroke patients with right hemisphere (RH) lesions and compared it to the performances of 15 normal subjects. The subjects were asked to write to dictation of 90 Korean syllables. One of the interesting findings was that our patients manifested visuospatial errors which are not commonly observed in other language-speaking (e.g., English) patients due to the unique syllabic organizations of Korean writing system. The prominent errors in the RH group could be explained by the impaired RH which normally controls the visuospatial functions.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.317-327
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• 1993

Stands profiles, yearly changes in growth of annual rings, age and diameter structure, and spatial distribution pattern of individuals in the Pinus densiflora stands around the Yeocheon industrial complex were investigated. Growth of annual ring in Pinus densiflora, which survived when vegetation of this area was damaged by air pollutants, was suppressed for about 10 years since 1974 when factories in this area began to operate, but since then such suppressed growth tended to be recovered. It was supposed that the suppresed growth was originated from air pollution and that improvement of growth since the suppressed period was due to the release from competition with them by death of neighbouring trees and the resuction of the amount of air pollutants. Physiognomy of Pinus densiflora stands showed mosaic pattern composed of different patches. Spatial distribution pattern of individuals an stand profiles were similar to those of Pinus densiflora stands regenerated after natural and artificial disturbances. In an age distribution diagram, age of Pinus densiflora population ranged from 1 to 33 years, Among these individuals were recrited corresponded to the suppresed period of growth of annual ring in Pinus densiflora survived when the vegetation was damaged by air pollution. On the other hand, from the result of analysis of frequency distribution diagram of diameter, it was postulated that even if whis Pinus densiflora community can be maintained as it is for the time being, it might be changed to Quercus community with the lapse of time. Regeneration; Pinus densiflora; Air pollution; Annual ring; Age structure; Diameter structure; Quercus spp. In these analyses, factors for individual recognition and species recognition were suggested.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.51-64
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• 2004

The purpose of this paper is to establish the Standard Korean Vocal Sound into Character Conversion Rule (Standard VSCC Rule) by reversely applying the Korean Standard Pronunciation Rule that regulates the way of reading written Hangeul sentences. The Standard VSCC Rule performs a crucially important role in Korean speech recognition. The general method of speech recognition is to find the most similar pattern among the standard voice patterns to the input voice pattern. Each of the standard voice patterns is an average of several sample voice patterns. If the unit of the standard voice pattern is a word, then the number of entries of the standard voice pattern will be greater than a few millions (taking inflection and postpositional particles into account). This many entries require a huge database and an impractically too many comparisons in the process of finding the most similar pattern. Therefore, the unit of the standard voice pattern should be a syllable. In this case, we have to resolve the problem of the difference between the Korean vocal sounds and the writing characters. The process of converting a sequence of Korean vocal sounds into a sequence of characters requires our Standard VSCC Rule. Making use of our Standard VSCC Rule, we have implemented a Korean vocal sounds into Hangeul character conversion system. The Korean Standard Pronunciation Rule consists of 30 items. In order to show soundness and completeness of our Standard VSCC Rule, we have tested the conversion system with various data sets reflecting all the 30 items. The test results will be presented in this paper.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.2E
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• pp.26-30
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• 1998

In this paper, we compose neural network predictive HMM(NNPHMM) to provide the dynamic feature of the speech pattern for the HMM. The NNPHMM is the hybrid network of neura network and the HMM. The NNPHMM trained to predict the future vector, varies each time. It is used instead of the mean vector in the HMM. In the experiment, we compared the recognition abilities of the one hundred Korean syllables according to the variation of hidden layer, state number and prediction orders of the NNPHMM. The hidden layer of NNPHMM increased from 10 dimensions to 30 dimensions, the state number increased from 4 to 6 and the prediction orders increased from 10 dimensions to 30 dimension, the state number increased from 4 to 6 and the prediction orders increased from the second oder to the fourth order. The NNPHMM in the experiment is composed of multi-layer perceptron with one hidden layer and CMHMM. As a result of the experiment, the case of prediction order is the second, the average recognition rate increased 3.5% when the state number is changed from 4 to 5. The case of prediction order is the third, the recognition rate increased 4.0%, and the case of prediction order is fourth, the recognition rate increased 3.2%. But the recognition rate decreased when the state number is changed from 5 to 6.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2018

This study compared the relative contributions of intensity, F0, duration and vowel spectra of L2 English lexical stress by Japanese and Korean learners of English. Recordings of Japanese, Korean and native English speakers reading eighteen 2 to 4 syllable words in a carrier sentence were analyzed using multiple regression to investigate the influence of each acoustic correlate in determining whether a vowel was stressed. The relative contribution of each correlate was calculated by converting the coefficients to percentages. The Japanese learner group showed phonological transfer of L1 phonology to L2 lexical prosody and relied mostly on F0 and duration in manifesting L2 English stress. This is consistent with the results of the previous studies. However, advanced Japanese speakers in the group showed less reliance on F0, and more use of intensity, which is another parameter used in native English stress accents. On the other hand, there was little influence of F0 on L2 English stress by the Korean learners, probably due to the transfer of the Korean intonation pattern to L2 English prosody. Hence, this study shows that L1 transfer happens at the prosodic level for Japanese learners of English and at the intonational level for Korean learners.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.103-116
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• 2008

