• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.28-35
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• 2012

Recently, as the social interest increase has been focused on new renewable energy system to build-up sustainable urban planning system, the related studies have been actively conducting. As well as in other areas, the construction area, which accounts for over 40% of the total energy consumption, clearly showed this tendency. Whereas, various landscape facilities applying renewable energy equipments have been manufactured and installed, systematic study available for planning and designing is rarely found in Korea. This study is expected to contribute to the landscape planning and designing by quantifying the energy-efficient and economic advantages of the renewable energy system for landscape facilities. For this purpose, the analysis on the energy-efficiency and economic values under the scenario that the current fossil power supply for the streetlights in urban parks in Seoul, Daegu, and Incheon were replaced by photovoltaic power generation were performed through RETScreen$^{(R)}$ a clean energy simulation program based on the NASA Satellite Meteorological Data. As a result, the generated power and the economic values vary depending on the climatic features of the appointed cities. This study will be used to build up the effective decision-making in applying the clean renewable system to the plan and design of landscaping.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.269-276
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• 2004

The reclaimed land has peculiar characteristic of nature environment unlike midtown or inland and also, in comparison with inland, has bad weather condition, such as low temperature, strong wind, excessive sunshine, and moisture involved in a salt. Therefore the case of developing water front needs understanding characteristic of weather environment mused by reclamation in detail and proper development and organized maintenance. If development which doesn't investigate topographic and climate characteristic sufficiently is drove ahead, a rise of expense for energy and maintenance is going to be mused by deteriorating weather environmental, occurring a flaw of facility and calculating inaccurate capacity of facility. We looked into the weather state and drew up the standard weather data of the newport area in Busan which is reclaiming and developing now. In this research at the base qf the standard weather data, we calculate the dynamic peak loads for commerce, business and residence and then we utilize the results of the load calculation as basic information to determine facility capacity in the rear city of the newport area.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.86-93
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• 1981

For daily supply of rotifers to feed juvenile fish and/or larval crustaceans such as shrimp in their seedling culture procedures, the maximum daily increase of cultured rotifers in relations with the inoculation densities of rotifers and the concentrations of food organism, Chlorella sp. were initially investigated in an experimental culture unit. The best results were obtained from the 10 inds./ml of the rotifer inoculation density with $3\times10^6\;cells/ml$ of Chlorella showing the maximum daily increase of 73.0 inds./ml/day on the 7th day. Based on the best results of the initial experiments a trial was made for continuous daily harvests of rotifers. As in the initial experiments, the maximum daily increase of rotifer was observed on the 7th day, when the daily harvest was initiated and continued once a day for 6days. For the 6 days, the amount of the mean daily harvest was $1.42\times10^5$ individuals per culture flask ($3{\iota}\;filled\;with\;2{\iota}$culture water) shelving a possibility of continuous daily harvests.

• Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.55-66
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• 2007

There has been increasing concerns regarding marine mineral resources as the land energy resources has been depleting from worldwide energy crisis. Also, all the coastal countries around the world are getting into the high competition as EEZ implemented to widen each country's marine autonomy. Especially, the adoption of EEZ in UN's marine regulation agreement at the January of 1996 has aggravated conflicts among coastal countries and eventually resulted in critical agenda to determine the boundaries of EEZ among such countries. It is imperative for us to have negotiation with neighboring countries to determine the boundaries of EEZ. For the preparation of such negotiation, it is essential to have data such as mineral distribution, deep-sea geology, related agreement and marine laws, etc. Therefore, this study mainly concentrates on analyzing existing data of resources exploration and establishing standards for each type of data and manipulating data based on such standards, thereby building a database for more efficient management of EEZ data from marine resources survey. MRIS has also been developed to diversely analyze and visualize graphic and attribute data considering data usage and inter-relationship in the database. This system can provide various spatial analysis and spatial searching techniques to enable easier comparison of cost-benefit analysis and data provision of any area in EEZ thereby facilitating major policy making. In addition, the system can support sustainable management of marine resources of EEZ regions and data supply for systematic management of national marine resources. Furthermore, this will be very useful for negotiating with neighboring countries to determine EEZ boundaries to lead more favorable results.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.122-131
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• 2020

