• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2005

지상 및 우주 천체 망원경용 비구면 반사경면 초기 제작공정에는 고정입자 휠을 사용하는 연삭이 있다. 본 연구에서는 매 연삭 가공 이전에 설정한 목표 표면조도를 달성할 수 있도록 입력 연삭변수들을 결정하고, 표면 가공오차를 추적하며 , 가공 경과시간을 최소화하는 새로운 연삭공정을 개발하였다. 특별히 이 공정 기법은 이전 연삭 가공 작업시 까지 수집된 입력 변수 및 가공 결과 표면조도 자료를 다 변수 회귀분석 방법에 대입하여 목표 표면조도에 따른 최적 연삭가공 입력변수를 매 가공 작업 시 진화적으로 제시하는 지능형 공정 조절 능력을 갖추고 있다. 개발된 공정기법과 초정밀 컴퓨터 수치제어 연삭기를 사용하여 $96.1\~65.0nm(Ra)$ 범위 의 목표 표면조도를 갖는 제로듀어 소재에 대하여 10회 가공 실험을 수행 한 결과 $=-0.906{\pm}3.38(\sigma)nm(Ra)$의 가공 정밀도를 달성하여, 지능형 연삭공정의 효율을 입증하였다. 이러한 연구결과는 천체망원경용 반사경면 연삭 가공 시 정성적 경험에 의존하여 가공하는 기존 기술을 극복하고 정량적 수치 모형에 의하여 가공소요시간 최소화 및 나노미터 급 표면조도를 달성하는 진화형 공정 최적화 기술의 확립이라는 의의를 가지고 있다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.351-372
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro effects of the loss of tooth substance and root surface changes following root planing with various periodontal instruments. The 39 extracted human teeth due to severe periodontal disease were included. The total 50 root surfaces of 30 teeth were root planed with following instruments : Group 1, with Gracey curette, Group 2, with ultrasonic scaler, Group 3, with rotating root planing bur, Group 4, with Gracey curette plus rubber cup polishing, and Group 5, with ultrasonic scaler plus rubber cup polishing. Following root planing, the amount of tooth substance loss was evaluated by measuring the weight of the removed tooth substance and then 5 specimens ($5{\times}5{\times}2mm$) were randomly selected from the each group for roughness measurement. Root planed areas of each specimen were subjected to five measurements using the Profilometer and an average surface roughness values(Ra) for each group was obtained. Statistical difference for roughness values of each group was analyzed using oneway ANOVA and student t-test. For scanning electron microscopic(SEM) examination of root surface changes following root planing, 15 root surfaces of remaining 9 teeth were root planed and 3 specimens were randomly selected. The mean loss of tooth substance removed was Group 1, $7.0{\pm}1.09mg$, Group 2, $1.3{\pm}1.00mg$, Group 3, $5.8{\pm}1.72mg$, Group 4, $8.7{\pm}1.34mg$, and Group 5, $4.5{\pm}1.68mg$ following root palning, respectively. These results indicate that curette is effective instrument in the respect of diseased root substance removal. The average surface roughness values are following results : Group 1 and Group 4 were the smoothest surface ($Ra=0.34{\pm}0.06{\mu}m$, $Ra=0.34{\pm}0.04{\mu}m$, respectively) and Group 2 was the roughest surface ($Ra=2.09{\pm}0.06{\mu}m$). Statistical analysis of roughness values demonstrated a highly significant difference (P<0.05) between each experimental groups. However, no statistically significant difference in roughness values were observed between the Group 1 and Group 4. The results in this study suggest that curette and/or polishing procedure should be done after root planing with ultrasonic scaler and caution should be used with dia-mond-coated bur during routine root planing procedure.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.119-124
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• 2017

Machining optimization using typical computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software mainly depends on tool paths, and it is impossible to predict the behavior of material or cutting force. In this paper, cutting force analysis simulation is performed on the Unibody Case of a mobile phone with the aim of optimizing cutting-force-based machining using the Third Wave Systems' AdventEdge Production Module. Machining time after optimization was shortened by 42% for roughing compared to pre-optimization, and actual machining time was reduced by 36.8%. For finishing, machining time was reduced by 92%, and actual machining time was reduced around 90%. A surface roughness analysis found that the post-optimization surface roughness was $1.16{\mu}m$ Ra, compared to a pre-optimization value of $1.75{\mu}m$ Ra.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.90-94
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• 2012

