• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.65-66
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• 2005

Anaerobic digestion is one of the well-known methods for biological treatment handling of concentrated organic matter such as swine $wastewater.^{1)} The anaerobic digestion can reduce organic loading but also hydrolyze non-biodegradable organic $matter.^{2)}$ The feces from the scrapper-type barn are usually collected to make compost and the urine is discarded with swine-slurry wastewater by ocean-dumping or treated by biological methods. The lagoon, aerobic digestion, anaerobic digestion, SBR, $A^{2}/O$, and UCT have been applied for treating swine $wastewater.^{3)} In this study, as a result of the analysis of swine wastewater, the total and soluble chemical oxygen demand was 130g/L and 60g/L, respectively. And the volatile fatty acid as chemical oxygen demand equivalent was 45g/L, which was 75% of soluble chemical oxygen demand. Before everything else, ammonia nitrogen concentration was 6.5 g/L. From biochemical acidogenic potential test, it was concluded that the enhanced acidification process to manage swine waste should be operated in the ammonia nitrogen concentration of less than 1.2 g/L. In the result of seeding ratio experiments with artificial $wastewater^{4)}, the lag period of acidogens was taken the long time because of the inhibition by the $ammonia^{5)}$, however no difference of period by the seeding ratio was not shown. The Haldane-based biokinetics were also evaluated using a method of fourth order Runge-Kutta $approximation.^{6,7)}$ The nonlinear least squares (NLLS) method with a 95% confidence interval was also used. The ranges of maximum microbial growth rate, ${/mu_{max}}$, and half saturation coefficient, $K_{s}$, for acidogenesis of various seeding ratio with artificial wastewater were 6.1 ~ 12.6 $d^{-1}$ and 45,000 ~ 53,500 mg glucose/L, respectively. Also, the methanogenic microbial yield coefficient, Y, and microbial decay rate coefficient, $k_{d}$, and inhibition substrate concentration, $K_{si}$, for the reactors were determined to be 0.32 ~ 0.465 ${/mu}g$/mg glucose; 0.42 ~ 1.01 $d^{-1}$ and 51,500 ~ 55,600 mg glucose/L, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.50-59
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• 2017

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of organic medicinal charcoal as a feed additive on aflatoxin absorption, odor emission, fecal microflora and in vitro digestibility in pig diet. A 10-day trial was conducted with 20 [(Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace) ${\times}$ Duroc] finishing pigs ($BW=81{\pm}3.3kg$) to investigate the population of Lactobacillus and E. coli in feces and fecal odor ($NH_3$, $H_2S$, total mercaptans, and Acetic acid) in vivo. The in vitro and in vivo treatments included: control (basal diet; CON); (basal diet + 0.25% Organic Medicinal Charcoal; OMC); (basal diet + 0.50% Pyroligneous Charcoal; PC); and (basal diet + 0.50% Coconut tree Charcoal; CC). The aflatoxin absorption capacity was 100, 10, and 20% in OMC, PC, and CC, respectively. The digestibility of dry matter in OMC was significantly higher than that of CON, PC, or CC in vitro (p < 0.05). The digestibility of organic matter in OMC was found to be significantly different from that of CON (p < 0.05). Fecal ammonia and $H_2S$ emissions of OMC were observed to be significantly lower than those of CON, PC, and CC (p < 0.05). Lactobacillus counts in feces of OMC and CC were significantly higher than those of CON and PC (p < 0.05). Fecal E. coli counts of OMC and CC were lower than those of CON and PC (p < 0.05). It was concluded that organic medicinal charcoal can be used as a feed additive in pig diets because it improves the digestibility of feed and fecal odor, and has positive effects on the population of microorganism in feces.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.483-488
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• 2013

To develop a sustainable composting method for livestock mortality, a natural aeration-composting process was designed and the influences of bulking materials on the mortality composting process were studied. Bulking materials (e.g., compost, swine manure, sawdust, and rice husks), easily supplied at the scene of an animal mortality outbreak, were tested in this research. A lab-scale composting system (W34 ${\times}$ L60 ${\times}$ H26 cm) was made using 100 mm styrofoam, and natural aeration was achieved through pipes installed on the bottom of the system. Four treatments were designed (compost, compost + swine feces, sawdust, and rice husks treatment groups) and all experiments were done in triplicates. During composting for 40 days, no leachate was observed in compost and sawdust treatment groups, whereas 18 and 8.2 ml leachate/kg-mortality was emitted from the compost + feces and rice husks treatment groups, respectively. Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) emission during the composting was very low in all treatment groups, possibly due to the bio-filtering function of the compost cover layer on the pile. The mortality degradability in compost, compost + feces, sawdust, and rice husks groups was 25.3, 25.8, 13.5, and 14.5%, respectively, showing significantly higher levels in compost and compost + feces groups (p<0.05). Also, only the compost + feces group produced enough heat (over $55^{\circ}C$) and lasted for 7 days, indicating that bio-security cannot be guaranteed without feces supplementation.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.211-218
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• 2014

