• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2005

The previous reports demonstrated that ginseng saponins, active ingredient of Panax ginseng, inhibited blood vessel contraction induced by various hormones or high $K^+$. Recently, we demonstrated that 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$. regulate ion channel activities with differential manners. The aim of this study was to examine whether ginsenoside $Rg_3$ isomers also show differential effects on swine coronary artery contractionresponses induced by high $K^+$, serotonin (5-HT) or acetylcholine. Treatment of 20(S)- but not 20(R)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$ caused a concentration-dependent relaxation of coronary artery contracted by 25mM KCI. 20(S)- and 20(R)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$ induced significant relaxations of coronary artery contraction induced by 5-HT $(3{\mu}M)$ in the presence of endothelium with concentration-dependent manner and, also in the absence of endothelium only 20(S)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$ induced a strong Inhibition of coronary artery contraction induced by 5-HT in a concentration-dependent manner. 20(S)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$ caused relaxation of coronary artery in the absence and presence of endothelium. In contrast, treatment of 20(S)- and 20(R)-ginsenoside $Rg_3\;(100{\mu}M)$ did not show significant inhibition of coronary artery contraction induced by acetylcholine $(0.01\;to\;30{\mu}M)$ in the presence of endothelium, whereas both isomers caused significant inhibition of coronary artery contraction induced by acetylcholine $(0.01\;to\;30{\mu}M)$ in the absence of endothelium in a concentration-dependent manner. These findings indicate that 20(S)-or 20(R)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$ exhibits differential relaxation eff3cts of swine coronary artery contractions caused by high $K^+$, acetylcholine, and 5-HT treatment and that this differential vasorelaxing effects of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ isomers also might be dependent on endothelium.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.35.1-35.13
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• 2021

Background: African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious viral disease of domestic pigs that presents as a hemorrhagic fever, and for which no effective vaccine is available. The disease has a serious negative social and economic impact on pig keepers. There is limited information on the potential risk factors responsible for the spread of ASF in South Kivu. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the potential risk factors associated with ASF infection in suspected ASF virus (ASFV)-infected pigs. Methods: We sampled whole blood from 391 pigs. Additionally, 300 pig farmers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Viral DNA was detected by using the real-time polymerase chain reaction technique. Results: The majority of pigs sampled, 78% (95% confidence interval [CI], 74.4-82.6), were of local breeds. Over half, 60.4% (95% CI, 55.5-65.2), were female, and most of them, 90.5% (95% CI, 87.6-93.4), were adult pigs (> 1 year old). Viral DNA was detected in 72 of the 391 sampled pigs, indicating an overall infection rate of 18.4% (95% CI, 14.5-22.4). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed several risk factors positively associated with ASFV infection: feeding with swill in pen (odds ratio [OR], 3.8; 95% CI, 2.12-6.77); mixed ages of pigs in the same pen (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.99-5.57); introduction of new animals to the farm (OR, 5.4; 95% CI, 1.91-15.28). The risk factors that were negatively (protective) correlated with ASFV positivity were the presence of male animals and the use of an in-pen breeding system. Conclusion: Local pig farmers should be encouraged to adopt proper husbandry and feeding practices in order to increase the number of ASF-free farms.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.320-324
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) derived from Pleurotus eryngii on the hematological and biochemical blood properties of elk. A total of 18, two and three-year-old elk were fed three different levels of SMS (0, 15 and 20%) in a corn-wheat bran diet for 80 days. The results indicated significantly high levels of blood monocytes, hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (HCT) in elk fed 15% or 20% SMS (p<0.05) compared to control animals. Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and glucose concentrations were also significantly elevated in elk fed both 15% and 20% SMS. The inclusion of SMS in the elk diet did not affect serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, or low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentrations; however, high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentration was significantly increased in SMS-fed groups. In addition, 20% SMS in the diet increased serum iron and testosterone concentrations in elk. These results indicate that adding SMS to the diet of elk can increase their Hgb, serum BUN, glucose, and HDL-cholesterol concentration; therefore, diets containing SMS may enhance the physiologic condition of elk during growth.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.13-18
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to apply a nested-polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) assay to detect and differentiate PCV 2a and PCV 2b. The compared with nPCR and one-step PCR and nPCR showed more sensitive in the detection of PCV-2 from tissue and blood samples. The total of 52 tissue samples was collected from postweanning pigs from 2006 to 2010. All tissue samples showed positive for PCV-2 in one-step PCR and nPCR, followed by the nPCR in order to identify the genotypes of PCV-2. 2 samples (3.8%) showed positive for PCV 2a, and 35 samples were positive for PCV 2b (67.3%), 15 samples (28.9%) were positive the dual genotypes. In addition, 42 blood samples which were collected from the 5 different swine farms were compared figure out the detection rates of nPCR and one-step PCR. The PCV 2 was positive by one-step PCR in 21 samples (50.0%) and nPCR was positive in 37 samples (88.1%). The PCV 2 genotypes in blood samples and 32 samples (76.2%) were positive for PCV 2b and none were positive for PCV 2a, 5 samples (11.9%) were positive for dual genotypes. These results suggest that the nPCR is very efficient for genotyping blood samples and differentiating the genotypes of PCV-2 from field samples.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2021