This study has been focused on properties of mirror surface grinding technology by ELID(Electrolytic In-process Dressing) for metal matrix ceramic composites using in high precision mirror for optics. The experimental studies have been carried out to get mirror surface by grinding for composites, Al-SiC, Al-graphite and Mg-SiC. Grinding process is carried out with varying abrasive mesh type, depth of cut and feed rate using diamond wheel. The machining result of the surface roughness and condition of ground surface, have been analyzed by use of surface roughness tester and SEM measurement system. ELID grinding technology could be applied successfully for the mirror-surface manufacturing processes in spite of ductility of metal matrix material. As the results of experiments, surface roughness of Al-SiC(45 wt%) has been the most superior in these experimental work-pieces as 0.021 ${\mu}m$ Ra.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.236-241
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• 2010

The frictional behavior of bare steel sheet highly depends on surface roughness. It was investigated that the change of surface roughness of bare steel sheet due to deformation for each forming mode. The flat type friction test was done to check the effect of surface roughness change on frictional characteristics of bare steel sheet. As increasing the deformation, the Ra value was increased at stretching forming mode and drawing forming mode, however the change of Pc showed different trends. The Pc was decreased as increasing stretch deformation but increased at compression deformation. At drawing forming mode, the friction coefficient was increased as deformation was increased after initial big drop with drawing oil. As deformation was increased, the friction coefficient was decreased with drawing oil at stretching forming mode. The results show that the deformation changes the surface roughness and frictional characteristics of steel sheet but the effect depends on the forming mode.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2007

본 논문은 LPG 엔진에서 밸브스템의 표면거칠기가 오일 누설에 미치는 영향에 대한 실험적 결과를 제공하고자 한다. 밸브스템시일은 밸브스템과의 미세한 밀봉간극을 통해 유출하는 오일을 차단하기 위한 부품이다. 이들 두개의 부품사이에서 발생되는 밀봉성은 밸브스템과 밸브스템시일의 누유안전성과 수명연장에 관련된 중요한 요소이다. 본 실험결과에 의하면, 밸브스템의 표면거칠기를 중심선 표면거칠기, Ra로 나타낼 경우 $0.4{\sim}0.5{\mu}m$가 최적의 가공조건이고, 표면의 거칠기 단면형상은 균일하게 분포되도록 가공하는 것이 가장 이상적인 설계조건이 될 것이다. 기본적으로 매끄러운 밸브표면과 균일하게 분포된 거칠기 형상을 유지하는 것이 밸브스템과 밸브스템 시일장치의 간극을 통해 빠져나가는 누유량을 줄일 수 있다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.542-549
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• 2007

본 연구의 목적은 네 종류의 복합레진의 연마 후의 표면 거칠기에 있어서의 차이와 염색액에 담근 후 색 안정성에 있어서의 차이를 평가하기 위한 것이다. 필러 크기와 함량이 다른(나노입자형, 혼합형, 미세입자형, 흐름성) 네 종류의 광중합 복합레진(색상 A2)을 사용하였다. 산화 알루미늄 마모 디스크(Super-Snap)로 연마하기 전과 후에 평균 표면 거칠기(Ra)를 표면 조도 측정기 (Surftest Formtracer)로 측정하였다. 2% 메틸렌 블루 용액으로 착색하기 전과 후 표본의 색은 SCI geometry를 이용해 spectrophotometer(CM-3700d)로 측정되었다. 표면 거칠기와 색 변화 값은 one-way ANOVA, Scheffe multiple comparison test와 Student t-test로 분석되었다. 연마 후, 표면 거칠기 값은 복합레진의 종류에 관계없이 감소하였다. 연마 후 표면 거칠기와 착색 후 색 안정성에 있어서, 나노입자형 복합레진이 흐름성 레진을 제외한 다른 복합레진들과 유사하였다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.312-322
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• 2006

