• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.815-824
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• 2022

It is necessary to understand the amount of snowfall and area of snow cover of Mt. Halla to ensure the safety of mountaineers and to protect the ecosystem of Mt. Halla against climate change. However, there are not enough related studies and observation posts for monitoring snow load. Therefore, to supplement the insufficient data, this study proposes an analysis of snow load and snow cover using normalized-difference snow index. Using the images obtained from the Sentinel2 satellite, the normalized-difference snow index image of Mt. Halla could be acquired. This was examined together with the meteorological data obtained from the existing observatory to analyze the change in snow cover for the years 2020 and 2021. The normalized-difference snow index images showed a smaller snow pixel number in 2021 than that in 2020. This study concluded that 2021 may have been warmer than 2020. In the future, it will be necessary to continuously monitor the amount of snow and the snow-covered area of Mt. Halla using the normalized-difference snow index image analysis method.

• 교육녹색환경연구
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2022

최근 교육시설정책의 일환으로 전체 학교시설 중 40년 이상 경과된 건축물을 대상으로 공간혁신 차원의 개축사업이 진행 중이다. 노후화 정도 또한 증가하여 안전상의 위험을 초래하여 교직원과 학생의 거주 안전성을 위협하거나 미래 교육과정에 대응되지 못하는 열악한 환경으로 학교건축에 대한 증개축의 필요성이 급격하게 증가하고 있다. 학교건축은 교육과정을 수행하는 교육환경으로 대응하기 위해서는 국가 교육과정의 이해와 교육적 효과를 지원하는 교육공간의 명확한 관계 판단 기준이 필요하다. 본 연구는 노후 학교건축의 평가 기준을 정하기 위해서는 정량적 분석과 체계화된 평가지표의 연구와 평가방법을 관련 담당자들이 활용할 수 있도록 정량화, 정확성을 중심으로 판단자료를 제시하고자 하였다.

• 인간식물환경학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.615-624
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• 2020

Background and objective: Urbanization caused a reduction in urban green space and a lack of community spaces. An attempt to solve these problems, urban gardens, have become popular and are currently being implemented in various downtown areas. However, urban gardens have some inadequate aspects from a visual or landscape perspective. The goal of this study was to examine the possibility of an aesthetic and productive garden space by introducing cultivation methods through the planting system design process. Methods: The design process using plants was classified and presented to suggest the importance of the landscape and aesthetic value. An urban garden space was designed according to the perspective of 'production scenery' and 'participation aesthetics'. According to the characteristics of the plant, urban gardens were divided into vertical type (corn, millet, sorghum), climbing type (kidney bean, cucumber, bitter gourd), and runner type (melon, watermelon, peanut). After classifying plants according to the shape of the root, the structure supporting climbing was installed and the crops were cultivated in an upright form with a tunnel. Results: In the designed cultivation, each crop cooperates, without invading each other's space. Compared with the conventional cultivation, there was little difference in production, and management was made more convenient since weed outbreaks were effectively suppressed while runner type crops cover over the land's surface. Since the positions of each crop are clearly distinguished, the aesthetic value is improved by offering a sense of rhythm with a balanced design. Conclusion: The results suggest that the cultivation methods through the plant system design process have aesthetic as well as productive value, and the design using plants, an infinite living resource, could lead to an expansion of the design field. Moreover, it would enable a sustainable symbiosis between industry and environment. There is potential for the design industry to make significant progress through collaboration with agriculture, horticulture, and landscape architecture.

• 교육녹색환경연구
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.24-39
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• 2022

본 연구는 미래학교 공간에 대한 교사의 요구를 탐색하여 향후 미래학교를 위한 사회적 합의에 교사의 목소리가 담길 수 있는 시사점을 제공하고자 수행되었다. 현장의 생생한 목소리를 전달하고자 질적 연구를 진행하였고 A초등학교(가명) 교사 10명이 연구에 참여하였다. 연구결과, 1) 시·공간을 초월한 학습의 등장 인식 및 이를 뒷받침할 수 있는 ICT 기반의 정보화 환경의 중요성, 2) '전통성'과 '테크놀로지'를 중심에 둔 미래형 학교 공간의 특성 확인, 3) 학습 커뮤니티 공간의 중요성 인식, 4) 유연한 교수학습활동을 위한 '가변성' 있는 학급교실 강조, 5) 첨단기술 기반 학습환경에서 취약할 수 있는 감성 지원을 위한 자연 친화적인 요소의 도입 필요성을 확인할 수 있었다. 마지막으로 교사들에게 '친환경성'이나 '지역사회 연계'와 같은 중요한 미래학교 관련 담론을 충분히 담은 체계적인 교육 및 경험의 기회가 필요하다는 제언을 하며 연구를 마무리하였다.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.333-348
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• 2023