Background: Artificial grafts such as polyethylene terephthalate (Dacron) and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) are used for various cardiovascular surgical procedures. The compliance properties of prosthetic grafts could affect hemodynamic energy, which can be measured using the energy-equivalent pressure (EEP) and surplus hemodynamic energy (SHE). We investigated changes in the hemodynamic energy of prosthetic grafts. Methods: In a simulation test, the changes in EEP for these grafts were estimated using COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS. The Young modulus, Poisson ratio, and density were used to analyze the grafts' material properties, and pre- and post-graft EEP values were obtained by computing the product of the pressure and velocity. In an in vivo study, Dacron and ePTFE grafts were anastomosed in an end-to-side fashion on the descending thoracic aorta of swine. The pulsatile pump flow was fixed at 2 L/min. Real-time flow and pressure were measured at the distal part of each graft, while clamping the other graft and the descending thoracic aorta. EEP and SHE were calculated and compared. Results: In the simulation test, the mean arterial pressure decreased by 39% for all simulations. EEP decreased by 42% for both grafts, and by around 55% for the native blood vessels after grafting. The in vivo test showed no significant difference between both grafts in terms of EEP and SHE. Conclusion: The post-graft hemodynamic energy was not different between the Dacron and ePTFE grafts. Artificial grafts are less compliant than native blood vessels; however, they can deliver pulsatile blood flow and hemodynamic energy without any significant energy loss.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1650-1655
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• 2003

Crossbred gilts (n=54) of about $26.38{\pm}0.85kg$ body weight and 25 weeks of age were randomly divided into 18 groups of 3 animals each. Three dietary treatments viz., $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$ were formulated. The treatment $T_1$ containing maize grain (35%) and wheat bran (47%) along with soybean meal and fish meals served as control diet. Rice bran (RB) was selected as a single source of fat (13.02%) and fibre (17.12%), which was gradually increased in diets $T_2$ (41%) and $T_3$ (82%) replacing maize grain and wheat bran of $T_1$ at 50% and 100% in the diets $T_2$ and $T_3$, respectively. The fat and fibre levels of the diets were thus 3.46 and 5.24, 9.31and 9.69 and 11.61and 13.26% in $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$, respectively. All the diets, however, contained almost similar concentration of CP (18.35${\pm}0.29%$). Each dietary treatment was offered to six replicated groups of 3 piglets in following completely randomized design and feeding was continued for 112 days during the growing phase. Growth, feed utilization, reproductive performance, nutrient utilization and different blood biochemical parameters were studied. Growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion were lower (p<0.01) in $T_3$ in comparison to $T_1$ or $T_2$. Digestibility of all the nutrients except EE was reduced significantly (p<0.01) in $T_3$. Serum glucose level decreased (p<0.01), whereas the urea and cholesterol concentration in the blood increased (p<0.01) in $T_3$. The duration of estrus of pigs fed diet containing 82% RB ($T_3$) was highly variable within the group, but all the groups showed statistically similar duration of estrous. Feed cost per unit gain was found to be comparable between control ($T_1$) and $T_2$ group. The results indicated that RB can be included up to 41% in swine diets replacing 50% of maize and wheat bran. Higher concentrations of ether extract and fibre beyond 9.31 and 9.69% in diet had detrimental effect on growth, nutrient utilization and reproductive performance.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.1709-1716
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• 2008