In order to isolate probiotic lactic acid bacteria possessing high inhibitory activities against porcine and zoonotic pathogens, such as enterotoxigenic E. coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Clostridium perfringens, a total of 65 anaerobic strains were initially isolated from a variety of sources including cattle rumen fluids, chicken intestines and swine feces. Four Bifidobacterium strains were selected for their high anti-pathogenic bacterial activities. By using the 16S rDNA sequencing method, three B. boum strains and one B. thermophilum were identified. B. thermophilum demonstrated the best adhesive ability to epithelial cells of swine intestine among the isolates. Indeed, B. thermophilum was seen to have superior characteristics as a probiotic for swine, as judged by their high growth inhibitory activities against various pathogens, and high acid- and bile-tolerance.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.119-121
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• 1975

The effect of mecadox, trade name of carbodox, in the treatment of colibacillosis and in the prevention of experimental Salmonella infection in swine was studied throughout the experimental period of four weeks using a total of 70 piglets. The results obtained are as followings. 1. Mecadox was found moderately effective as a therapeutic for colibacillosis of piglets when administered orally as pig doser or added to the feed at the ratio of 50 ppm with or without the addition of vitamin A and $D_3$. 2. In the prevention of experimental infection with Sal. choleraesuis, mecadox was found highly effective. As judged by clinical symptoms such as diarrhea and fever together with the confirmation of excretion of the causative organisms in the feces, the best result was obtained with mecadox pig doser followed by mecadox (50ppm) with vitamin A and $D_3$, and mecadox (50 ppm) without the vitamins in the descending order of effectiveness.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.63-76
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• 1992

A study on the isolation of Yersinia from the feces of healthy pigs and the biotype and serotype and susceptibility to 16 antimicrobials was carried. Out of 853 pigs, Yersiniae were isolated from 349 pigs(40.9%). Of 349 isolates, 289 isolates(82.8%) were Yersinia enterocolitica and 54(15.5%) were Y kristensenii, 3(0.9%) were Y pesudotuberculosis and the rest 3(0.9%) were Y prederiksenii. Out of 289 isolates of Y enterocolitica, the predominants biotype was 3B comprising of 165 isolates(57.1%) and followed by biotype 2, comprising of 49 isolates(17.0%), bioptype 3A, comprising of 41 isolates(14.2%) and biotype 4 comprising of 23 isolates(8.0%). And the predominant serotype was 0 : 3 comprising of 231 isolates(79.9%) and followed by serotype 0 : 9 comprising of 42 isolates(14.5%) and 0 : 21 comprising of 10 isolates(3.5%). Y. enterocolitica were resistant to cephalothin(99%), novobiocin(99%), erythromycine(83%), ampicillin(83%) and carbenicillin(81%) and susceptible to amikacin(100%), colistin(100%), gentamicin(100%), kanamycin(100%), polymyxin B(100%), tobramycin(100%), chloramphenicol(99%), nalidixic acid(99%), neomycin(99%), streptomycin(99%) and tetracycline(99%). Most strains of biotype 2/serotype 0 : 9 were susceptible to carbenicillin(100%) and ampicillin(61%) but the other biotype/serotypes were resistant to these antibiotic.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.917-925
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• 2014

An accurate feed formulation is essential for optimizing feed efficiency and minimizing feed cost for swine and poultry production. Because energy and amino acid (AA) account for the major cost of swine and poultry diets, a precise determination of the availability of energy and AA in feedstuffs is essential for accurate diet formulations. Therefore, the methodology for determining the availability of energy and AA should be carefully selected. The total collection and index methods are 2 major procedures for estimating the availability of energy and AA in feedstuffs for swine and poultry diets. The total collection method is based on the laborious production of quantitative records of feed intake and output, whereas the index method can avoid the laborious work, but greatly relies on accurate chemical analysis of index compound. The direct method, in which the test feedstuff in a diet is the sole source of the component of interest, is widely used to determine the digestibility of nutritional components in feedstuffs. In some cases, however, it may be necessary to formulate a basal diet and a test diet in which a portion of the basal diet is replaced by the feed ingredient to be tested because of poor palatability and low level of the interested component in the test ingredients. For the digestibility of AA, due to the confounding effect on AA composition of protein in feces by microorganisms in the hind gut, ileal digestibility rather than fecal digestibility has been preferred as the reliable method for estimating AA digestibility. Depending on the contribution of ileal endogenous AA losses in the ileal digestibility calculation, ileal digestibility estimates can be expressed as apparent, standardized, and true ileal digestibility, and are usually determined using the ileal cannulation method for pigs and the slaughter method for poultry. Among these digestibility estimates, the standardized ileal AA digestibility that corrects apparent ileal digestibility for basal endogenous AA losses, provides appropriate information for the formulation of swine and poultry diets. The total quantity of energy in feedstuffs can be partitioned into different components including gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and net energy based on the consideration of sequential energy losses during digestion and metabolism from GE in feeds. For swine, the total collection method is suggested for determining DE and ME in feedstuffs whereas for poultry the classical ME assay and the precision-fed method are applicable. Further investigation for the utilization of ME may be conducted by measuring either heat production or energy retention using indirect calorimetry or comparative slaughter method, respectively. This review provides information on the methodology used to determine accurate estimates of AA and energy availability for formulating swine and poultry diets.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.5
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• pp.989-1001
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• 2023

