• 간호행정학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.647-657
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was done to identify the mediating effect of emotional dissonance in the relationship between emotional labor and burnout among clinical nurses. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was used. The participants were 257 nurses working at three general hospitals located in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. Data were collected by convenience sampling using self-report questionnaires that consisted of general characteristics, and measures of emotional labor, emotional dissonance and burnout. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, correlation, and multiple regression. Results: The findings of the multiple regression were as follows. First, surface acting of emotional labor showed significant positive effects on emotional dissonance and burnout. Second, when surface acting and emotional dissonance were entered into the regression model at the same time, surface acting showed an insignificant effect on burnout, however, emotional dissonance showed a significant effect. Finally, emotional dissonance had a mediating effect only between surface acting of emotional labor and burnout, not between deep acting and burnout. Conclusion: Results of the study suggest that as a way to reduce burnout, nursing administrators should develop educational programs for nurses to perform deep acting of emotional labor instead of surface acting at the moment of truth.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.335-342
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• 2018

Micelle-Enhanced Ultrafiltration (MEUF) is a membrane separation processes that improving ultrafiltration process with the formation of micelles of the surface active agents. Surface active agents are widely used to improve membrane processes due to the ability to trap organic compounds and metals in the treatment of industrial waste water. In this study, surface active agents are used to improve micelle-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) to reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solid (TDS), turbidity and clogging the membrane in dairy wastewater treatment. Three important operational factors (anionic surface active agent concentration, pressure and pH) and these interactions were investigated by using response surface methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken design. Results show that due to the concentration polarization layer and increase the number of Micelles; the anionic surface active agent concentration has a negative effect on the flux and has a positive effect on the elimination of contamination indices. pH, and the pressure have the greatest effect on flux. On the other hand, it could be stated that these percentages of separation are in the percentages range of Nano-filtration (NF). While MEUF process has higher flux than NF process. The results have been achieved at lower pressure while NF process needs high pressure, thus making MEUF is the replacement for the NF process.

• 도시과학
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.17-31
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• 2020

This study aims to analyze the relations among greenbelt, urban land surface temperature empirically in order to assess the environmental effects of the greenbelt in the Seoul metropolitan area, objectively. For this purpose, this study conducts an empirical analysis of impacts of greenbelt on urban land surface temperature using a multiple-regression model. The main data employed in the analysis include real-time air pollution data, Landsat 8-OLI Landsat imagery data, KLIS data and Jip-gye-gu data. The major findings are summarized as follows. NDVI has a negative (-) correlation with the land surface temperature, and the urban temperature is high in areas with poor vegetation. The land surface temperature is low in residential or commercial areas, while the temperature is high in industrial areas. The temperature is low in green fields, open spaces, and river areas. it is found that the urban land surface temperature is low in the greenbelt zone. In the greenbelt zone, there is an effect that reduces the land surface temperature by 1% on average, as compared to that at the center of the Seoul metropolitan area. Especially, the center of the Seoul metropolitan area, in a range from 0.6% to 1.9% of the average temperature, the temperature gets lower up to approximately 3km from the greenbelt boundary.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.587-594
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• 2016

Various surface treatments and thin film coating processes on the surface of injection die steel have been developed to extend the life. Most of previous studies were mainly focused on investigating the wear and static bonding behavior of thin films. In this study complex surface treatments of DLC coating combined with ion nitriding were applied to increase fatigue life and wear resistance. Ion nitriding, DLC coating, and DLC coating following nitriding on the surface of Fe-3.0Ni-0.7Cr-1.4Mn-X steel were investigated to uncover the beneficial effect which is applicable to injection die. The effect of various surface treatments and coating conditions on high cycle fatigue resistance was studied. Surface morphology change during fatigue tests were observed with AFM. Fatigue life of the die steel increased by 10 to 1,000 times at the various level of stress amplitudes in the condition of DLC coating following the ion nitriding for 3 hrs comparing with the only DLC coated condition.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.839-850
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• 2005