The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome Virus (PRRSV) is an infectious disease that causes abortions and respiratory disorders in swine. In this study, the interaction between PRRSV and porcine dendritic cells generated from $CD14^{+}$ monocytes in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4 was examined. As a result, it was shown that immature and mature dendritic cells can be productively infected with PRRSV. When the expression of surface MHC molecules on infected dendritic cells was determined, MHC classes I and II were found to be downregulated when compared with un infected dendritic cells. With the exception of the IL-4 and IFN-$\gamma$ cytokines, the induction of the IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-$\alpha$ cytokines all increased in dendritic cells infected with PRRSV. A mixed lymphocyte reaction showed that peripheral blood mononuclear cells cocultured with PRRSV-infected dendritic cells were less stimulated than peripheral blood mononuclear cells cocultured with dendritic cells treated with PBS, LPS, or UV-inactivated PRRSV. Therefore, these results suggest that PRRSV would appear to modulate the immune stimulatory function of porcine dendritic cells.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.266-273
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• 2020

본 연구는 생균제의 첨가가 이유자돈의 사양성적, 영양소 소화율, 혈액성상, 분 내 유해가스 및 분 중 미생물에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 수행하였다. 본 실험을 위해 총 234두의 이유자돈(Landrace×Yorkshire× Duroc, 6.14±0.78kg)을 공시하였으며, 개시체중에 기반하여 3처리 6반복, 반복당 13두를 완전임의 배치하였다. 실험은 Phase I(0~14일), PhaseII(15~28일) 총 4주간 조사하였다. 실험 처리구는 T1(basal diet), T2(basal diet+0.13% complex probiotics) 및 T3(basal diet+0.25% complex probiotics)로 구성되었으며, 복합생균제는 Bacillus subtilis 1.0×10⁶ CFU/g, Enterococcus faecium 1.0×10⁶ CFU/g, Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1.0×10⁶ CFU/g, Bacillus licheniformis 3.0×10⁸ CFU/g 및 Bacillus polyfermenticus 3.0×10⁸ CFU/g를 함유하였다. 사양성적은 PhaseII에서 T3 첨가구에서 일당증체량 및 일일사료섭취량이 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 전기간에서는 PhaseII와 동일한 결과가 나타났다. 영양소 소화율은 PhaseI에서 단백질 소화율이 T3 첨가구에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며(p<0.05), PhaseII에서 건물 소화율 및 에너지 소화율이 T3 첨가구에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 혈액성상에서는 PhaseI과 PhaseII에서 모든 처리구간 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 분내 유해가스에서는 PhaseII에서 NH₃가 T3 첨가구에서 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 분 중 미생물에서는 PhaseI과 PhaseII에서 Clostridium spp.이 T3 첨가구에서 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 결론적으로 이유자돈 사료 내 복합생균제 첨가는 사양성적, 영양소 소화율, 혈액성상, 분 내 유해가스 및 분 중 미생물을 개선할 수 있다고 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.319-325
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• 1984

