• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.725-732
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• 2020

The sudden drop of water temperature in winter is very threatening factor that affects the productivity of farmed fish and the management in aquafarm. In this study, we investigated the effect of low temperature on the survival, oxygen consumption and stress responses of parrotfish Oplegnathus fasciatus due to acute drop of water temperature. The survival rate of parrotfish Oplegnathus fasciatus was 5% at 6℃, 95% at 8℃ and 100% at 10℃ on the 4^th day of exposure in each experimental temperature. Low-lethal temperature for 4days of parrotfish Oplegnathus fasciatus (4 day-LT₅₀) was 6.99℃ (confidence limit, 6.55-7.42℃). Oxygen consumption rate was significantly decreased with decreasing water temperature. Temperature coefficient (Q₁₀) was found to be 4.0 between 10℃ and 8℃ and 0.39 between 8℃ and 6℃. As a result of investigating the stress response according to the drop in water temperature, the concentration of SOD (Superoxide dismutase), cortisol, glucose, total Ig, AST (Aspartate) and ALT (Alanine aminotransferase) increased with decreasing of water temperature. This study would be useful for the management of temperature about cultured fish.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.2-9
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• 1978

A review of factors influencing grass and clover establishment, survival and yield at oversowing was made from the experimental results of home and abroad. The following conclusions are considered: (1) The existing vegetation present at oversowing appeared to be the most critical factor reducing establishment and survival of grass. Therefore, it is essential to check competition from the native vegetation before oversowing. (2) Although lime had comparatively little effect on yield of grassland, the general effect of lime should be more emphasized under our acid soil conditions to promote the availability of all the essential elements and the growth of microorganisms, and to reduce the toxic effects of nutrients. One to two tons of lime per ha at oversowing would be useful. (3) Phosphorus is one of the nutrients most generally deficient in grassland soils of Korea, consequently, this nutrients applied at oversowing is very effective. Application as much as 200kg of phosphorus per ha would be essential. (4) The effect of nitrogen on the establishment and survival of grass depends on the amount and density of the herbage present. The use of nitrogen in dense herbage adversely affected grass establishment and survival, possible because the fertilizer stimulated the growth of the eisting herbage. Around 40kg of nitrogen per ha may be enough at oversowing (5) Potassium is not as universally deficient in soils of native grassland as phosphorus. Therefore, it cannot be over-emphasized at oversowing. Studies determinig the optimum amount of potassium at of oersowing are needed.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.55-62
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• 2010

Purpose: We evaluated the clinicopathological charicterics and prognostic impacts of lymphatic vessel invasion in gastric cancer without lymph node involvement. Materials and Methods: Among 1,795 patients who underwent gastric surgery with gastric cancer at the department of surgery, Hanyang university college of medicine from June 1992 to March 2009, we retrospectively evaluated 890 patients with lymph node negative gastric cancer. Results: The lymphatic vessel invasion correlated significantly with tumor stage, age, tumor size, perineural invasion and operation method. The survival rates were only significantly different between the patients with and without lymphatic vessel invasion in patients with stage Ia (P=0.036). Univariate and multivariate analysis demonstrated that blood vessel invasion and preoperative serum CEA level were significant factor influencing the survival rate in lymph node negative gastric cancer patients with lymphatic invasion. Conclusions: In patients with lymph node negative gastric cancer, the survival rate is significantly lower in those with lymphatic vessel invasion than in those without. Especially, in patients with stage Ia gastric cancer, the survival rates is significantly different between those with and those without lymphatic vessel invasion. Blood vessel invasion and preoperative serum CEA level is an adverse prognostic indicator in patients with stage Ia gastric cancer with lymphatic invasion. Thus we should consider further adjuvant therapies in case of need and need to show more concern to identify gastric cancer patients early at risk for recurrence.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.70 no.6
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• pp.474-481
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• 2011