Marine Spatial Planning is an emerging strategy that promoting sustainable development at coastal and marine areas based on the concept of ecosystem services. Regarding its methodology, usage rate of resources and its impact should be considered in the process of spatial planning. Particularly, considering the rapid increase of coastal tourism, visitation pattern is required to be identified across coastal areas. However, actions to quantify visitation pattern have been limited due to its required high cost and labor for conducting extensive field-study. In this regard, this study aimed to pose the usage of social big data in Marine Spatial Planning to identify spatial visitation density and critical management zone throughout coastal areas. We suggested the usage of GPS information from Flickr and Twitter, and evaluated the critical management zone by applying spatial statistics and density analysis. This study's results clearly showed the coastal areas having relatively high visitors in the southern sea of South Korea. Applied Flickr and Twitter information showed high correlation with field data, when proxy excluding over-estimation was applied and appropriate grid-scale was identified in assessment approach. Overall, this study offers insights to use social big data in Marine Spatial Planning for reflecting size and usage rate of coastal tourism, which can be used to designate conservation area and critical zones forintensive management to promote constant supply of cultural services.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 1992

Since 1960's along with industrialization and urbanization, economic growth has been . achieved, however, at the same time, environmental condition has been seriously deteriorated. . Currently, volume of wastewater has been increasing at annual rate of 7% in sewage and 20% in industrial wastewater. However, the nation's sewage treatment serves only 33% of the municipal wastewater as of 1991. Major portion of air pollutants comes from combustion of oil and coal which comprise 81% of total energy use and emission gases from motor vehicles increasing at an accelerated rate. It is known that Korea generates the highest amount of waste per capta. Nevertheless, it is not sufficient to reduce the volume of waste by means of resources recovery and recycling. Recognizing the importance of global environmental problems such as ozone layer depletion, global warming and acid rain, international society has been making various efforts since the 1972 Stockholm conference. In particular, it is expected that the Rio conference which has adopted the Rio declaration and Agenda 21 will form a crucial turning point of the emerging new world order after the Cold War confrontation. To cope with such issues as domestic pollution and global environmental problems, the fundamental national policy aims at harmonizing "environmental protection and sustainable development". The Ministry of Environment has recently set up a mid-term comprehensive plan which includes annual targets for environmental protection. According to the government plan, gradual improvement of various environmental conditions and specific measures to achieve them is planned in time frame. Additional sewage treatment plants will be constructed in urban areas with the target to treat 65% of the nation's municipal sewage by 1996. Supply of clean fuels such as LNG will also be expanded starting from large cities as a cleaner substitute energy for coal and oil. In parallel with expansion of LNG, emphasis will be placed on installation of stack monitoring system. Due to the relatively limited land, government's basic policy for solid waste treatment is to develop large scale landfill facilities rather than small sized ones. Thirty three regional areas have been designated for the purpose of waste management. For each of these regions, big scale landfill site is going to be developed. To increase the rate of waste recycling the government is planning to reinforce separate collection system and to provide industries with economic incentives. As a part of meeting the changing situation on global environmental problems after UNCED, and accommodation regulatory measures stipulated in the global environmental conventions and protocols, national policy will try to alter industrial and economic structure so as to mitigate the increasing trends of energy consumption, by encouraging energy conservation and efficiency. In this regard, more attention will be given to the policy on the development of the cleaner technology. Ultimately, these policies and programs will contribute greatly to improving the current state of national public health.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.423-444
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• 2013

Tourism in Thoi Son Islet has been the advanced model for rural tourism in the Mekong Delta region since the 1990s. The continuously rising number of tourists, however, has also created problems that affect sustainable rural development. To understand these problems, this research analyzed how rural tourism has been operated through the methodology of a stakeholder network. After investigating the network among key stakeholders (Ho Chi Minh travel agencies (HCMTAs), local travel agencies (LTAs), and local residents, the result showed that in the current model, HCMTAs and LTAs have played the role of connectors, working as hubs to shift tourists (demand) to match local residents (supply), with the networking being dominated by signed contracts (formal networks). The networks between LTAs and local residents are both formal and informal. Inter- and intra-networks among local residents are dominated by informal networks of established working relationships based on networks of family, friends, and neighbors. Moreover, this research has found that there is no cooperating network among LTAs. Among owners of tourist sites was not also found cooperating network. The primary motivating factor for these stakeholders is price competition; this has led to a disproportionately small share of revenue for local stakeholders, with most tourism revenue going to HCMTAs. Additionally, because of the high competition among local stakeholders, this results in local stakeholders having little or no negotiating power when conducting business with HCMTAs. Meanwhile the Tien Giang Tourism Association is inefficient in fostering cooperation among local stakeholders to increase their negotiating power.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.228-249
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• 2018