식육가공시(食肉加工時) 생기는 부산물(副産物)을 활용(活用)하기 위한 방안(方案)으로 돈육가공시(豚肉加工時) 얻어진 부산물(副産物)로 3종(種)의 혈액(血液)소시지를 제조하였다. 혈액(血液)소시지의 영양생리학적(營養生理學的) 효과(效果)를 검토(檢討)하고져 대조식이(對照食餌), 대조식이(對照食餌)에 혼합(混合)소시지 및 3종(種)의 혈액(血液)소시지를 각각(各各) 10%씩 혼합(混合)한 식이등(食餌等) 5종류(種類)를 만들었다. 각(各) 실험식이(實驗食餌)로 성장기(成長期)흰쥐(mald female)를 6주간 사육(飼育)하면서 성장률(成長率), 식이변취양(食餌攝取量), 식이효율(食餌效率), 단백질효율(蛋白質效率) 및 혈액성분(血液成分)을 측정(測定)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 체중증가량(體重增加量)은 숫쥐에서 혼합(混合)소시지군에 비하여 혈액(血液)소시지-1군 및 2군이 양호(良好)하였다. 암쥐에서는 대조군(對照群)과 혈액(血液)소시지-1군은 비슷하였으나 그외 각(各) 실험군(實驗群)은 대조군(對照群) 보다 낮았다. 2. 식이섭취량(食餌攝取量)은 각(各) 실험군(實驗群)이 급식기간별(給食期間別)로는 다소 차이(差異)를 보였으나, 전(全) 급식기간(給食期間)으로는 큰 차이(差異)를 보이지 않았다. 3. 식이효율(食餌效率) 및 단백질효율(蛋白質效率)은 숫쥐에서는 각(各) 실험군(實驗群)이 비슷한 경향이었고, 암쥐는 급식기간별(給食期間別)로 차이(差異)를 보였으나 일정한 경향은 아니었다. 4. 간중량(肝重量)은 숫쥐에서 혼합(混合)소시지군과 혈액(血液)소시지-3군이 대조군(對照群)보다 낮았고, 암쥐는 혈액소시지-2군이 대조군(對照群)보다 낮았으나, 체중(體重) 100g 당(當) 간중량(肝重量)은 각(各) 실험군(實驗群)이 비슷하였다. 신장중량(腎臟重量)은 숫쥐에서는 혼합(混合)소시지군과 혈액(血液)소시지-1군이, 암쥐는 혈액(血液)소시지-1군이 대조군(對照群) 보다 낮았다. 체중(體重) 100 g 당 신장중량(腎臟重量)은 숫쥐의 혈액소시지-1군이 대조군(對照群) 보다 낮았고, 그외 각(各) 실험군(實驗群)은 비슷하였다. 그리고 비장(脾臟)의 중량(重量)은 각(各) 실험군간(實驗群間)에 차이(差異)를 보이지 않았다. 5. 혈중(血中) hematocrit 치(値) 및 hemoglobin 함량(含量) 그리고 혈청중(血淸中) 총단백질(總蛋白質), albumin, albumin/globulin 비(比), 총지질(總脂質) 및 total cholesterol 함량(含量)은 각(各) 실험군(實驗群)이 비슷한 수준(水準)을 보였다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.1169-1172
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• 2008

본 실험의 목표는 미니돼지에서 성성숙 전까지의 성장단계에서 혈액성분을 조사하는 것이다. 12마리 돼지를 이용하여 정맥에서 채혈하였다. 전혈과 혈청을 사용하여 혈액 및 혈액 화학치를 분석하였다. 그리고 성장단계별의 조사에서 각 성분은 평균과 표준편차로 나타내었다. 혈액분석에서 적혈구와 적혈구용적 그리고 혈소판에서 유의치 있는 변화가 있었다. 특히 적혈구와 적혈구용적은 4주령 군에서 가장 낮은 수치를, 반면에 혈소판은 4주령에서 가장 높은 수치를 보였다. 혈액 화학치에서는 glucose, GGT에서 유의치 있는 변화가 있었으며, 나머지 성분에서는 유의치 있는 변화가 없었다. 이러한 기본적인 혈액 및 혈액 화학치는 미니돼지의 정상 혈액학 연구와 그리고 성장단계별 이른 시기에 정상돼지를 판별하는데 유용하리라 생각된다.