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by air low limitation, which is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. There have been many studies on survival rates in the world literature, but there have been few reports regarding the survival rate in Korean patients with COPD. Acute exacerbation is regarded as a risk factor for mortality in patients with COPD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the survival rate and the effect of acute exacerbations on the survival rate of Korean patients with COPD. Methods: A total of 502 COPD patients who were diagnosed on the basis of history and lung function tests were enrolled in this study. The frequency of acute exacerbations, body mass index (BMI), C-reactive protein (CRP) and pulmonary hypertension were analyzed. Results: The 3- and 5-year survival rates were 98% and 83%, respectively. The median survival time was 78 months. The median survival time was 55 months in 322 patients with one or more acute exacerbations. The 3- and 5-year survival rates were significantly lower in the 322 patients with one or more acute exacerbations than in those without any. The mortality rate was significantly higher in patients with CRP>3 mg/L than in those with CRP ${\leq}3$ mg/L (p<0.005); it was significantly higher in patients with pulmonary hypertension than in those without it (p<0.01). Conclusion: Because the 5-year survival rate is 83% in Korean patients with COPD, the management of stable patients with COPD should focus on the prevention of acute exacerbations.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.215-222
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• 1996

An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of dietary 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine ($T_3$) at 0, 10, 20, 50, 100 ppm on growth and survival rate in juvenile black seabream held at $27.9{\pm}1.1^{\circ}C$ for 50 days. Fish were fed the $T_{3}$ experimental diet for 4() days by hand to satiation in $2{\~}4$ times per day. After 50 days period, food intake rate (${\%}$), feed efficiency (${\%}$), survival rate (${\%}$), growth of weight and length (specific growth rates), and condition factor were measured. Food intake rate was inversely related to the dietary $T_{3}$ level. But feed efficiency was not changed by $T_{3}$ level. $T_{3}$ slightly improved survival rate of larvae. Survival rate of larvae from 100 ppm was significantly higher than that of fish from control. Dietary $T_{3}$ influenced growth in length and weight. Growth of black seabream fed a diet containing 10 ppm of $T_{3}$ was significantly higher than that of fish fed control. However 100 ppm of $T_{3}$ induced the inhibition for length and weight growth. The condition factor was inversely related to the dietary $T_{3}$ content.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics and the prognostic factors of carbamate poisoned patients who visited emergency departments. Methods: From August 2005 to July 2006, we investigated the demographic feature, dose of exposure, time of exposure, alcohol intake, route of exposure, reason of exposure, site of exposure, pre-existing medical condition, time from exposure to emergency department (ED), transfer from other hospitals, vital sign at ED arrival, symptom or sign at ED arrival, and result of care of the patients who visited the ED of thirty-eight hospitals in Korea. According to the result of care, we divided the patients into two groups, the survival and the dead. To evaluated the prognostic factors, we calculated the odds ratio of each factor for the survival. Results: Among the sixty-eight patients, fifty-five patients (80.9%) were survival and thirteen patients (19.1%) were dead. The patients in the dead were older than the patients in the survival. The Glasgow coma scale (GCS) of the patients in the dead was lower than the GCS in the survival. The odds ratio of the GCS at ED arrival for the survival was 1.58 (95% CI; 1.23-2.05). Other factors showed no statistical significances. Conclusion: The GCS at emergency department arrival was the prognosis factor of the carbamate poisoned patients who visited emergency departments. If the carbamate poisoned patients showed altered mentalities, they should be provided intensive care, immediately.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.973-981
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• 1998

Background: About 30% to 40% of the patients with pathologic stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) die within 5 years after complete resection. The identification of poor prognostic factors and the application of additional treatment are very important to improve the survival rate in resected stage I NSCLC. Materials and methods: Sixty-eight(68) patients who had been diagnosed postoperatively between Janury 1989 and December 1995 as having stage I non-small cell lung cancer according to the TNM classification were studied. The postoperative 5-year survival rate was calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method, and clinico- histopathologic factors including age, sex, operative method, type of tumor cell, T factor, grade of the differentiation in a squamous cell carcinoma, invasion of blood vessel and expression of the nm23-H1 protein were investigated and analyzed. Results: The median survival of the entire group of patients was 58$\pm$3 months, with a 5-year survival of 58.9%. In univariate analysis, invasion of blood vessel and poor differentiation of the tumor cell in a squamous cell carcinoma significantly worsened the survival. In multivariate analysis, invasion of blood vessel and grade of the differentiation of the tumor cells in a squamous cell carcinoma remained independent prognostic factors. High expression of the nm23-H1 protein was related to a high postoperative 5-year survival in comparision with low expression of the nm23-H1 pretein (73.0% vs 50.7%), but there was no statistical significance. Conclusions: These results highlight the negative prognostic value of poor differentiation of tumor cells in a squamous cell carcinoma and invasion of blood vessel in stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Also, further studies are necessary to be determined prognostic value of the T factor and expression of the nm23 protein in non-small cell lung cancer.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 2019