The success of an implant is determined by its integration into the tissue surrounding the biomaterial. Surface roughness is considered to influence the behavior of adherent cells. The aim of this in vitro study was to determine the effect of surface roughness on Saos-2 osteoblast-like cells. Titanium disks blasted with 75 ${/mu}m$ aluminum oxide particles and machined titanium disks were prepared. Saos-2 were plated on the disks at a density of 50,000 cells per well in 48-well dishes. After 1 hour, 1 day, 6 days cell numbers were counted. One day, 6 days after plating, alkaline phosphatase(ALPase) activity was determined. Compared to experimental group, the number of cells was significantly higher on control group. The stimulatory effect of surface roughness on ALPase was more pronounced on the experimental group than on control group. These results demonstrate that surface roughness alters proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. The results also suggest that implant surface roughness may play a role in determining phenotypic expression of cells.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.812-816
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• 2011

An optical lens is usually produced in the manner of high temperature compression molding with tungsten carbide alloy molding cores, it is necessary to develop and study technology for super-precision processing of molding cores and coating the core surface. As main methods used in surface improvement technologies using thin film, DLC present high hardness, chemical stability, and outstanding durability of abrasion to be extensively applied in various industrial fields. In this study, the effect of DLC coating of a thin film by means of the FVAS (filtered vacuum arc source) analyzed the characteristics of thin film. Surface roughness before and after DLC coating was measured and the result showed that the surface roughness was improved after coating as compared to before coating. In conclusion, it was observed that DLC coating of the ultra hard alloy core surface for molding had an effect on improving the surface roughness and shape of the core surface. It is considered that this will have an effect on improving abrasion resistance and the service life of the core surface.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.151.1-151.1
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• 2014

Wake field effect on the electron beam from the undulator chamber in PAL-XFEL is analyzed. The wake field takeover some energy from the electron beam which will increase the energy spread of the electron beam. This will cause the degradation of the radiation power in PAL-XFEL. To decrease the effect, the surface of the undulator vacuum chamber should be fabricated with 200 nm surface roughness and 5 nm oxidation layer. In this presentation, the numerical calculation of the wake will be shown. Simulation results of the radiation generation in PAL-XFEL also will be presented.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2007년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.1943-1947
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• 2007

The objective of this research was to find a direct and indirect method to estimate land surface temperature (LST) efficiently, using Landsat images and in-situ measurement. Agricultural fields including paddy fields have long been known to have multi-functions beneficial to the environment and ecology of the urban surrounding areas. Among these functions, the ambient temperature cooling (ATC) effect are widely acknowledged. However, quantitative and regional assessment of such effect has not had many investigations. Thermal remote sensing has been used over urban areas to assess ATC effect, to perform land cover classifications and as input for models of urban surface atmosphere exchange. Here, we review the use of thermal remote sensing in the study of paddy fields and urban climates, focusing primarily on the ATC effect. Landsat satellite images were used to determine the surface temperatures of different land cover types of a $441km^2$ study area in Cheongju, Korea. The results show that the ATC are a function of paddy area percentage in Landsat pixels. Pixels with higher paddy area percentage have more significant cooling effect.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2006

In this study, effect of sputtering after plasma nitriding and before PVD coating on the microstucture, microhardness, surface roughness and the adhesion strength of CrN thin films were investigated. Experimental results showed that this sputtering process not only removed surface compound layer which formed during a plasma nitriding process but also induced an alteration of the surface of plasma nitrided substrate in terms of microhardness distribution and surface roughness, which in turn affected the adhesion strength of PVD coatings. After sputtering, microhardness distribution showed general decrease and the surface roughness became increased slightly. The critical shear stress measured from the scratch test on the CrN coatings showed an approximately twice increase in the binding strength through the sputtering prior to the coating and this could be attributed to a complete removal of compound layer from the plasma nitrided surface and to an increase in the surface roughness after sputtering.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2004년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.214-219
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• 2004

Crack tip behavior of single mode loading condition(mode I)depend on tensile loading component but one of mixed mode loading condition(mode I+II) have influenced on shear loading component like the practical structure. Because crack closure is caused by shear loading component under mixed-mode loading a research on the behavior in the stage of crack initiation and propagation require to be evaluate about crack closure effect by fatigue crack surface friction. For that reasion we examined the behavior at the crack tip by direct measuring method. Measured behavior at the crack tip was analyzed through vector crack tip displacement. As a result, crack propafation equation was corrected by considering with crack closure effect. In addition we compared fatigue fracture crack surface and crack closure level.