본 연구는 복합레진의 표면 연마에 의한 표면 거칠기가 표면 색상과 투명도에 어떤 영향을 미치는가를 알아보고자 시행하였다. Charisma (Heraeus Kulzer GmbH, Domagen, Germany)의 B1과 A3, Esthet-X (DENTSPLY Caulk, Milford, USA)의 B1과 B3 레진으로 거칠기에 따른 표면 색상을 평가하기위한 직경 8 mm, 두께 5 mm의 시편을 제작하고, Sof-Lex finishing & polishing system (3M, ESPE Dental Products, St. Paul, USA)의 C, M, F 및 SF 디스크로 시편의 한쪽 면을 연마하였으며, 연마 전 Mylar strip으로 압축된 면을 대조군으로 하였다 . 거칠기에 따른 투명도의 차이를 평가하기위한 두께 1 mm의 시편을 Charisma 의 A3로 제작하여, 한쪽 면을 600, 1000. 1500 및 2000번 사포로 연마하였다. 각 시편의 연마 전과 후, 연마면의 CIE $L^{*}a^{*}b^{*}$ 값과 1 mm 시편의 백색과 흑색 배경판 상에서의 Y값을 spectrophotometer 인 Spectrolino (GretagMacbeth, Regensdorf, Switzerland)를 사용해 측정 분석하였으며, 각 시편의 연마 전과 후의 평균 표면 조도 (Ra)값을 Surface Roughness Tester SJ-301 (Mytutoyo, Tokyo, Japan)로 측정했다. $L^{*}$값은 재료와 색상에 상관없이 가장 거친 Sof-lex C 디스크로 연마한 군에서 가장 높은 값을 보였으며 (p < 0.05), Esthet-X B3군을 제외한 모든 군에서 Ra값이 감소함에 따라 $L^{*}$값도 낮아졌다. $a^{*}$값은 표면 거칠기에 따라 특정한 변화양상을 보이지 않았으며, $b^{*}$값은 Esthet-X B1군을 제외한 모든 군에서 Sof-lex SF 디스크로 연마 시 가장 높은 값을 보였으며 (p < 0.05), Charisma B1과 Esthet-X B3군에서 Ra값과 비교적 높은 상관관계를 보였다. Contrast ratio 는 1000번과 1500번 사포로 연마한 군 간을 제외한 모든 군 간에 유의한 차이를 보였으며 (p < 0.05), 표면 거칠기가 감소함에 따라 contrast ratio도 감소하였다 (R2 = 0.801).

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.261-270
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• 2006

The success of an implant is determined by its integration into the tissue surrounding the biomaterial. Surface roughness is considered to influence the behavior of adherent cells. The aim of this in vitro study was to determine the effect of surface roughness on Saos-2 osteoblast-like cells. Titanium disks, blasted with $75{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide particles and anodic oxidized and machined titanium disks were prepared. Saos-2 were plated on the disks at a density of 50,000 cells per well in 48-well dishes. After 1 hour, 1 day, 6 days cell numbers were counted. One day, 6 days after plating, alkaline phosphatase(ALPase) activity was determined. Compared to experimental groups, the number of cells was significantly higher on control group. The stimulatory effect of surface roughness on ALPase was more pronounced on the experimental groups than on control group. These results demonstrate that surface roughness alters proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. The results also suggest that implant surface roughness may play a role in determining phenotypic expression of cells.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.443-454
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• 2006

Purpose: This study aims to get the fundamental data which is necessary to the development direction of implant surface treatment hereafter, based on the understanding the surface structure and properties of titanium which is suitable for the absorption of initial tissue fluid by researching effects of additional surface treatments fir sandblasted with large git and acid-etched(SLA) titanium on surface micro-roughness, static wettability, fibronectin adsorption Materials and Method: In the Control groups, the commercial pure titanium disks which is 10mm in diameter and 2mm in thickness were treated with HCI after sandblasting with 50$\mu$m $Al_2O_3$. The experiment groups were made an experiment each by being treated with 1) 22.5% nitric acid according to SLA+ASTM F86 protocol, 2) SLA+30% peroxide, 3) SLA+NaOH, 4) SLA+ Oxalic acid, and 5) SLA+600$^{\circ}C$ heating. In each group, the value of Ra and RMS which are the gauges of surface roughness was measured, surface wettability was measured by analyzing with Sessile drop method, and fibronectin adsorption was measured with immunological assay. The significance of each group was verified by (SPSS, ver.10.0 SPSS Inc.) Kruskal-Wallis Test. (α=0.05) And the correlation significance between Surface micro-roughness and surface wettability. surface roughness and fibronectin adsorption, and surface wettability and fibronectin adsorption was tested by Spearman's correlation analysis. Result: All measure groups showed the significant differences in surface micro-roughness, surface wettability, and fibronectin adsorption. (p<0.05) There was no significance in correlation among the surface micro-roughness, surface wettability, and fibronectin adsorption. (p>0.05) Conclusion: Surface micro-roughness and surface wettability rarely affected the absorption of initial tissue fluid on the surface of titanium.