Fast infrastructure development boosts the demand for shotcrete. Despite sand and stone being the most common coarse and fine aggregates for shotcrete, excessive exploration of these materials challenges the ecological environment. This study utilized an industrial solid waste, high-titanium heavy slag, blended with steel fibers to form Wet Shotcrete of Steel Fiber-reinforced High-Titanium Heavy Slag (WSSFHTHS). It investigated its workability, shotcrete performance and mechanical properties under different water-to-cement ratios, fly ash content, superplasticizer dosage, and steel fiber content. The tunnel excavation and support were investigated by conducting finite element numerical simulation analysis and was used in 3 tunnel lining pipes in Zhonggouwan tailing pond. The major findings are as follows: (1) The water-to-cement ratio (w/c ratio) significantly impacted the compressive strength of WSSFHTHS. The highest 28-day compressive strength of 60 MPa was achieved when the w/c ratio was 0.38; (2) Adding fly ash improved the workability and shotcrete performance and strength development of WSSFHTHS. The best anti-permeability performance was achieved when the fly ash constituted 15%, with the lowest permeability coefficient of 4.596 × 10-11 cm/s; (3) The optimum superplasticizer dosage for WSSFHTHS is 0.8%. It provided the best workability and shotcrete performance. Excessive dosage resulted in water bleeding and poor aggregate encapsulation, while insufficient dosage decreased flowability and adversely affected shotcrete performance; (4) The dosage of steel fibers significantly impacted the flexural and tensile strength of WSSFHTHS. When the steel fiber dosage was 45 kg/m³, the 28-day flexural and tensile strengths were 8.95 MPa and 6.15 MPa, respectively; (5) By integrating existing shotcrete techniques, the optimal lining thickness was 80 mm for WSSFHTHS per simulation. The results revealed that after using WSSFHTHS, the displacement of the tunnel surrounding the rock significantly improved, with no cracks or hollows, similar to the simulation results.

• 한국프랜차이즈경영연구
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.17-29
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• 2018

Purpose - The environment surrounding the franchise industry in recent years is a big threat to the franchise business. In this perspective, this study examines the effect of franchise CEO's Innovation, CSR Passion, and customer orientation(CO) on customers' perceived service quality(PSQ), affection, and commitments in the context of food-service franchise industry. This study suggests the guidelines on how franchisor uses their passion and customer orientation on customer to maintain and increase the commitments. Research design, data, and methodology - In order to achieve these purposes, research model and hypotheses were developed. Out of 500 respondents received through online survey, 449 respondents were used, because of 51 incomplete respondents. The data were analyzed using frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and structural equational modeling with SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 23.0 statistical program. Result - The results of the study are as follows. First, innovation passion has a significant impact on PSQ and customer affection. And CSR passion have a significant impact on PSQ. Second, customer orientation has a significant impact on PSQ and customer affection. Third, PSQ has a significant impact on customer affection and sustainable commitment. Fourth, customer affection has a significant impact on behavioral commitment. Fifth, behavioral commitment has a significant impacts on sustainable commitment. Conclusions - The implications of this study are following as: Restaurants franchisor and CEOs should have a passion for innovation to continuously identify consumer needs and develop new menus and services that meet their needs. Second, franchisor and CEOs need to demonstrate the importance of creating the right environment, creating a fair business, and trying to create products in a given environment. Finally, franchisor and CEOs should demonstrate how to build relationships with customers and how to maintain positive feelings. In addition, it is necessary to appeal to the customers with enthusiasm and a customer-oriented tendency of the entrepreneur of the franchise head office in order to maintain the relationship with the customer and feelings.

• 교육녹색환경연구
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2023

학령인구의 급격한 감소에 따른 학교의 소규모화가 가속화되고 있으며, 지역 및 학교 소멸에 대한 위기가 고조되고 있는 상황에서 소규모학교에서 미래교육 대응에 대한 필요성이 점점 증가하고 있다. 미래에는 유연한 교육과정, 디지털·인공지능 기반의 교실 수업 개선 등과 같은 교육과정을 통해서 학생들의 학교생활 만족도 향상, 창의성 및 인성 함양, 학업성취도 향상, 협력적 소통 역량 강화와 교사들의 교수학습 방법의 변화 등의 교육적 효과가 중요하다고 볼 수 있으며, 이를 위해서는 학교공간혁신 등 학교시설을 미래지향적인 공간으로 변화시킬 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 소규모 학교에서 미래형 교육체제가 무엇인지를 살펴보았고 학교공간 변화와 학교교육 상관관계, 스마트 환경 등 공간혁신의 교육적 효과와 지속가능성에 대한 인식을 중점적으로 분석하여 향후 소규모학교 공간혁신사업의 바람직한 추진 방향을 제시하였다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제31권
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• pp.27-56
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• 2006