Purpose: This study aimed to identify prognostic factors for locoregional recurrence (LRR) in pT3N0 rectal cancer patients who were treated with surgery alone and had negative resection margin including circumferential resection margin (CRM) for optimal indication of adjuvant radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: We reviewed patients with pT3N0 rectal cancer who were treated via upfront surgery and had no other adjuvant treatment from January 2003 to December 2012. In total, 122 patients who had negative resection margin including negative CRM were included in the analysis. Results: The median follow-up period after surgery was 60 months (range, 3 to 161 months). During this time, 6 patients (4.9%) experienced LRR at the anastomotic site (4 patients), and regional lymphatic area (2 patients). The estimated 5-year rates of overall survival, recurrence-free survival, and LRR-free survival were 96.7%, 84.6%, and 94.0%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that level of tumor ≤5 cm was a significant prognostic factor for LRR-free survival (LRRFS) (p = 0.04; hazard ratio = 7.08; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-47.30). Patients with level of tumor ≤5 cm had an estimated 5-year LRRFS of 66.8%, which was much higher than 2.3% in patients with level of tumor >5 cm. There was no significant factor for recurrence-free survival or overall survival. Conclusion: In T3N0 rectal cancer, adjuvant chemoradiotherapy should be recommended in patients with level of tumor ≤5 cm for better local control. However, in patients with pT3N0 disease, negative resection margin, and level of tumor >5 cm, adjuvant chemoradiotherapy should be carefully suggested.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.200-208
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• 2005

Purpose: Palliative procedures or surgical interventions not only manage various symptoms of malignant gastrointestinal obstruction, but also improve the quality of life. We investigated the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of terminal cancer patients with palliative procedures for malignant gastrointestinal obstruction. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 48 terminal cancer patients with palliative procedures for malignant gastrointestinal obstruction at Sam Anyang hospital from May in 2002 to May in 2005. We excluded patients with palliative tumor resection. We analyzed prognostic factors in symtom-free survival and overall survival using Kaplan-Meier method, univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: There were 25 males (52%) and 23 females (48%), and median age of 48 patients was 65 years. The most common cause of malignant gastrointestinal obstruction was colorectal (26 patients, 55%), followed by stomach (10, 21%). Twenty patients (42%) received previous treatment (chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy) and 28 (58%) never received any. Eighteen of 20 had received chemotherapy. The most common symptom was pain (15 patients, 31%). Twenty three patients (48%) had Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group(ECOG) performance status of 1 or 2 score and 25 patients (52%) 3 or 4 score. The most common palliative procedure was colostomy and there was no mortality concerning the palliative procedures. By univariate and multivariate analysis, performance status was the only independent prognostic factor in overall survival and symptom-free survival. Overall survival was 150 days and symptom-free survival was 90 days. Conclusion:. We confirmed that perftatdormance status is significant independent prognostic factor in terminal cancer patients with palliative procedures for malignant gastrointestinal obstruction.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 2014

Purpose: Since most terminally ill cancer patients die of multiple organ failure, plasma endotoxin concentration levels may be used to predict the life expectancy. This study was performed to evaluate the clinical significance of endotoxin level in plasma as a prognostic factor for survival in patients with terminal cancer. Methods: This study was conducted with 56 terminally ill cancer patients, above 20 years old, from April 2009 through October 2009. Demographic characteristics, Karnofsky performance status, and survival time were evaluated. We analyzed blood levels of white blood cell hemoglobin, hematocrit, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, c-reactive protein, total bilirubin and endotoxin in each patient. Results: We considered following variable for univariate analysis: plasma endotoxin level, sex, age, WBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, AST, ALT, total bilirubin, CRP and severity of pain. Univariate analysis did not show a significant association between plasma endotoxin level and survival time. However, in a multivariate analysis with factors that were found to be significantly associated with survival sex, WBC count and total bilirubin level in univariate analysis, high levels of plasma endotoxin and short survival time were significantly related. Conclusion: Plasma endotoxin level could be used as a prognostic factor to predict the life expectancy of terminally ill cancer patients.