• 청정기술
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2006

콜로이드 액상 에이프런(CLA)은 무극성 탄화수소나 알콜, 아민등을 용매로 사용하여 만들 수 있다. 본 실험에서 수행한 CLA의 제조 및 안정성 실험은 수용성 계면활성제와 지용성 계면활성제를 이용하였다. 본 연구에서는 CLA를 제조할 때 사용되는 두 가지 계면활성제의 비율과 추출제의 농도에 따른 콜로이드 액상 에이프런의 안정성을 살펴보았다. 두 가지 계면활성제의 비율(PVR: phase volume ratio)이 변화함에 따라 콜로이드 액상 에이프런의 안정성에 영향을 주었다. 추출제의 농도가 증가할수록 CLA의 안정도는 감소하며, PVR의 값이 높아질수록 CLA의 안정도는 감소한다.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.151-156
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• 2003

In this research, experimental studies were performed to examine the rheological behavior of equimolar solutions of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPyCl) and sodium salicylate (NaSal) solutions with concentration. The surfactant solutions were prepared by dissolving 2 mM/2 mM - 80 mM/80 mM of surfactant/counterion in double-distilled water. It has been observed that the zero shear viscosity shows abrupt changes at two critical values of C^*$ and C^{**}$. These changes are caused by the switching of relaxation mechanism with concentration of CPyCl/NaSal solutions at those concentrations. The wall slip velocities of dilute and semidilute CPyCl/NaSal solutions show a dramatic increase with shear rate where the shear viscosity exhibits shear thickening behavior for dilute solutions and shear thinning behavior for semi-dilute solutions, respectively. Considering that the dramatic increase in wall slip velocity should be related to the formation of shear-induced structure (SIS) in the surfactant solution, the shear thickening behavior of semi-dilute solutions is caused by elastic instability unlike the case of dilute solutions.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.11-17
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• 1988

The transport of chromium(VI) ion from waste water through the liquid surfactant membrane containing tri-n-octylamine as a carrier, was analyzed by a slab model and was investigated through experiments. For the experiment of membrane stability, concentrations of surfactant and liquid paraffin oil were analyzed. Extraction experiments were carried out to observe the effect of system variables, such as concentrations of carrier, and initial chromium(VI) ion in external aqueous phase at $25^{\circ}C$. It is concluded that the most stable formation of liquid membrane emulsion was obtained when surfactant concentration is above 3 wt.% and liquid paraffin oil concentration is 50 vol.%. The theoretical equation on the transport of chromium(VI) ion agreed well with the experimental results.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.119-126
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• 2001

PAHs로 오염된 토양을 슬러리 생물반응기로 처리할 경우, 재순환수와 계면활성제 첨가가 PAHs 제거율에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. 대부분 실험결과에서 1차 반응모델이 0차 반응모델보다 phenanthren과 pyrene의 제거율을 설명하는데 높은 상관계수를 나타냈다. 재순환수 및 CMC(critical micelle concentration)이상으로 계면활성제를 첨가한 실험에서 첨가하지 않은 경우 보다 phenanthrene과 pyrene의 제거율이 향상되었다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.373-379
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• 2019

One of the real issues of the recent years is water contamination because of harmful synthetic dyes. Liquid Membranes (LM) resemble a promising alternative to the current separation processes, demonstrating various points of interest as far as effectiveness, selectivity, and operational expenses. The improvement of various Liquid Membranes designs has been a matter of examination by few researchers, particularly for the expulsion of dyes from aqueous solutions. The choice of organic surfactants plays an essential role in the efficiency of the dye removal. In LM design, the most significant step towards productivity is the decision of the surfactant type and its concentration. Liquid emulsion membrane (LEM) was used to remove safranin from aqueous solutions in which the emulsion was made with the help of D2EHPA as carrier, kerosene was used as a diluent and Span 80 (Sorbiton monooleate) was used as an emulsifying agent or surfactant. Various sorts of internal stages were utilized, to be specific sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide. The impact of parameters influencing extraction efficiency such as pH of feed solution, concentrations of surfactant and emulsifying agent in membrane phase, volume ratio of internal phase to membrane phase, internal phase concentration, agitation speed and time of extraction were analyzed.

• 한국토양환경학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.17-24
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• 1999

토양오염 디이젤 제거에 대한 토양 세척기술의 적용을 위해 디이젤 제거효과가 좋은 비이온 계면활성제를 선택하기 위한 조건 중 소수성 사슬구조의 영향을 고찰하였다. 비이온 계면활성제는 CMC값이 낮고, 생분해성이 좋으며, 유기 오염물질에 대한 용해 능력이 커서 디이젤과 같은 NAPL류 제거에 효과적으로 사용될 수 있다. 비이온계 계면활성제 구조 내 소수성 탄화수소 사슬의 길이와 불포화결합의 존재는 흡착과 디이젤 제거에 영향을 미치며, 비이온계 계면활성제의 kaolin토양흡착과 디이젤 제거는 서로 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있다. 친수성기의 구조가 서로 동일한 계면활성제 중에서 소수성 탄화수소 사슬길이가 12개로 비교적 짧고 HLB값이 클 때 상대적으로 낮은 흡착평형농도와 높은 디이젤 제거효율을 나타냈다. 소수성 사슬 내에 불포화 탄화수소가 존재할 때 낮은 흡착평형농도와 높은 디이젤 제거 효율을 나타냈다. 농도에 따른 제거경향은 흡착이 평형에 도달한 후에 최대의 제거 효율을 나타냈으며 그 이상의 농도에서는 오히려 제거효율이 감소하는 현상이 나타났다.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.333-338
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• 2014