In 2015, the population of elderly people in Thailand was 16% of the total population and is predicted to be over 20% by 2021 and nearly 28% by 2031. The increase of the elderly population in Thailand has also increased the proportion of dependent elderly people, and caring for them poses many challenges for both families and the government. This descriptive method research aimed to survey the health status of dependent older people in the rural community of Lampang province in northern Thailand. The participants consisted of 62 older people and 62 primary family caregivers from Hong Ha Health Promoting Hospital, Lampang, Thailand (totaling 124 people). The researchers assessed the health status of older people and their activities of daily living (ADL). In addition, researchers assessed the health status and stress of caregivers. All the participants were interviewed about their experiences with caregiving. The results showed that most of the older respondents were female with an average age of 78.15 years. Based on the ADL assessment, 50 of the 62 older persons were homebound while the rest were bedridden. The majority of older people had chronic or long-term conditions that required hospitalization from time to time. Their frequent health problems included oral disorders such as tooth decay or caries/gum disease/no teeth, reduced sight, psychological disorders, knee pain and risk of falling, low BMI, risk of malnutrition, and urinary leakage and incontinence (58.06%, 66.13%, 62.90%, 70.97%, 38.71%, 66.13%, and 37.10%, respectively). Usual care provided by the family members included personal hygiene care, food preparation and feeding, medication management, housekeeping and organizing necessary equipment, supply of needed equipment, prevention of falls, helping with travel for medical checkups and treatment, and providing companionship. Families experienced shortages of medical supplies, daily use equipment, lack of employment, inadequate income, and difficulty accessing health care services due to lack of transportation. Some caregivers experienced caregiving stress related to a lack of social interactions as well as routine caregiving activities. Families need different types of support in order to promote the well-being of older people and caregivers. This highlights the need for a community participation model for the care of older people in order to reflect sustainable long-term outcomes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.396-401
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• 2006

A "Housing Performance Grade Indication System" that is bound to present the grade in housing designs has been executed since January 2006 in order to build sustainable housing and supply high quality housing. Thus, users are able to select their housing based on certain comparisons in housing performances, and providers can be exactly evaluated using precise standards according to the execution of this system. The objective of this study is to propose a guideline in designs according to the grade of housing as a reasonable decision making tool in order to obtain a high grade in housing performance grades under the execution of the "Housing Performance Grade Indication System". In order to perform this goal, this study examines the performance evaluation item and evaluation guidelines in the "Housing Performance Grade Indication System" and analyzes relative systems and guidelines executed in the present time to investigate certain relativeness for this system. The housing performance evaluation item can be classified four different categories according to the characteristics of evaluation guidelines. Then, the system of a design guideline is configured to propose a reasonable design guideline according to the grade of housing performances. It is evident that the design guideline proposed in this paper will support the reasonable decision making to obtain a high grade in housing performances for the designer and constructor in the process of a housing project.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.105-108
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• 2011

The increased concern for the security of the oil supply and the negative impact of fossil fuels on the environment, particularly greenhouse gas emissions, has put pressure on society to find renewable fuel alternatives. Compared to the traditional biofuel, ethanol, higher alcohols offer advantage as gasoline substitutes because of their higher energy density and lower hygroscopicity. For this reason, microbial fermentation is known as potential producers for sustainable energy carriers. In this study, bacterial responses including cellular and molecular toxicity were studied in three different microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, Clostridium acetobutylicum, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, it was analyzed specific stress responses caused by ethanol and buthanol using four different stress responsive genes, i.e. fabA, grpE, katG and recA. The expression levels of these genes were quantified by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. It was found that four genes have shown different responsive patterns when E. coli cultures were under stressful conditions caused by ethanol and buthanol, respectively. Therefore, in this study, the stress responsive effects caused by these alcohols and the extent of each stress response can be analyzed using the expression levels and patterns of different stress responsive genes.