The study evaluated the effects of dietary fiber and energy levels administered during two growing periods (d 0-28 and d 29-56) for pigs exposed to a high temperature. A total of 96 growing pigs were used in six treatments as: Two treatments in thermoneutral temperature (21℃-24℃) with dietary energy of 3,300 and the inclusion of high or low fiber, two treatments in heat stress (30℃-34℃) with dietary energy of 3,300 and the inclusion of high or low fiber, and two treatments in heat stress with dietary energy of 3,450 and the inclusion of high or low fiber. Among standard energy level treatments, heat-stressed pigs showed lower average daily gain (ADG), feed intake, digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, and crude fiber in phases 1 and 2. Moreover, higher concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) in feces were shown in pigs fed high fiber diets. There was a negative interaction between dietary fiber and energy for the fecal concentration of isobutyrate in phase 1 and valerate in phase 2. Pigs in heat stress treatments showed a higher rectal temperature, respiratory rate, hair cortisol, plasma zonulin, and fecal lipocalin-2. Among heat stress treatments, the overall ADG was increased in pigs fed high fiber. Pigs fed high dietary fiber showed a greater concentration of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total SCFA. High fiber treatments decreased plasma zonulin. In conclusion, the inclusion of beet pulp, soluble fiber, at the level of 4% looks necessary in pigs diet during heat stress.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 1998

This research was conducted to investigate the effects on the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus and the number of maggots in the feces from the experimental pigs fed probiotics additives, and the variance of NH3-concentration(ppm) generated in the experimental pig-pens. The experiment was performed twice in the W-farm(under the condition of sufficient energy and protein in Spring) and B-farm(insufficient energy and protein in Summer). The experiment was designed with 5 treatments (control and 4 treatments according to the kinds of additives used). In the W-farm experiment, 75 three-way crossbred pigs weighing average 38kg were randomized with 3 replications for 102 days. In the B-farm experiment, 105 three-way crossbred pigs weighing average 33kg were randomized with 3 replications for 130 days. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The amount of dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus in the feces was not significantly different among the treatments. But the amount of OM, N and P shows a tendency to be somewhat lowered in the treatment A. On the otherhand, the amount of dry matter was somewhat lowered in the treatment B. The amount of such matters in the W-farm was somewhat lowered than those in B-farm. But there was not significant difference between W-farm and B-farm. 2. On the variance of the number of maggots developed in the pig's feces according to each treatment, the number of maggots in the treatments added probiotics were markedly decreased in comparison with those of the control(T), and it was significantly different(p＜0.01). Especially the decrease in the treatment A and B was much remarkable. 3. The addition of probiotics to the pigs' feeds made the NH3-concentration generated in the pig-pens decrease markedly. especially the NH3-concentration in the treatment A had the highest decreasing ratio among all the treatments. The decreasing ratio of NH3-concentration of the treatments added probiotics as compared to control(T) was 59.1∼80.0%(average 70.3%) in the treatment A, 56.8∼80.0%(ave. 68.5%) in the treatment B and 24.4∼46.0%(ave. 35.0%) in the treatment C and D. On the variance of the NH3-concentration according to the experimental times)seasonal conditions), the NH3-concentration generated in the pig-pens was gradually increased from April to August, on the other hand it was decreased in the September. By the result of this study, it was appeared that the probiotics added to the pigs' feeds made the NH3-concentration decrease in the pig-pens to the extent of safety degree(25 ppm and less) permitted to swine especially in the treatment A and B.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2020

The aim of this study is to investigate how the gut microbiome shifts when pigs were exposed with low concentrations of mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in feed. Fifteen of pigs, 15 kg in weight which were negative for PRRSV and PCV2 were purchased, acclimatized until 20 kg in weight, and randomly divided into 3 groups; the DON group (DON treated), the ZEN group (ZEN treated) and the CTL (untreated negative control). DON and ZEN administered to each group for 30 days at 0.8 mg/kg (800 ppb) and 0.20 mg/kg (200 ppb) in feed, respectively. After extraction of microbial DNA from intestine and fecal samples, sequencing procedures were performed in the Ion PGM using an Ion 316 V2 chip and Ion PGM sequencing 400 kit. The results suggested that the bacterial communities in duodenum, jejunum and ileum of the DON and ZEN groups presented low-abundant OTUs compared with the CTL group. OTUs in cecum, colon and feces were determined more than in small intestine of all three groups. However, the CTL group yielded more OTUs than other two groups in inter-group comparison. It is not fully clarified how the richness and abundance in microbiome functions in the health condition of animals, however, the exposure to DON and ZEN has caused microbial population shifts representing microbial succession and changes following the diversity and abundance of porcine gut microbiome. The metabolomic analysis correlate with microbiome analysis is needed for further study.