Today's financial institutions usually take environmental issues seriously into consideration as they could not evade lender liability in an increasing number of cases. On the international scene, a brand-new concept of the "Equator Principles" in the New Millenium has driven more and more international banks to adopt these Principles in project financing. Sustainable development has been a key word in understanding new trends of the governments, financial institutions, corporations and civic groups in the 21st century. The Equator Principles are a set of voluntary environmental and social guidelines for sustainable finance. These Principles commit bank officers to avoid financial support to projects that fail to meet these guidelines. The Principles were conceived in 2002 on an initiative of the International Finance Corporation(IFC), and launched in June 2003. Since then, dozens of major banks, accounting for up to 80 percent of project loan market, have adopted the Principles. Accordingly, the Principles have become the de facto standard for all banks and investors on how to deal with potential social and environmental issues of projects to be financed. Compliance with the Equator Principles facilitates for endorsing banks to participate in the syndicated loan and help them to manage the risks associated with large-scale projects. The Equator Principles call for financial institutions to provide loans to projects under the following circumstances: - The risk of the project is categorized in accordance with internal guidelines based upon the environmental and social screening criteria of the IFC. - For Category A and B projects, borrowers or sponsors are required to conduct a Social and Environmental Assessment, the preparation of which must meet certain requirements and satisfactorily address key social and environmental issues. - The Social and Environmental Assessment report should address baseline social and environmental conditions, requirements under host country laws and regulations, sustainable development, and, as appropriate, IFC's Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines, etc. - Based on the Social and Environmental Assessment, Equator banks then make agreements with borrowers on how they mitigate, monitor and manage the risks through a Social and Environmental Management System. Compliance with the plan is included in the covenant clause of loan agreements. If the borrower doesn't comply with the agreed terms, the bank will take corrective actions. The Equator Principles are not a mere declaration of cautious banks but a full commitment of lenders. A violation of the Principles in the process of project financing, which led to an unexpected damage to the affected community, would not give rise to any specific legal remedies other than ordinary lawsuits. So it is more effective for banks to ensure consistent implementation of the Principles and to have them take responsible measures to solve social and environmental issues. Public interests have recently mounted up with respect to environmental issues on the occasion of the Supreme Court's decision (2006Du330) on the fiercely debated reclamation project at Saemangeum. The majority Justices said that the expected environmental damages like probable pollution of water and soil were not believed so serious and that the Administration should continue to implement the project seeking ways to make it more environment friendly. In this case, though the Category A Saemangeum Project was carried out by a government agency, the Supreme Court behaved itself as a signal giver to approve or stop the environment-related project like an Equator bank in project financing. At present, there is no Equator bank in Korea in contrast to three big banks in Japan. Also Korean contractors, which are aggressively bidding for Category A-type projects in South East Asia and Mideast, might find themselves in a disadvantageous position because they are generally ignorant of the environmental assessment associated with project financing. In this regard, Korean banks and overseas project contractors should care for the revised Equator Principles and the latest developments in project financing more seriously. It's because its scope has expanded to the capital cost of US$10 million or more across all industry sectors regardless of developing countries or not. It should be noted that, for a Korean bank, being an Equator bank is more or less burdensome in a short-term period, but it must be conducive to minimizing risks and building up good reputation in the long run.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.39-45
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• 2011

The concepts of interior design work have set forward an aesthetic and functional proposition to be answered by those who design spaces. The available range of suitable materials for interior use appears to be almost inexhaustible in this day and age. Now a day, relatively new fields of study on environmental-friendly interior examine humans'innate affinity for health and explore its implications for architecture and the built environment. A growing field of research suggests that spaces' relationship to aesthetics and environment can either help or hinder their occupants' health and wellness, productivity, and even their creativity. This paper presents several examples of already built apartment houses in practice, and discusses the demand of users of the spaces for health and sustainable environment, deepening the relationship between newly-constructed spaces and the remodeled ones. The considerations to some new and contemporary materials from the aspect of healthy indoor architecture design are presented in this paper. Designers need to rethink the conventional and high-tech interior environment in apartment houses with respect to perceived air quality, material emissions, and odors. The future of interior design is oriented on light shapeable materials which are able to create a unique memorable atmosphere. The primary assignment in accepting recent materials and proceedings is our responsibility to creating proposals, that are mainly safe, hygienic and environmentally proper.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2004

In Korea environmental education has been taught as a separate subject in school since 1995. Still it has not established its own individuality. The environment subject teaches many areas that are also taught by the other subjects. Its text focuses on the knowledge of ecology and pollution although it tries to help students acquire a desirable attitude for environmental conservation and participate in environmental activities. To achieve the goals of environmental education in school, the environment subject and the other subjects should take differentiated parts in environmental education. For example, the latter teach knowledge and skill related to ecology and pollution and the former encourages students to behave responsibly to environment. One of the ways for it to do so is to let students discuss current environmental issues based on knowledge and skill and make their own decisions. The teacher who is charged with the subject has to help students, with their own will, decide to do good to environment and sustainable society, but should not make them to decide according to their teacher's will. We need to deeply discuss, with open mind, what the environment subject will teach and how it will cooperate with the other subjects to effectively achieve the goals of environmental education in school. Without such partitioning it is difficult that the environment subject keeps its own individuality and justifies its existence.