This study identifies the effects of sodium sulfate and surfactants in the papain treatment of wool fabrics using L-cysteine and EDTA as activators. The research method involves the use of 2% L-cysteine and 7% EDTA as activators at optimal conditions, papain treatment of wool fabrics with the joint use of sodium sulfates and surfactants, and measurements of the weight loss rate, tensile strength, and whiteness. Results showed that for both 2% L-cysteine and 7% EDTA, the maximum papain activity appeared at 0.5% sodium sulfate concentration. In both cases, the papain activity was enhanced at sodium sulfate concentrations lower than 0.5%. In contrast, the papain activity declined at sodium sulfate concentrations higher than 0.5%. The joint use of EDTA with 0.5% sodium sulfate was proven to be very effective in improving the papain activity. The joint use of 2% L-cysteine with 0.5% sodium sulfate appeared slightly effective in improving the activity but resulted in excessive decrease in the tensile strength and whiteness, compared to improvement in the activity. The joint use of surfactants, in the case of L-cysteine, interrupted the papain activity and decreased the tensile strength regardless of the surfactant type and concentration. In the case of EDTA, however, the joint use with 0.1-5% non-ionic surfactants, 0.1-0.5% anionic surfactants, and 0.1% cationic surfactant appeared to improve the papain activity. The maximum papain activity was observed when 0.1% of surfactant was used, regardless of the surfactant type. The nonionic surfactant was the most effective in improving the papain activity.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.44-50
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• 2009

Rigid polyurethane foams (PUF)s were synthesized with environmentally friendly blowing agents such as a cyclopentane/distilled water (10.0/1.0, pphp) mixture and distilled water only for four different silicone surfactants having different silicone/polyether ratios. An attempt was made to reduce the thermal conductivities of the PUF samples by varying the concentration and the silicone/polyether ratio of the various silicone surfactants. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results indicated an optimum concentration of the silicone surfactant of about 1.5 to 2.5 phpp for various surfactants to reduce the cell size and lower the thermal conductivity. The silicone surfactant having a higher silicone/polymer ratio showed a smaller cell size and, therefore, demonstrated the lower thermal conductivity of the PUF samples. From the relation between the thermal conductivity and the cell size of the PUF samples, the smaller cell size improved the thermal insulation property of the rigid PUF for both the PUF samples blown by the cyclopentane/distilled water (10.0/1.0, pphp) mixture and distilled water only. If the blowing agent is fixed, then the cell size is an important factor to decrease the thermal conductivity of the PUF samples. These results indicated that rigid PUF samples having lower thermal conductivity can be obtained by choosing a silicone surfactant containing a higher silicone/polyether ratio, as well as an optimum content of the surfactant.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.587-590
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• 2012

Recently, the demand for the miniaturization of package substrates has been increasing. Technical innovation has occurred to move package substrate manufacturing steps into CMP applications. Electroplated copper filled trenches on the substrate need to be planarized for multi-level wires of less than $10{\mu}m$. This paper introduces a chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process as a new package substrate manufacturing step. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of surfactant on the dishing and erosion of Cu patterns with the lines and spaces of around $10/10{\mu}m$ used for advanced package substrates. The use of a conventional Cu slurry without surfactant led to problems, including severe erosion of $0.58{\mu}m$ in Cu patterns smaller than $4/6{\mu}m$ and deep dishing of $4.2{\mu}m$ in Cu patterns larger than $14/16{\mu}m$. However, experimental results showed that the friction force during Cu CMP changed to lower value, and that dishing and erosion became smaller simultaneously as the surfactant concentration became higher. Finally, it was possible to realize more globally planarized Cu patterns with erosion ranges of $0.22{\mu}m$ to $0.35{\mu}m$ and dishing ranges of $0.37{\mu}m$ to $0.69{\mu}m$ by using 3 wt% concentration of surfactant.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.478-483
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• 2012

We successfully synthesized $Fe_3O_4/SiO_2$ nanoparticles with ultrathin silica layer of $1.0{\pm}0.5$ nm that was fine controlled by changing concentration of $Fe_3O_4$. Among various reaction conditions for silica coating, increasing concentration of $Fe_3O_4$ was more effective approach to decrease silica thickness compared to water-to-surfactant ratio control. Moreover, we found that concentration of the 1-octanol is also important factor to produce the homogeneous $Fe_3O_4/SiO_2$ nanoparticles. The present approach could be available to apply on preparation of other core/shell nanoparticles with ultrathin silica layer.