Cerebral palsy children represent abnormal vocalization pattern caused by respiration problem and paralyzed oral motor muscle that are the basics of speech production. Thus, this study examined the effect of respiration and articulator training programs on the basic ability of speech production in CP children. The subjects of this study were 4 children with 3 of spastic CP and 1 of ataxia CP. The respiration and articulator program was conducted in 30 sessions for 30 minutes each. Pre-test was administered twice before the program, ongoing test was administered every 5 session during the period of experiment, and post-test was administered twice. The program included speech production such as respiration training, lips, jaw, cheek, and tongue exercise, and velopharyngeal training, and related articulator training. The following results were obtained. First, all subject children were less than 5 seconds in maximum phonation time before the experiment and 2 were improved by more than 4$\sim$5 seconds during the experiment, but 2 had relatively low rising width. Second, while children with less than 30dB before the experiment became bigger in strength during the experiment, children with more than 35dB before the experiment showed a minor change. Subject child 4 had lower vocal strength in the post-test period. Finally, although each subject had individual difference in syllable diadochokinetic ability, the function was improved and the number of repetition in one respiration was also increased.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.71-79
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• 2019

This study aims to investigate the rhythmic patterns in the English speech produced by Chinese learners of English who learn English as a foreign language (EFL learners). Utilizing interval-based rhythm metrics, namely, VarcoC, VarcoV, nPVI-C, nPVI-V, and %V, the study compared the rhythmic differences in English speech between ten native speakers from the United States and forty Chinese EFL learners from mainland China. A sentence elicitation task consisting of thirty picture prompts and corresponding thirty stimuli sentences with at least five vocalic and four consonantal intervals was conducted. Statistical results reveal that both Chinese advanced learners and beginners had significantly lower degree of stress-timed in their English speech, indicating that the acquisition of the L2 speech rhythm was influenced by the learners' L1 rhythmic pattern. In addition, the results also show that the Chinese advanced learners had significantly higher degree of stress-timed in their English speech than beginners and showed no significant difference with native speakers in VarcoC and nPVI-C. These results indicate that the direction of L2 speech rhythm development was from more syllable-timed to more stress-timed.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.85-94
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• 2015

This study is to investigate the characteristic of tonal elements in word utterance of 30 pre-school children. For the analyses, 240 utterances of 4 syllable words were processed to extract acoustic values and then the data was transformed into tonal height in order to examine the contour. The results show that the mean pitch of a note is $C4{\frac{1}{2}}(271.17Hz)$ and high and low pitched notes are $C5{\frac{1}{2}}(452.57Hz)$ and $G{\sharp}3{\frac{1}{2}}(192.54Hz)$. The pitch patterns of the 4 syllables measured at the frication and aspiration portion are $E4{\frac{1}{2}}-F4-B3{\frac{1}{2}}-A3$ and F4-E4-B3-A3. The pitch patterns of consonant clusters are $B3{\frac{1}{2}}-D4-B3{\frac{1}{2}}-A3{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $A{\sharp}3{\frac{1}{2}}-C4-A3-D4{\frac{1}{2}}$. The analyses of tonal elements in this study provide evidentiary data on tonal height helpful for developing melodic contour.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.25-31
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• 2018

This paper investigated the phonological processes of monophthongs and diphthongs in the pronounced words present in the Buckeye Corpus and compared the frequency distribution of these processes by sex and age groups to provide a clearer understanding of spoken English to linguists and phoneticians. Both orthographic and pronounced words were extracted from the transcribed label scripts of the Buckeye Corpus using R. Next, the phonological processes of monophthongs and diphthongs in the orthographic and pronounced labels were tabulated using R scripts, and a frequency distribution by vowel process types, as well as sex and age groups, was created. The results revealed that 95% of the orthographic words contained the same number of syllables, whereas 5% had different numbers of vowels, thereby proving that speakers tend to preserve vowels in spontaneous speech. In addition, deletion processes were preferred in natural speech. Most vowel deletions occurred with an unstressed syllable. Chi-square tests were performed to calculate dependence in the distribution of phonological process types for male and female groups and young and old groups. The results showed a very strong correlation. This finding indicates that vowel processes occurred in approximately the same pattern in natural and spontaneous speech data regardless of sex and age, as well as whether or not the vowel processes were identical. Based on these results, the author concludes that an analysis of phonological processes in spontaneous speech corpora can greatly enhance practical understanding of spoken English.